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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 75-year-old woman with a history of glioblastoma multiforme &#40;GBM&#41; who had undergone craniectomy and resection 7 months earlier and was participating in a clinical trial of nivolumab versus placebo&#46; The patient had been referred from the oncology to the dermatology department for an erythematous mass &#40;3&#160;&#215;&#160;4&#160;cm&#41; with a crusted and ulcerated surface located in the right parietal region&#44; close to the craniectomy scar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The patient provided the results of a magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; study performed the previous day in which no continuity solution was evident in the bone&#46; A biopsy was performed on suspicion of skin metastasis of GBM&#44; and revealed marked diffuse dermal infiltrate consisting of mononuclear cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and marked pleomorphism&#46; Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for CD10&#44; protein gene product &#40;PGP&#41; 9&#46;5&#44; and glial fibrillary acid protein &#40;GFAP&#41;&#44; indicating a probable neural origin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Staining for S100&#44; HMB45&#44; cytokeratin 20&#44; and CD99 was negative&#46; One month later the patient presented to the oncology department with absence seizures&#46; Imaging tests revealed subacute hydrocephalus secondary to the initial surgical intervention&#46; There was no possibility of placing a ventriculoperitoneal shunt&#46; Interestingly&#44; no changes in either the lesion or the perilesional edema were observed relative to the initial MRI findings&#46; Given the patient&#39;s poor progression&#44; it was decided to administer symptomatic palliative treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although GBM is the most common malignant brain tumor&#44; extracranial metastasis is uncommon&#44; and has been reported in only 2&#46;7&#37; of 148 patients with a histological diagnosis of glioma who were followed up for 5 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The most common sites of metastasis are the lung&#44; pleura&#44; and lymph nodes&#59; skin metastasis is more rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the current literature there are 7 reports of skin metastasis of cerebral glioma grades III to IV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ours is the first reported case of skin metastasis of GBM without recurrence of intracranial disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> which is usually observed in patients with a history of invasive surgical procedures&#44; suggesting a fundamental role of iatrogenic seeding&#46; However&#44; in 10&#37; of patients extracranial metastasis occurs in the absence of previous surgical interventions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> or at a site distant from the intervention&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> suggesting the existence of other routes of dissemination &#40;e&#46;g&#46; vascular&#44; lymphatic&#44; perineural&#44; direct extension&#41;&#46; Some studies suggest that mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor &#40;EGFR&#41; gene is a predisposing factor for extracranial GBM growth&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> although our patient tested negative for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EGFR</span> mutations&#46; Other theories propose that GBM promotes defective angiogenesis&#44; giving rise to hypoxic areas in the blood-brain barrier&#44; which is consequently disrupted&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Another possibility is that this entity is underdiagnosed&#59; the short survival time of these patients may be insufficient to allow the development of disseminated disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Prophylactic irradiation immediately after surgery has also been proposed as a means of preventing metastasis secondary to iatrogenic tumor seeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because this entity is particularly rare there are insufficient data to establish a definitive immunohistochemical staining profile&#46; The pattern of GFAP staining&#44; which is generally very intense in primary tumors&#44; can vary in skin metastases&#44; ranging from intense diffuse or focal staining to very fine staining of the cytoplasmic processes of neoplastic cells&#44; as observed in our patient&#46; There are also GBM subtypes &#40;e&#46;g&#46; small-cell GBM&#41; that may be negative for GFAP staining&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Thus&#44; while immunohistochemistry can help identify the cell type from which the tumor is derived&#44; it is not diagnostically definitive&#46; A clinical-pathological correlation must be established&#44; taking into account the patient&#39;s medical history and ruling out other much more common entities&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; Diffuse infiltrate in the papillary and reticular dermis of tumor cells&#44; sparing the epidermis &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification &#215;10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Tumor cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and marked pleomorphism &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification &#215;40&#41;&#46; C&#44; Positive immunohistochemistry &#40;glial fibrillary acid protein&#44; original magnification &#215;40&#41;&#46; D&#44; Positive immunohistochemistry &#40;protein gene product 9&#46;5&#44; original magnification &#215;20&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; AOD&#44; anaplastic oligodendroglioma&#59; BVZ&#44; bevazizumab&#59; EGFR&#44; epidermal growth factor receptor&#59; EMA&#44; epithelial membrane antigen&#59; GBM&#44; glioblastoma multiforme&#59; GFAP&#44; glial fibrillary acid protein&#59; IDH1&#44; isocitrate dehydrogenase 1&#59; IHC&#44; immunohistochemistry&#59; MGMT&#44; O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase&#59; PXA&#44; pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma&#59; RT&#44; radiation therapy&#59; S&#44; surgery&#59; TZM&#44; temozolamide&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary Tumor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Site of Skin Metastasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Metastasis Time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concomitant Intracranial Recurrence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Immunohistochemistry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jain et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> 2005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GBM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S &#43; RT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Craniotomy scar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 mo &#40;4 mo after second surgery&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GFAP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;more intense than intracranial recurrence&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 mo after recurrence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mentrikoski et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GBM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S &#43; RT &#43; TZM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Craniotomy scar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 mo &#40;10 mo after second surgery&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S100<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; GFAP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;focal&#41;&#44; vimentin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; NF<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AOD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S &#43; RT &#40;intratumoral implants&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Craniotomy scar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GFAP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; S100<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; EMA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Amitendu et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade II astrocytoma &#40;PXA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S &#43; RT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Craniotomy scar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Compatible with PXA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intracranial recurrence at 3 mo with diagnosis of AOD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Forsyth et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GBM &#40;EGFR<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S &#43; RT &#43; BVZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Forehead&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MGMT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; IDH1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5 mo after recurrence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ginat et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GBM &#40;EGFR&#43;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Partial S &#43; RT &#43; TZM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Craniotomy scar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GFAP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;5 mo after recurrence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miliaras et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GBM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S &#43; RT &#43; TZM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ipsilateral scapular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 mo after recurrence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        "identificador" => "xack435376"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors thank the pathological anatomy department of the Hospital General de Valencia&#44; especially Dr&#46; Ana P&#233;rez for her excellent assistance with immunohistochemistry techniques that could not be performed in the dermatology department&#46; Thanks also to our laboratory technician Sandra M&#237;nguez for her help and dedication with each and every case&#46;</p>"
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Información de la revista
Vol. 110. Núm. 9.
Páginas 780-782 (noviembre 2019)
Vol. 110. Núm. 9.
Páginas 780-782 (noviembre 2019)
Case and Research Letters
Acceso a texto completo
Skin Metastasis of Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Case Report and Literature Review
Metástasis cutánea de glioblastoma multiforme: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Visitas
5051
J. Magdaleno-Tapial
Autor para correspondencia
jormagta@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, C. Valenzuela-Oñate, G. Pérez-Pastor, V. Alegre de Miquel
Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
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Figuras (2)
Tablas (1)
Table 1. Skin Metastasis of High-Grade Glial Tumors Reported in the Literature.
Texto completo
To the Editor:

