Journal Information
Vol. 108. Issue 9.
Pages 809-817 (November 2017)
Visits
7488
Vol. 108. Issue 9.
Pages 809-817 (November 2017)
Review
Full text access
Nonsurgical Therapies for Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Review
Terapias no quirúrgicas para el carcinoma basocelular: revisión
Visits
7488
S. Ariza, S. Espinosa
Corresponding author
, M. Naranjo
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital San José, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, FUCS, Bogotá, Colombia
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Tables (5)
Table 1. Characteristics of the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Analyzed in Our Review.
Table 2. Data on Clinical Trials Not Included in the Systematic Reviews.
Table 3. Classification of Basal Cell Carcinoma According to Risk of Recurrence.
Table 4. Nonsurgical Treatment Options for BCC.
Table 5. Adverse Events Reported for Smoothened Inhibitors Vismodegib and Sonidegib.
Show moreShow less
Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor in humans and the local destruction of tissue that can result from excision has a significant impact on well-being. Treating BCC is costly for health care systems given the high incidence of this tumor, especially in older patients. Standard treatment involves either resection with histologic assessment of margins or Mohs micrographic surgery. Surgery is sometimes contraindicated, however, due to the presence of significant comorbidity or high cosmetic expectations. For such patients, nonsurgical treatments have become available. These alternatives can offer good local control of disease, preserve function, and achieve excellent cosmetic results.

Keywords:
Basal cell carcinoma
Skin cancer
Treatment
Resumen

El carcinoma basocelular (CBC) es el tumor maligno más frecuente en seres humanos, y tiene la capacidad de causar una significativa morbilidad asociada a su potencial de destrucción local. El tratamiento del CBC demanda altos costes de atención para los sistemas de salud, por la gran incidencia de esta enfermedad, especialmente en pacientes mayores. El tratamiento estándar para la mayoría de los CBC consiste en la resección quirúrgica con márgenes y control histológico de los bordes de sección, o mediante cirugía micrográfica de Mohs. Sin embargo, en algunos pacientes con contraindicación para cirugía, que tienen comorbilidades importantes o altas expectativas estéticas, existen en la actualidad nuevas alternativas terapéuticas no quirúrgicas, con las cuales se puede lograr muy buen control local, preservar la función y obtener un excelente resultado cosmético.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma basocelular
Cáncer de piel
Tratamiento
Full Text
Introduction

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in humans.1,2 Although it rarely metastasizes, it can cause significant morbidity due to the invasion and destruction of neighboring anatomic structures.3

Australia has the highest incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in the world, with an age-standardized rate of 213 cases per 100000 males and 113 cases per 100000 females.4,5 In Spain, the crude incidence of BCC is 113.05 cases per 100000 inhabitants per year (95% CI, 89.03-137.08),6–8 and according to estimates from the United States, over 2 million cases of NMSC were diagnosed in 2013.9,10

The annual cost of treating NMSC in the US population has been estimated at over $420 million,11,12 and according to data published in 2009, over £240 million was spent on NMSC treatment in England in 2002.13,14

Surgery is the established treatment of choice for BCC for 2 main reasons: it offers the highest cure rates and permits histologic control of margins.7 The emergence of nonsurgical alternatives, however, means that excellent oncologic and cosmetic results are now possible in subgroups of patients with BCC with a low risk of recurrence or in whom surgery is contraindicated for medical reasons. The aim of this article was to review the literature on the nonsurgical treatment of BCC.

Method

We performed a literature review to identify articles and clinical practice guidelines discussing the nonsurgical management of BCC that were published in the following databases between 2006 and 2016: MEDLINE via Ovid, EMBASE, Lilacs, and the Cochrane Library. We also performed a hand search.

Studies in which patients had received nonsurgical treatment for BCC were included. We excluded studies in nonhumans, economic evaluations, case series, personal opinion articles, and letters to the editor (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Flow chart showing selection of articles.

(0.34MB).

The initial search retrieved 639 articles, 466 of which were excluded (Fig. 1). The articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed separately by 2 authors and any discrepancies were resolved by a third author.

Thirty-seven articles were analyzed for the section on the medical treatment of BCC; 20 of these were reviewed in 4 systematic reviews, 2 of which included a meta-analysis. There were also 7 clinical trials, 6 review articles, and 2 clinical management guidelines evaluating different treatments for BCC. The 17 remaining articles used for this section were evaluated in the systematic reviews included. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews assessed using AMSTAR was high in 3 cases and acceptable in 1 (Table 1). The characteristics of the clinical trials are summarized in Table 2.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Analyzed in Our Review.

