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were observed using standard histochemical staining techniques &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Culture of the exudate revealed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus equisimilis</span>&#46; Radiographs of the chest&#44; foot&#44; and ankle were normal&#46; Serology showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus but was negative for human immunodeficiency virus&#46; Other laboratory tests&#44; including complete blood count&#44; coagulation studies&#44; biochemistry&#44; liver and kidney function tests&#44; and serology&#44; were normal or negative&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary cutaneous botryomycosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Course</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment was started with oral amoxicillin &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; 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Rivolta proposed the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">botryomycosis</span> to reflect the presumed fungal origin of the infection&#44; and in 1914 Magrou identified <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span> as one of the causes of this disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Botryomycosis represents a diagnostic challenge for many clinicians because fewer than 100 cases are described in the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and it appears at different anatomical sites&#46; The differential diagnosis should essentially include other granulomatous diseases such as actinomycosis&#44; mycetoma&#44; sporotrichosis&#44; tuberculosis&#44; leishmaniasis&#44; and cutaneous carcinomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4-8</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical course of botryomycosis&#44; similar to that of chronic pyoderma&#44; takes the form of a single lesion&#44; which commonly affects exposed areas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3</span></a> The skin is the most frequently affected organ&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span></a> The main causative agent is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S aureus</span>&#44; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>&#44; but the infection is polymicrobial in up to 50&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of the disease remains a subject of debate&#46; It has been suggested that a balance between the number of microorganisms and the host&#39;s defences is necessary&#44; as high concentrations of bacterial inoculum would cause extensive and rapid tissue necrosis&#44; whereas low concentrations would cause the organisms to be phagocytized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Definitive diagnosis is based on histologic and microbiological criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-8</span></a> and is considerably aided by the study of the shape and characteristics of the granule for differentiation from actinomycosis and mycetoma &#40;where granules are filamentous and change color rapidly with fungal stains&#41;&#46; These studies also show the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon&#44; when present&#46; This phenomenon is highly characteristic of the disease and consists of periodic acid-Schiff&#8211;positive basophilic granules &#40;clusters of bacteria&#41;&#44; surrounded by eosinophilic material &#40;immunoglobulin deposits&#41;&#44; a reflection of the host&#39;s immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Administration of specific antibiotics for long periods forms the basis of treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Surgery is recommended when faster healing is required or there is only partial response to antibiotic treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most cases in the literature describe patients with an abnormal immune function or significant comorbidities&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> but this was not true for our patient&#46; Our patient had regularly walked barefoot in Senegal&#44; a fact that&#44; coupled with chronic malnutrition and irregular antibiotic treatment&#44; could have contributed to the development and perpetuation of the disease&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Vol. 103. Núm. 8.
Páginas 733-734 (octubre 2012)
Visitas
6594
Vol. 103. Núm. 8.
Páginas 733-734 (octubre 2012)
Cases for Diagnosis
Acceso a texto completo
Chronic Plantar Ulcer in an Immigrant from Africa
Úlcera plantar crónica en inmigrante africano
Visitas
6594
A. Molina-Ruiza,
Autor para correspondencia
anamaria.molinaruiz@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, E. Pérez-Vegab, T. Zulueta-Doradoc
a Servicio de Dermatología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
c Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Medical History

A 29-year-old black man, originally from Senegal, was referred for a suspected plantar melanoma. The patient reported a lesion that had developed 7 years earlier and made walking painful. Multiple treatments with antimicrobial agents in Senegal had led to no improvement. He reported no history of trauma, insect bite, or foreign body penetration and there was no significant medical history.

Physical Examination

A lesion, measuring 6cm in diameter and covered by a hemorrhagic crust, was present on the sole of the patient's right foot. Removal of the crust revealed a suppurating surface with multiple fistulous tracts that produced a white-yellowish granular material (Fig. 1). Systemic examination showed signs of malnutrition (extreme thinness and diffuse alopecia).

Figure 1
(0.08MB).
Histopathology

Histopathologic examination revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with underlying epidermal hyperplasia. The dermis showed a mixed, predominantly lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate, vascular proliferation, and signs of chronic bleeding (Fig. 2). Clusters of gram-positive bacteria, forming structures with a basophilic granular center and peripheral eosinophilic collarette (Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon), were observed using standard histochemical staining techniques (Fig. 3).

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×10.

(0.1MB).
Figure 3.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×400.

(0.1MB).
Additional Tests

Culture of the exudate revealed Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus equisimilis. Radiographs of the chest, foot, and ankle were normal. Serology showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus but was negative for human immunodeficiency virus. Other laboratory tests, including complete blood count, coagulation studies, biochemistry, liver and kidney function tests, and serology, were normal or negative.

