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1</a>A&#41;&#46; Dermoscopy showed wine colored dots on a homogeneous pink background &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histology showed an orthokeratotic epidermis with acanthosis and papillomatosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41; and dilated vessels in a lobular pattern&#44; surrounded by scant perivascular inflammatory infiltrate in the superficial and deep dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B and C&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemical staining was positive for Wilms tumor 1 &#40;WT1&#41; and glucose transporter 1 &#40;GLUT1&#41; and negative for D2-40 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ultrasound showed that the lesions were superficial&#44; and revealed a slight increase in soft tissue thickness in the medial dorsal region of the right foot&#44; with no detectable flow&#46; A complete laboratory work-up revealed no alterations in the hemogram&#44; liver or kidney profile&#44; or D-dimer levels&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0021" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0021">What is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Verrucous venous malformation &#40;VVM&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daily topical treatment with 0&#46;5&#37; timolol was prescribed for 6 months&#44; but was discontinued in the absence of any improvement&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VVM is a vascular anomaly&#46; There has been much discussion as to whether it constitutes a malformation or a tumor&#46; The lesions&#44; which are usually present at birth or appear in early childhood&#44; consist of single or multiple dark red patches&#46; These most frequently occur on the lower limbs&#44; tend to darken&#44; thicken&#44; and become hyperkeratotic&#44; and rarely undergo remission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> VVM is characterized by compact hyperkeratosis of the epidermis and papillomatosis&#44; irregular acanthosis&#44; and dilated capillaries in the papillary and deep dermis and the subcutaneous cellular tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although its clinical characteristics resemble those of a vascular malformation&#44; it was initially considered a vascular tumor by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies due to its positive immunostaining for WT1 and GLUT1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; VVM can be confused with other vascular lesions&#44; such as angiokeratoma&#44; and with capillary&#44; venous&#44; and lymphatic vascular malformations that are negative for GLUT1 and WT1&#44; despite displaying hyperkeratosis and acanthosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; Couto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> described the presence in VVM tissue of a somatic missense mutation in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3&#44; which is involved in the angiopoietin-1 and tunica intima endothelial cell kinase signaling cascade&#44; 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Información de la revista
Vol. 111. Núm. 10.
Páginas 861-862 (diciembre 2020)
Visitas
5060
Vol. 111. Núm. 10.
Páginas 861-862 (diciembre 2020)
Case for Diagnosis
Open Access
Violaceous erythematous plaques on a lower limb
Placas eritematovioláceas en miembro inferior
Visitas
5060
I. Villegas-Romeroa,
Autor para correspondencia
imvr91@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, K. Tello-Collantesb, D. Jiménez-Galloa
a Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
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Medical History

An 8-month-old boy consulted for a lesion on the right lower limb that had been present from birth. Since then, it had grown progressively, although its appearance remained unchanged. The patient’s medical history revealed no diseases of note. After a controlled pregnancy, he had been born at full term by caesarean section, without complications.

Physical Examination

Physical examination revealed 5 well-defined, dark red plaques, the largest of which was 1.5 cm long, that had irregular borders and were distributed between the medial malleolus and the dorsum of the right foot (Fig. 1A). Dermoscopy showed wine colored dots on a homogeneous pink background (Fig. 1B).

Figure 1
(0.16MB).
Histopathology

Histology showed an orthokeratotic epidermis with acanthosis and papillomatosis (Fig. 2A) and dilated vessels in a lobular pattern, surrounded by scant perivascular inflammatory infiltrate in the superficial and deep dermis (Fig. 2B and C). Immunohistochemical staining was positive for Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and negative for D2-40 (Fig. 3).

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×1 (A) and ×10 (B and C).

(0.57MB).
Figure 3.

Immunohistochemistry for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) (A), Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) (B), and D2-40 (C); original magnification ×10.

(0.26MB).
Additional Tests

Ultrasound showed that the lesions were superficial, and revealed a slight increase in soft tissue thickness in the medial dorsal region of the right foot, with no detectable flow. A complete laboratory work-up revealed no alterations in the hemogram, liver or kidney profile, or D-dimer levels.

What is Your Diagnosis?Diagnosis

Verrucous venous malformation (VVM).

Clinical Course and Treatment

Daily topical treatment with 0.5% timolol was prescribed for 6 months, but was discontinued in the absence of any improvement.

Comment

VVM is a vascular anomaly. There has been much discussion as to whether it constitutes a malformation or a tumor. The lesions, which are usually present at birth or appear in early childhood, consist of single or multiple dark red patches. These most frequently occur on the lower limbs, tend to darken, thicken, and become hyperkeratotic, and rarely undergo remission.1 VVM is characterized by compact hyperkeratosis of the epidermis and papillomatosis, irregular acanthosis, and dilated capillaries in the papillary and deep dermis and the subcutaneous cellular tissue.2 Although its clinical characteristics resemble those of a vascular malformation, it was initially considered a vascular tumor by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies due to its positive immunostaining for WT1 and GLUT1.2,3

Clinically, VVM can be confused with other vascular lesions, such as angiokeratoma, and with capillary, venous, and lymphatic vascular malformations that are negative for GLUT1 and WT1, despite displaying hyperkeratosis and acanthosis.3

Recently, Couto et al.4 described the presence in VVM tissue of a somatic missense mutation in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3, which is involved in the angiopoietin-1 and tunica intima endothelial cell kinase signaling cascade, and is implicated in both hereditary and sporadic venous malformations.5 Based on its clinical course and recent genetic findings, VVM is currently considered a venous malformation,6 despite its immunohistochemical characteristics.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
A. Dhanta, P. Chauhan, D. Meena, N. Hazarika.
Linear verrucous hemangioma-a rare case and dermoscopic clues to diagnosis.
Dermatol Pract Concept, 8 (2018), pp. 43-47
[2]
F. Trindade, A. Torrelo, L. Requena, O. Tellechea, J. Del Pozo, F. Sacristán, et al.
An immunohistochemical study of verrucous hemangiomas.
J Cutan Pathol, 40 (2013), pp. 472-476
[3]
P.H. Hoeger, I. Colmenero.
Vascular tumours in infants. Part I: benign vascular tumours other than infantile haemangioma.
Br J Dermatol, 171 (2014), pp. 466-473
[4]
J. Couto, M. Vivero, H. Kozakewich, A.H. Taghinia, J.B. Mulliken, M.L. Warman, et al.
A somatic MAP3K3 mutation is associated with verrucous venous malformation.
Am J Hum Genet, 96 (2015), pp. 480-486
[5]
N. Knöpfel, P. Hoeger.
Verrucous hemangioma or verrucous venous malformation? Towards a classification based on genetic analysis.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 107 (2016), pp. 427-428
[6]
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies.
ISSVA classification for vascular anomalies, (2018),

Please cite this article as: Villegas-Romero I, Tello-Collantes K, Jiménez-Gallo D. Placas eritematovioláceas en miembro inferior. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111:861–862.

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