Authors  Title  Year  Type of Study  Level of Methodological Quality Evaluated Using AMSTAR 
Bath-Hextall et al.39  Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin  2007  Systematic review  High 
Roozeboom et al.20  Overall treatment success after treatment of primary superficial basal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials  2012  Systematic review and meta-analysis  High 
Charlotte et al.12  Basal cell carcinoma: An evidence-based treatment update  2014  Systematic review  High 
Hongfei et al.36  Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis  2015  Systematic review and meta-analysis  Acceptable 
Table 2.

Data on Clinical Trials Not Included in the Systematic Reviews.

Authors  Title  Type of Study  Year of Publication  Treatments Included  Interpretation/Conclusion 
Beutner et al.19  Therapeutic response of basal cell carcinoma to the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream  Randomized, double-blind  1999  Imiquimod  100% histologic clearance with regimens of twice daily, once daily, and 3 times a week 
          Imiquimod 5% cream shows clinical efficacy in the treatment of BCC. 
Bath-Hextall et al.30  Surgical excision versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal-cell carcinoma (SINS): A multicenter, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial  Pragmatic multicenter noninferiority randomized controlled trial with parallel groups  2014  Surgical excision vs. imiquimod 5% cream  3-y response rate of 84% (n=178) and 98% (n=185) in imiquimod and surgery groups, respectively 
          Imiquimod is a useful treatment option for small, low-risk superficial or nodular BCC. 
Avril et al.43  Basal cell carcinoma of the face: Surgery or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study  Randomized trial  1997  Surgery vs. RT  4-y recurrence rate of 0.7% and 7.5% in surgery and RT groups respectively.
Surgery should be chosen before RT in facial BCCs <4cm. 
Sekulic et al.48  Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma  Nonrandomized international multicenter study with 2 cohorts  2012  Vismodegib  Overall response of 43% in patients with laBCC and 30% in those with mBCC 
Basset-Seguin et al.49  Vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma (Stevie): A pre-planned interim analysis of an international, open-label trial  Open multicenter trial  2015  Vismodegib  302 (66.7%) of 453 patients with laBCC showed overall response (153 complete and 149 partial); 11 (37%) of 29 patients with mBCC showed overall response (2 complete and 9 partial) 
Migden et al.51  Treatment with two different doses of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BOLT): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 trial  Onoing multicenter double-blind randomized phase II clinical trial  2015  Sonidegib  Objective response in patients with laBCC was 43% for 200mg/d group and 38% for 800mg/d group; corresponding rates for patients with mBCC were 15% and 17%, respectively. 
Rodon et al.52  A phase I, multicenter, open-label, first-in-human, dose-escalation study of the oral smoothened inhibitor Sonidegib (LDE225) in patients with advanced solid tumors  Phase I study  2014  Sonidegib  Maximum tolerated doses of 800mg/day and 250mg twice a day 

Abbreviations: BCC, basal cell carcinoma; laBCC, locally advanced BCC; mBCC, metastatic BCC; RT, radiation therapy.

Factors That Determine Choice of Medical Treatment

To choose the most appropriate medical treatment for BCC, it is important to be familiar with the different predictors of local recurrence in order to categorize the risk for individual lesions (Table 3).

Table 3.

Classification of Basal Cell Carcinoma According to Risk of Recurrence.

Low-risk 
Locationa 
H zone: <6mm 
M zone <10mm 
B zone: <20mm 
Histologic subtype 
Nodular 
Superficial 
Primary tumor 
No perineural invasion 
Well-defined borders 
 
High-risk 
Location 
H zone: ≥6mm 
M zone: ≥10mm 
B zone: ≥20mm 
Histologic subtype 
Micronodular 
Infiltrative 
Morpheaform 
Basosquamous 
Mixed 
Recurrent tumor 
Perineural invasion 
Poorly defined borders 
a

BCCs are classified as low-risk, medium-risk, or high-risk according to their location. High-risk tumors are located in the H-zone of the face (midface, lower perioribital region, temple, and preauricular and postauricular region). Medium-risk tumors (M zone) are located outside the H-zone, i.e., on the head and neck, and low-risk tumors (L zone) are located on the rest of the body (trunk and extremities)

Source: Adapted from Rueda et al.17

Histologically, BCC can be classified into 2 subtypes: an indolent-growth subtype (nodular and superficial BCCs) and an aggressive-growth subtype (morpheaform, infiltrative, micronodular, and basosquamous BCCs). Distinct histopathologic patterns can coexist in a single tumor, in which case the pattern is referred to as a mixed pattern.3,15–17

Locally advanced BCC is an important category. These tumors are characterized by long duration, a history of multiple recurrences, and considerable facial disfigurement resulting from tumor growth and previous surgery. The chance of surgical cure in such cases is low or nonexistent.