What Is Your Diagnosis?

Diagnosis

Primary cutaneous botryomycosis.

Clinical Course

Treatment was started with oral amoxicillin (1g/8h) and clindamycin (300mg/8h) for 4 weeks, resulting in a significant reduction in the size of the lesion. Given the considerable clinical improvement with antibiotic treatment alone and in order to avoid surgery, the patient received oral cefadroxil (500mg/12h) for a further 4 weeks, with complete remission of the lesion.

Discussion

Botryomycosis is a chronic, granulomatous, suppurative bacterial infection that affects the skin and viscera. It is also known as staphylococcic actinophytosis, granular bacteriosis, and bacterial pseudomycosis.1 In 1884, Rivolta proposed the term botryomycosis to reflect the presumed fungal origin of the infection, and in 1914 Magrou identified S aureus as one of the causes of this disease.1-3

Botryomycosis represents a diagnostic challenge for many clinicians because fewer than 100 cases are described in the literature2 and it appears at different anatomical sites. The differential diagnosis should essentially include other granulomatous diseases such as actinomycosis, mycetoma, sporotrichosis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and cutaneous carcinomas.4-8

The clinical course of botryomycosis, similar to that of chronic pyoderma, takes the form of a single lesion, which commonly affects exposed areas.1-3 The skin is the most frequently affected organ.2-4 The main causative agent is S aureus, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but the infection is polymicrobial in up to 50% of cases.7,8

The pathogenesis of the disease remains a subject of debate. It has been suggested that a balance between the number of microorganisms and the host's defences is necessary, as high concentrations of bacterial inoculum would cause extensive and rapid tissue necrosis, whereas low concentrations would cause the organisms to be phagocytized.1-8

Definitive diagnosis is based on histologic and microbiological criteria1-8 and is considerably aided by the study of the shape and characteristics of the granule for differentiation from actinomycosis and mycetoma (where granules are filamentous and change color rapidly with fungal stains). These studies also show the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, when present. This phenomenon is highly characteristic of the disease and consists of periodic acid-Schiff–positive basophilic granules (clusters of bacteria), surrounded by eosinophilic material (immunoglobulin deposits), a reflection of the host's immune response.6

Administration of specific antibiotics for long periods forms the basis of treatment.2 Surgery is recommended when faster healing is required or there is only partial response to antibiotic treatment.1-6

Most cases in the literature describe patients with an abnormal immune function or significant comorbidities,3 but this was not true for our patient. Our patient had regularly walked barefoot in Senegal, a fact that, coupled with chronic malnutrition and irregular antibiotic treatment, could have contributed to the development and perpetuation of the disease.

References
[1]
P. Rojas-Plasencia, C.L. Zapata-Granja.
Botriomicosis.
Dermatol Peru, 15 (2005), pp. 49-52
[2]
M.W. Yencha, C.W. Walker, D.W. Karakla, E.J. Simko.
Cutaneous botryomycosis of the cervicofacial region.
Head Neck, 23 (2001), pp. 594-598
[3]
C.R. Machado, A.O. Schubach, F. Conceição-Silva, L.P. Quintella, M.C. Lourenço, E. Carregal, et al.
Botryomicosis.
Dermatology, 211 (2005), pp. 303-304
[4]
K. Karthikeyan, D.M. Thappa, B. Jeevankumar.
Cutaneous botryomycosis in an agricultural worker.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 26 (2001), pp. 456-457
[5]
P. Saadat, R. Ram, S. Sohrabian, M.S. Vadmal.
Botryomycosis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pneumocystis carinii in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency disease.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 33 (2008), pp. 266-269
[6]
M. Ginarte, D. Sánchez-Aguilar, L. Casas, C. Peteiro, J. Toribio.
Botriomicosis cutánea.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 85 (1994), pp. 690-694
[7]
H.J.C. De Vries, C.J.M. Van Noesel, R. Hoekzema, H.J. Hulsebosch.
Botryomycosis in an HIV-positive subject.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol, 17 (2003), pp. 87-90
[8]
G.A. Follows, J. Mathew, S. Lucas, M.J. Black, T.H. Goodship.
Cutaneous botryomycosis in a patient with lupus nephritis.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 13 (1998), pp. 3200-3201

Please cite this article as: Molina-Ruiz A, Pérez-Vega E, Zulueta-Dorado T. Úlcera plantar crónica en inmigrante africano. Actas Dermosifiliogr.2012;103:733-734.

Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV
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