We present the case of a 75-year-old woman with a history of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who had undergone craniectomy and resection 7 months earlier and was participating in a clinical trial of nivolumab versus placebo. The patient had been referred from the oncology to the dermatology department for an erythematous mass (3 × 4 cm) with a crusted and ulcerated surface located in the right parietal region, close to the craniectomy scar (Fig. 1). The patient provided the results of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study performed the previous day in which no continuity solution was evident in the bone. A biopsy was performed on suspicion of skin metastasis of GBM, and revealed marked diffuse dermal infiltrate consisting of mononuclear cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and marked pleomorphism. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for CD10, protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), indicating a probable neural origin (Fig. 2). Staining for S100, HMB45, cytokeratin 20, and CD99 was negative. One month later the patient presented to the oncology department with absence seizures. Imaging tests revealed subacute hydrocephalus secondary to the initial surgical intervention. There was no possibility of placing a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Interestingly, no changes in either the lesion or the perilesional edema were observed relative to the initial MRI findings. Given the patient's poor progression, it was decided to administer symptomatic palliative treatment.

Figure 1.

Erythematous nodule with a superficial crust on the scalp.

(0.16MB).
Figure 2.

A, Diffuse infiltrate in the papillary and reticular dermis of tumor cells, sparing the epidermis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×10). B, Tumor cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and marked pleomorphism (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×40). C, Positive immunohistochemistry (glial fibrillary acid protein, original magnification ×40). D, Positive immunohistochemistry (protein gene product 9.5, original magnification ×20).

(0.57MB).