Medical Treatments for BCC

Numerous medical treatment modalities have been described for BCC, including topical imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), photodynamic therapy (PDT), intralesional interferon (IFN), radiation therapy, and Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors (Table 4).

Table 4.

Nonsurgical Treatment Options for BCC.

Treatment Modality  Subtype of BCC Treated  Short-term Results (<1 y)  Safety Profile  Level of Evidence  References 
Topical imiquimod  Low-risk nodular and superficial  RR: 73%-92.7%  Good  Moderate/high  20, 27, 28 
Topical 5-fluorouracil  Low-risk superficial  RR: 80.1%-93%  Good  Moderate/high  32, 33 
Photodynamic therapy (methyl aminolevulinate)  Low-risk superficial  RR: 66.8%-86.5%  Good  Moderate  20, 33 
Intralesional interferon  Nodular  RR: 86%  Good  Moderate  41 
Radiation therapy  Nodular and superficial  RcR: 2% (2 y) 7.5% (4 y)  Good  Moderate  43 
Vismodegib  Locally advanced and metastatic  RR: 27%-46%  Good  Moderate  50 
Sonidegib  Locally advanced and metastatic  RR: 15%-47%  Good  Moderate  52 

Abbreviations: RcR, recurrence rate; RR, response rate.

Imiquimod

Imiquimod 5% is a toll-like receptor agonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of primary superficial BCCs with a diameter of less than 2cm. It is believed to induce IFN-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and other cytokines that activate T helper 1 cells, which, in turn, induce an antitumor immune response.18

The first study to evaluate imiquimod in the treatment of superficial BCC was published in 1999.19 It was a clinical trial that compared 3 treatment regimens: imiquimod twice a day, imiquimod once a day, and imiquimod 3 times a week. Histologically confirmed complete response was observed in the 3 groups on completion of treatment. The complete response rate was 60% in the group of patients who received 2 doses a week, and 50% in the group that received treatment once a week.

A systematic review of treatment success in primary superficial BCC published in 2012 by Roozeboom et al.20 reported an estimated complete response rate of 86.2% (95% CI, 82%-90%) for imiquimod after a follow-up period of 6 to 19 weeks. The 1-year tumor-free survival rate based on pooled estimates from 23 studies was 87.3% (95% CI, 84%-91%). The authors concluded that imiquimod was an effective treatment for superficial BCC with a maximum diameter of 2cm.

The British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of BCC rate the use of topical imiquimod with a quality of evidence I and a strength of recommendation A.21 The use of histologic verification22–26 and follow-up periods of up to 5 years27–29 in the studies reviewed to draw up these guidelines adds strength to the effectiveness of imiquimod in the treatment of superficial BCC. The final study reports drawn up by Gollnick et al.27,28 showed 5-year histologic clearance rates of 85.4% and 86.9% for patients with superficial BCC treated with imiquimod 5 times and 7 times a week for a period of 6 weeks, respectively.

In 2014, the results of a multicenter clinical trial involving 501 patients with superficial or nodular BCC (not including BCC of the nose, forehead, eyelids, or ears) randomly assigned to daily treatment with imiquimod for 6 weeks (n=254) or surgical excision (n=247) were published.30 After 3 years of clinical follow-up, 84% of patients in the imiquimod group and 98% of those in the surgery group had no signs of recurrence.

In brief, imiquimod can be considered an effective treatment alternative for patients with small, primary superficial BCCs at low-risk anatomic sites and for patients in whom surgery is contraindicated or who choose not to undergo surgery.31

Topical 5-FU

Although topical 5-FU was the first topical treatment to receive approval from the FDA for the treatment of superficial BCC, the drug has not been widely studied in this cancer. 5-FU interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the methylation of deoxyuridylic acid, thereby inhibiting thymidylate synthetase and consequently cell proliferation. The study that led to the approval of 5-FU by the FDA reported a success rate of 93% for the use of imiquimod in 113 superficial BCC lesions in 54 patients.32

A Dutch multicenter study published in 2013 evaluated the efficacy of 3 treatments for superficial BCC with a follow-up period of 12 months: topical 5-FU (twice daily for 4 weeks), imiquimod (once daily 5 times a week for 6 weeks), and PDT with methyl aminolevulinate (2 sessions separated by 1 week).33 The estimated overall success rates, assessed by the proportion of patients free of tumor recurrence at 3 months and 12 months, were 80.1% for 5-FU, 83.4% for imiquimod, and 72.1% for PDT.

In brief, topical 5-FU is an effective topical treatment for patients with primary superficial BCC at low- or medium-risk sites or for patients who are not candidates for surgery or who have high cosmetic expectations.32

Photodynamic Therapy

PDT is another medical treatment used in BCC. It uses visible light to activate a photosensitizing agent, which can be aminolevulinic acid or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), to produce reactive oxygen species that destroy tumor cells through an intracellular product known as protoporphyrin IX.34 Success rates of around 75% have been reported for PDT with MAL in studies that have compared efficacy and cosmetic outcomes over 1 year with that of conventional surgical excision for superficial BCCs.31,35

A systematic review from 2012 that analyzed 1583 patients with superficial BCC reported that the efficacy of PDT may depend to a large extent on the number of cycles used. The pooled estimate of complete response, for instance, increased from 76.6% to 79% (95% CI, 62%-90%) when repeated cycles were used. Tumor-free survival also increased from 76.2% to 84%.20

A comparison of the efficacy of PDT in terms of cosmetic outcome and safety with that of other treatments for primary BCC showed that compared with surgery, PDT was associated with a lower complete clearance rate (risk ratio [RR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98) and a higher probability of recurrence at 1 year (RR, 12.42; 95% CI, 2.34-66.02) and 5 years (RR, 6.79; 95% CI, 2.43-18.96).36

The study also showed that PDT has a higher complete clearance rate than placebo. No significant differences were observed with pharmacologic treatment (imiquimod and topical 5-FU) for complete clearance or 1-year recurrence, although PDT performed worse in the second case. One-year recurrence rates for PDT ranged between 6% and 44%, although lower rates were seen with multiple treatments (≥ 2 cycles on days 1 and 8). Clearance rates of between 76% and 79% were reported.36

PDT can be considered a treatment option for low-risk BCC (mainly small tumors, superficial tumors, tumors in low-risk locations) or for patients who are willing to trade a higher risk of recurrence for a better cosmetic outcome, or in whom surgery is contraindicated for medical reasons.36

Intralesional IFN

IFN is one of several intralesional chemotherapy agents currently used in the management of BCC. It stimulates macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to induce an antitumor immune response.37

The first clinical trial with this drug included 172 patients with histologically confirmed noduloulcerative or superficial BCC who were treated with either intralesional IFN-α2b or placebo.38 The patients in the IFN group received 1.5 million international units (IU) 3 times a week for 3 weeks, resulting in a cumulative dose of 13.5 million IU. The cure rate was 86%.

A systematic review designed to analyze the evidence currently available for the treatment of BCC published in 2014 reported a histologic clearance rate of 85% for INF-α2b and excellent cosmetic outcomes in 83% of cases. The most common adverse effects reported by all patients were flu-like symptoms consisting of headache, myalgia, and nausea.12,37

Intralesional IFN can offer advantages over traditional techniques in the treatment of BCC, particularly when surgery is not an option or when the tumor is in a cosmetically delicate area.39

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is a classic technique that was used as a first-line treatment for BCC for several years. It is now, however, used frequently for a number of reasons.7,31 It is currently indicated as a second-line treatment for high-risk tumors or for patients in whom surgery is contraindicated.40,41

A retrospective analysis of 712 BCCs (631 nodular and 81 superficial tumors) treated with 5 sessions of superficial x-ray therapy at a total dose of 35Gy showed recurrence rates of 2% at 2 years and 4.2% at 5 years.42 In another study, a randomized clinical trial, comparison of surgical excision of 174 BCCs (primary facial tumors <4cm in diameter with a nonaggressive histologic subtype) and radiation therapy of 173 BCCs with similar characteristics showed a 4-year recurrence rate of 0.7% in the surgery group and 7.5% in the radiation therapy group.43

The results for the use of radiation therapy in BCC vary considerably in the literature, possibly because of differences in treatment regimens and the lack of an optimal regimen.44

Radiation therapy, however, has several disadvantages, including absence of histologic verification, long treatment times requiring multiple visits, cosmetic outcomes that tend to worsen with time (cutaneous atrophy and telangiectasias), and a risk of new radiation-induced BCCs.31

In short, radiation therapy is a valuable treatment option for patients with BCCs with a high risk of recurrence who are not candidates for surgery, patients aged over 60 years (due to the likelihood of long-term complications), and patients with primary or recurrent tumors. It can also be used as adjuvant therapy after surgery or in cases with perineural invasion or involvement of margins.