Although GBM is the most common malignant brain tumor, extracranial metastasis is uncommon, and has been reported in only 2.7% of 148 patients with a histological diagnosis of glioma who were followed up for 5 years.1 The most common sites of metastasis are the lung, pleura, and lymph nodes; skin metastasis is more rare.2 In the current literature there are 7 reports of skin metastasis of cerebral glioma grades III to IV (Table 1). Ours is the first reported case of skin metastasis of GBM without recurrence of intracranial disease,3 which is usually observed in patients with a history of invasive surgical procedures, suggesting a fundamental role of iatrogenic seeding. However, in 10% of patients extracranial metastasis occurs in the absence of previous surgical interventions4 or at a site distant from the intervention,5 suggesting the existence of other routes of dissemination (e.g. vascular, lymphatic, perineural, direct extension). Some studies suggest that mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is a predisposing factor for extracranial GBM growth,6 although our patient tested negative for EGFR mutations. Other theories propose that GBM promotes defective angiogenesis, giving rise to hypoxic areas in the blood-brain barrier, which is consequently disrupted.7 Another possibility is that this entity is underdiagnosed; the short survival time of these patients may be insufficient to allow the development of disseminated disease.8 Prophylactic irradiation immediately after surgery has also been proposed as a means of preventing metastasis secondary to iatrogenic tumor seeding.9

Table 1.

Skin Metastasis of High-Grade Glial Tumors Reported in the Literature.

Study  Sex  Age  Primary Tumor  Treatment  Site of Skin Metastasis  Metastasis Time  Concomitant Intracranial Recurrence  Immunohistochemistry  Prognosis 
Jain et al.,3 2005  Male  49  GBM  S + RT  Craniotomy scar  8 mo (4 mo after second surgery)  Yes  GFAP+, vimentin+ (more intense than intracranial recurrence)  4 mo after recurrence 
Mentrikoski et al.,9 2008  Female  58  GBM  S + RT + TZM  Craniotomy scar  16 mo (10 mo after second surgery)    S100+, GFAP+ (focal), vimentin+, NF   
  Male  41  AOD  S + RT (intratumoral implants)  Craniotomy scar  2 mo  No  GFAP+, S100+, EMA   
Amitendu et al.,1 2012  Male  27  Grade II astrocytoma (PXA)  S + RT  Craniotomy scar  12 mo  No  Compatible with PXA  Intracranial recurrence at 3 mo with diagnosis of AOD 
Forsyth et al.,4 2015  Female  59  GBM (EGFR+S + RT + BVZ  Forehead  6 mo  Yes  MGMT+, IDH1  3.5 mo after recurrence 
Ginat et al.,8 2013  Male  62  GBM (EGFR+)  Partial S + RT + TZM  Craniotomy scar  10 mo  Yes  GFAP+  14.5 mo after recurrence 
Miliaras et al.,5 2009  Male  63  GBM  S + RT + TZM  Ipsilateral scapular region  7 mo  Yes    3 mo after recurrence 

Abbreviations: AOD, anaplastic oligodendroglioma; BVZ, bevazizumab; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EMA, epithelial membrane antigen; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; GFAP, glial fibrillary acid protein; IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; IHC, immunohistochemistry; MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; PXA, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; RT, radiation therapy; S, surgery; TZM, temozolamide.

Because this entity is particularly rare there are insufficient data to establish a definitive immunohistochemical staining profile. The pattern of GFAP staining, which is generally very intense in primary tumors, can vary in skin metastases, ranging from intense diffuse or focal staining to very fine staining of the cytoplasmic processes of neoplastic cells, as observed in our patient. There are also GBM subtypes (e.g. small-cell GBM) that may be negative for GFAP staining.10 Thus, while immunohistochemistry can help identify the cell type from which the tumor is derived, it is not diagnostically definitive. A clinical-pathological correlation must be established, taking into account the patient's medical history and ruling out other much more common entities.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the pathological anatomy department of the Hospital General de Valencia, especially Dr. Ana Pérez for her excellent assistance with immunohistochemistry techniques that could not be performed in the dermatology department. Thanks also to our laboratory technician Sandra Mínguez for her help and dedication with each and every case.

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Please cite this article as: Magdaleno-Tapial J, Valenzuela-Oñate C, Pérez-Pastor G, Alegre de Miquel V. Metástasis cutánea de glioblastoma multiforme: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura Eczema y urticaria en Portugal. 2019;110:780–783.

Copyright © 2019. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
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