Hh Pathway InhibitorsVismodegib

In 2012, the FDA approved a new class of drug for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic BCC: vismodegib. Molecular and genetic studies have shown genetic alterations of the Hh signaling pathway in almost all BCCs. These alterations result in aberrant activation of the pathway and as a result the uncontrolled proliferation of keratinocytes. More commonly, they cause loss of function of the patched 1 homolog gene (PTCH1), which generally exerts an inhibitory effect on the signal transducer Smoothened (Smo), which in turn triggers the effector cascade invoked by the Gli protein complex (a family of glioma-associated oncogene transcription factors). Over 90% of sporadic BCCs and the vast majority of BCCs that occur in Gorlin syndrome have PTCH1 mutations.45 Vismodegib is a small molecule that specifically binds to and inactivates Smo, preventing the activation of the pathway through suppression of proliferation and tumor growth.46-48

Vismodegib is indicated for the treatment of BCC in adults with locally advanced or metastatic tumors who are not candidates for surgery and in whom radiation therapy has failed.

The landmark phase II vismodegib study (Erivance) of 104 patients with locally advanced or metastatic BCC reported an overall response rate of 43% for patients with locally advanced BCC and 30% for those with metastatic BCC.48 After a follow-up period of 30 months, the overall objective response rate, assessed by site investigators, was 60% in the group of patients with locally advanced BCC and 48.5% in the group with metastatic BCC. These percentages were comparable to those of the primary analysis. Duration of objective response was 26.2 months for the patients with locally advanced BCC and 14.8 months for those with metastatic BCC. The respective disease-free survival times were 12.9 and 9.3 months.48

The multicenter clinical trial with the largest number of patients treated to date with vismodegib (Stevie) was designed to assess the safety of the drug.49 Preliminary results reported for the first 499 patients who completed a year of follow-up (n=468 with locally advanced BCC and n=31 with metastatic BCC) showed a median duration of exposure to the drug of 36.4 weeks. Based on the evaluation by the site investigators, 302 (66.7%) of 453 patients with locally advanced BCC responded to treatment: 153 (34%) showed complete response, 149 (33%) showed partial response, and 118 (26%) showed stable disease. Of the 29 patients with metastatic BCC, 11 (37.9%) responded; the response was partial in 9 cases (31%) and complete in 2 (7%). Ten patients (34%) had stable disease. Adverse effects were reported in approximately 98% of patients (490/499) (Table 5). These events were, by order of frequency, muscle spasms (64%), alopecia (62%), dysgeusia (54%), weight loss (33%), asthenia (28%), decreased appetite (25%), ageusia (22%), diarrhea (17%), nausea (16%), and fatigue (16%).

Table 5.

Adverse Events Reported for Smoothened Inhibitors Vismodegib and Sonidegib.

Adverse Event  Vismodegib (150mg)  Sonidegib (200mg)  Sonidegib (800mg) 
  n=499  n=79  n=150 
Muscle spasms  64%  49%  67% 
Alopecia  62%  43%  55% 
Dysgeusia  54%  38%  59% 
Weight loss  33%  27%  38% 
Asthenia  28%  8%  5% 
Decreased appetite  25%  29%  36% 
Ageusia/hypogeusia  22%  0%  5% 
Diarrhea  17%  24%  22% 
Fatigue  16%  29%  36% 
Nausea  16%  33%  45% 

In total, 22% of patients experienced severe adverse events; the most common were pneumonia, general deterioration in health, squamous cell carcinoma, and dehydration. Six percent of the patients died. Twenty-one of the deaths were attributed to adverse events, 5 to disease progression, and 5 to other causes.49 A recent analysis of data from the Stevie study showed that temporary suspension of vismodegib for 2, 3, or 4 weeks (up to 8 weeks according to protocol) does not interfere with the efficacy of treatment in terms of disease-free survival and response rates.50

Vismodegib is thus another treatment alternative for advanced or metastatic BCC in patients who relapse following radiation therapy and/or in whom surgery is inappropriate or contraindicated.49

Sonidegib

The FDA and EMA recently approved another Hh pathway inhibitor, sonidegib. In the multicenter randomized double-blind phase II Basal Cell Carcinoma Outcomes in LDE225 trial that led to the approval of sonidegib for BCC,51,52 230 patients were assigned to one of 2 groups in which they received an oral dose of 200mg or 800mg daily. Of the 230 patients, 193 had locally advanced BCC and 37 had metastatic BCC.51

The objective response rates in the group of patients with locally advanced disease were 43% for the 200-mg dose and 38% for the 800-mg dose. The respective rates in the group of patients with metastatic disease were 15% and 17%. Median duration of treatment was longer in the lower-dose group (8.9 vs 6.5 months) and this longer treatment time was attributed to the lower incidence of adverse effects. The most common adverse events were similar to those seen with vismodegib (Table 5).51

Based on the results of this trial, sonidegib was approved at a dose of 200 mg once daily for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced BCC who experience recurrence following surgery or radiation therapy or who are not candidates for these treatments.53

Conclusions

Nonsurgical treatments for BCC are effective, particularly in the case of low-risk subtypes. They can be considered a treatment alternative for patients who do not want to undergo surgery or in whom surgery is contraindicated. Hh pathway inhibitors have opened up new treatment possibilities for the rarer cases of advanced BCC, showing promising efficacy and a good safety profile, although more studies are needed to define optimal treatment schedules.

Ethical DisclosuresProtection of humans and animals

The authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purpose of this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that no private patient data appear in this article.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors declare that no private patient data appear in this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The first author reports having received speakers’ fees for presentations on vismodegib from Productos Roche-Colombia.

The co-authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank the research division at the Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, and in particular Diana Buitrago for her dedication and help in the production of this manuscript.

References
[1]
E. De Vries, L.V. van de Poll-Franse, W.J. Louwman, F.R. de Gruijl, J.W. Coebergh.
Predictions of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015.
Br J Dermatol, 152 (2005), pp. 481-488
[2]
J. Roewert-Huber, B. Lange-Asschenfeldt, E. Stockfleth, H. Kerl.
Epidemiology and aetiology of basal cell carcinoma.
Br J Dermatol, 157 (2007), pp. 47-51
[3]
A.G. Marzuka, S.E. Book.
Basal cell carcinoma: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management.
Yale J Biol Med, 88 (2015), pp. 167-179
[4]
D.H. Brewster, L.A. Bhatti, J.H. Inglis, E.R. Nairn, V.R. Doherty.
Recent trends in incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in the East of Scotland, 1992-2003.
Br J Dermatol, 156 (2007), pp. 1295-1300
[5]
P. Aceituno-Madera, A. Buendía-Eisman, S. Arias-Santiago, S. Serrano-Ortega.
[Changes in the incidence of skin cancer between 1978 and 2002].
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 101 (2010), pp. 39-46
Spanish
[6]
I. Bielsa, X. Soria, M. Esteve, C. Ferrándiz, Nord SCSGoB.
Population-based incidence of basal cell carcinoma in a Spanish Mediterranean area.
Br J Dermatol, 161 (2009), pp. 1341-1346
[7]
I.R. Aguayo-Leiva, L. Ríos-Buceta, P. Jaén-Olasolo.
[Surgical vs nonsurgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma].
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 101 (2010), pp. 683-692
[8]
A. Tejera-Vaquerizo, M.A. Descalzo-Gallego, M.M. Otero-Rivas, C. Posada-García, L. Rodríguez-Pazos, I. Pastushenko, et al.
Skin cancer incidence and mortality in Spain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 4 (2016), pp. 318-328
[9]
G. Sánchez, J. Nova, F. de la Hoz, C. Castañeda.
Incidencia de cáncer de piel en Colombia años 2003-2007.
Piel, 26 (2011), pp. 171-177
[10]
Cancers. PMBaSCS. NCCN Guide lines Version 2.2013. 2.2013 ed. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines Version 2.2013 Panel members basal and squamous cell skin cancers. 2013
[11]
S.J. Miller, M. Alam, J. Andersen, D. Berg, C.K. Bichakjian, G. Bowen, et al.
Basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers.
J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 8 (2010), pp. 836-864
[12]
C.M. Clark, M. Furniss, J.M. Mackay-Wiggan.
Basal cell carcinoma: An evidence-based treatment update.
Am J Clin Dermatol, 15 (2014), pp. 197-216
[13]
S. Morris, B. Cox, N. Bosanquet.
Cost of skin cancer in England.
Eur J Health Econ, 10 (2009), pp. 267-273
[14]
G. Sánchez, J. Nova, F. de la Hoz.
[Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma: A study from the national dermatology center of Colombia].
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 103 (2012), pp. 294-300
Spanish
[15]
M. Sexton, D.B. Jones, M.E. Maloney.
Histologic pattern analysis of basal cell carcinoma. Study of a series of 1,039 consecutive neoplasms.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 23 (1990), pp. 1118-1126
[16]
A.N. Crowson.
Basal cell carcinoma: Biology, morphology and clinical implications.
Mod Pathol, 19 (2006), pp. S127-S147
[17]
Rueda X, Hart AAd, Aristizabal L, Fierro E. Guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento del carcinoma basocelular. Rev Asoc Col Dermatol. 2008; 16(Supl):102-17.
[18]
G. Micali, F. Lacarrubba, M.R. Nasca, R.A. Schwartz.
Topical pharmacotherapy for skin cancer: Part I. Pharmacology.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 70 (2014), pp. 965
[19]
K.R. Beutner, J.K. Geisse, D. Helman, T.L. Fox, A. Ginkel, M.L. Owens.
Therapeutic response of basal cell carcinoma to the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 41 (1999), pp. 1002-1007
[20]
M.H. Roozeboom, A.H. Arits, P.J. Nelemans, N.W. Kelleners-Smeets.
Overall treatment success after treatment of primary superficial basal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials.
Br J Dermatol, 167 (2012), pp. 733-756
[21]
N.R. Telfer, G.B. Colver, C.A. Morton, Dermatologists BAo.
Guidelines for the management of basal cell carcinoma.
Br J Dermatol, 159 (2008), pp. 35-48
[22]
J. Geisse, I. Caro, J. Lindholm, L. Golitz, P. Stampone, M. Owens.
Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: Results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 50 (2004), pp. 722-733
[23]
R. Marks, M. Owens, S.A. Walters, Group AM-CT.
Efficacy and safety of 5% imiquimod cream in treating patients with multiple superficial basal cell carcinomas.
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 1284-1285
[24]
R. Marks, K. Gebauer, S. Shumack, M. Amies, J. Bryden, T.L. Fox, et al.
Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results of a multicenter 6-week dose-response trial.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 44 (2001), pp. 807-813
[25]
H.J. Schulze, B. Cribier, L. Requena, J. Reifenberger, C. Ferrándiz, A. Garcia Diez, et al.
Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: Results from a randomized vehicle-controlled phase III study in Europe.
Br J Dermatol, 152 (2005), pp. 939-947
[26]
S. Shumack, K. Gebauer, C. Quirk, K. Macdonald, S.A. Walters, M. Owens.
5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of large superficial basal cell carcinoma.
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 1286-1287
[27]
H. Gollnick, C.G. Barona, R.G. Frank, T. Ruzicka, M. Megahed, V. Tebbs, et al.
Recurrence rate of superficial basal cell carcinoma following successful treatment with imiquimod 5% cream: Interim 2-year results from an ongoing 5-year follow-up study in Europe.
Eur J Dermatol, 15 (2005), pp. 374-381
[28]
H. Gollnick, C.G. Barona, R.G. Frank, T. Ruzicka, M. Megahed, J. Maus, et al.
Recurrence rate of superficial basal cell carcinoma following treatment with imiquimod 5% cream: Conclusion of a 5-year long-term follow-up study in Europe.
Eur J Dermatol, 18 (2008), pp. 677-682
[29]
C. Quirk, K. Gebauer, B. De’Ambrosis, H.B. Slade, T.C. Meng.
Sustained clearance of superficial basal cell carcinomas treated with imiquimod cream 5%: Results of a prospective 5-year study.
Cutis, 85 (2010), pp. 318-324
[30]
F. Bath-Hextall, M. Ozolins, S.J. Armstrong, G.B. Colver, W. Perkins, P.S. Miller, et al.
Surgical excision versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal-cell carcinoma (SINS): A multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial.
Lancet Oncol, 15 (2014), pp. 96-105
[31]
J.M. Lewin, J.A. Carucci.
Advances in the management of basal cell carcinoma.
F1000Prime Rep, 7 (2015), pp. 53
[32]
K. Gross, L. Kircik, G. Kricorian.
5% 5-fluorouracil cream for the treatment of small superficial basal cell carcinoma: Efficacy, tolerability, cosmetic outcome, and patient satisfaction.
Dermatol Surg, 33 (2007), pp. 433-439
[33]
A.H. Arits, K. Mosterd, B.A. Essers, E. Spoorenberg, A. Sommer, M.J. de Rooij, et al.
Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: A single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial.
Lancet Oncol, 14 (2013), pp. 647-654
[34]
E. Szpringer, K. Lutnicki, A. Marciniak.
Photodynamic therapy--mechanism and employment.
Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med, 59 (2004), pp. 498-502
[35]
R.M. Szeimies, S. Ibbotson, D.F. Murrell, D. Rubel, Y. Frambach, D. de Berker, et al.
A clinical study comparing methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy and surgery in small superficial basal cell carcinoma (8-20mm), with a 12-month follow-up.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22 (2008), pp. 1302-1311
[36]
H. Wang, Y. Xu, J. Shi, X. Gao, L. Geng.
Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 31 (2015), pp. 44-53
[37]
L.M. Good, M.D. Miller, W.A. High.
Intralesional agents in the management of cutaneous malignancy: A review.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 64 (2011), pp. 413-422
[38]
R.C. Cornell, H.T. Greenway, S.B. Tucker, L. Edwards, S. Ashworth, J.C. Vance, et al.
Intralesional interferon therapy for basal cell carcinoma.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 23 (1990), pp. 694-700
[39]
F.J. Bath-Hextall, W. Perkins, J. Bong, H.C. Williams.
Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2007), pp. CD003412
[40]
X. Rueda, Hart AAd, L. Aristizabal, E. Fierro.
Guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento del carcinoma basocelular. Revista Asociación Colombiana Dermatologia.
Rev Asoc Col Dermatol., 16 (2008), pp. 102-117
[41]
Colciencias MdSyPS-. Guía de práctica clínica con evaluación económica para la prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento del cáncer de piel no melanoma: carcinoma basocelular. Para uso de profesionales de salud. Septiembre de 2014. Colombia: ed. Bogotá; 2014. p. 36.
[42]
A.B. Cognetta, B.M. Howard, H.P. Heaton, E.R. Stoddard, H.G. Hong, W.H. Green.
Superficial X-ray in the treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinomas: A viable option in select patients.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 67 (2012), pp. 1235-1241
[43]
M.F. Avril, A. Auperin, A. Margulis, A. Gerbaulet, P. Duvillard, E. Benhamou, et al.
Basal cell carcinoma of the face: Surgery or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study.
Br J Cancer, 76 (1997), pp. 100-106
[44]
R. Pampena, T. Palmieri, A. Kyrgidis, D. Ramundo, C. Iotti, A. Lallas, et al.
Orthovoltage radiotherapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC): Comparison between 2 different schedules.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 74 (2016), pp. 341-347
[45]
M.T. Teh, D. Blaydon, T. Chaplin, N.J. Foot, S. Skoulakis, M. Raghavan, et al.
Genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism microarray mapping in basal cell carcinomas unveils uniparental disomy as a key somatic event.
Cancer Res, 65 (2005), pp. 8597-8603
[46]
M.R. Gailani, M. Ståhle-Bäckdahl, D.J. Leffell, M. Glynn, P.G. Zaphiropoulos, C. Pressman, et al.
The role of the human homologue of Drosophila patched in sporadic basal cell carcinomas.
Nat Genet, 14 (1996), pp. 78-81
[47]
M. Aszterbaum, A. Rothman, R.L. Johnson, M. Fisher, J. Xie, J.M. Bonifas, et al.
Identification of mutations in the human PATCHED gene in sporadic basal cell carcinomas and in patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome.
J Invest Dermatol, 110 (1998), pp. 885-888
[48]
A. Sekulic, M.R. Migden, A.E. Oro, L. Dirix, K.D. Lewis, J.D. Hainsworth, et al.
Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med, 366 (2012), pp. 2171-2179
[49]
N. Basset-Seguin, A. Hauschild, J.J. Grob, R. Kunstfeld, B. Dréno, L. Mortier, et al.
Vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma (STEVIE): A pre-planned interim analysis of an international, open-label trial.
Lancet Oncol, 16 (2015), pp. 729-736
[50]
A. Sekulic, M.R. Migden, N. Basset-Seguin, C. Garbe, A. Gesierich, C. Lao, et al.
Long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: Final update (30-month) of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting: 2014 ASCO Annual Meeting,
[51]
M.R. Migden, A. Guminski, R. Gutzmer, L. Dirix, K.D. Lewis, P. Combemale, et al.
Treatment with two different doses of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BOLT): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 trial.
Lancet Oncol, 16 (2015), pp. 716-728
[52]
J. Rodon, H.A. Tawbi, A.L. Thomas, R.G. Stoller, C.P. Turtschi, J. Baselga, et al.
A phase I, multicenter, open-label, first-in-human, dose-escalation study of the oral smoothened inhibitor Sonidegib (LDE225) in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Clin Cancer Res, 20 (2014), pp. 1900-1909
[53]
Services USDoHaH. U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2015. [consultado 24 Jul 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm455862.htm

Please cite this article as: Ariza S, Espinosa S, Naranjo M. Nonsurgical Therapies for Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108:809–817.

Copyright © 2017. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
Download PDF
Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?