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complete blood count&#44; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were within normal limits&#46; Serology for human immunodeficiency virus&#44; hepatitis A&#44; B&#44; and C viruses&#44; Epstein-Barr virus&#44; cytomegalovirus&#44; toxoplasma&#44; and parvovirus B19 was negative&#46; The Mantoux test was negative&#46; Sputum and urine cultures for mycobacteria were negative&#46; Culture and the polymerase chain reaction for mycobacteria in the skin biopsy were negative&#46; Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography revealed pathological axillary&#44; mediastinal&#44; paratracheal&#44; para-aortic&#44; hilar&#44; subcarinal&#44; cardiophrenic&#44; retroperitoneal&#44; and mesenteric lymph nodes&#46; Fine needle aspiration biopsy of an axillary lymph node showed no signs of malignancy&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">What is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subcutaneous sarcoidosis associated with systemic sarcoidosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment was started with prednisone&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#44; by mouth in a tapering regimen&#44; and the patient was administered 3 monthly intralesional injections with triamcinolone acetonide diluted 1-in-3 in normal saline&#46; This produced a slight improvement&#44; with no increase in the number of lesions at subsequent follow-up visits&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown origin&#44; characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in different organs and tissues&#46; Around 25&#37; of patients develop skin lesions&#44; which can be specific or nonspecific depending on the presence or absence of granulomas on histology&#46; The specific lesions include macules&#44; papules&#44; plaques&#44; lupus pernio&#44; subcutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; and cicatricial sarcoidosis&#44; while the nonspecific lesions are erythema nodosum&#44; plaques of alopecia&#44; calcifications&#44; and pruritic lesions&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subcutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; also known as Darier-Roussy sarcoid&#44; is the least common specific form &#40;12&#37;&#41; and only affects the hypodermis&#46; It is most common in white women aged between 40 and 60 years&#46; Clinically it presents as multiple firm&#44; slightly painful&#44; mobile&#44; round&#44; skin-colored nodules that typically arise on the limbs bilaterally but asymmetrically&#46; They have also been reported on the trunk&#44; face&#44; buttocks&#44; and head and neck&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ahmed and Harshad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> reported a strong association between subcutaneous sarcoidosis and moderate systemic involvement by sarcoidosis&#46; Lesions of subcutaneous sarcoidosis are observed in up to 2&#37; of cases of systemic sarcoidosis&#46; Although the lesions may be the first sign of the systemic sarcoidosis&#44; it is more common for them to develop during the course of the disease&#59; they are rarely an isolated finding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestations and histology&#44; which reveals a predominantly lobular panniculitis with noncaseating epithelioid granulomas&#44; with no peripheral lymphocytic corona&#44; but with a large number of multinucleated giant cells&#46; Schaumann &#40;conchoidal&#41; bodies and asteroid bodies may be seen&#59; although these lesions are characteristic&#44; they are not pathognomic of sarcoidosis&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis should include erythema nodosum&#44; tuberculosis&#44; and other granulomatous diseases&#44; such as fungal or atypical mycobacterial infections&#44; birefringent foreign bodies&#44; and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors have reported spontaneous resolution of the nodules&#46; However&#44; when associated systemic disease is present&#44; the oral corticosteroids&#44; hydroxychloroquine&#44; tetracyclines&#44; methotrexate&#44; dapsone&#44; clofazimine&#44; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been found to be effective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our case is interesting because the appearance and easy accessibility of lesions in the frontal region enabled us to make a diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis associated with subcutaneous sarcoidosis &#40;Darier-Roussy sarcoid&#41;&#46; 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Información de la revista
Vol. 106. Núm. 7.
Páginas 579-580 (septiembre 2015)
Visitas
23284
Vol. 106. Núm. 7.
Páginas 579-580 (septiembre 2015)
Cases for Diagnosis
Acceso a texto completo
Nodules on the Forehead Associated With Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Nódulos frontales asociados a adenopatías generalizadas
Visitas
23284
A. Lobato-Berezoa,
Autor para correspondencia
allobe@hotmail.es

Corresponding author.
, F. Burgos-Lázarob, M.Á. Gallego-Valdésa
a Departamento de Dermatología y Venereología, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
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Medical History

The patient was a Moroccan man aged 27 years. He had no known drug allergies and no past history of interest. He was being investigated in internal medicine for a widespread lymphadenopathy that had developed several months earlier. Two months before consultation in dermatology, he developed slightly tender lesions on the forehead that had progressively increased in size.

Physical Examination

Three nodular lesions measuring between 10 and 20mm in diameter were observed in the left frontal region. There were no changes in the overlying skin (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
(0.19MB).
Histopathology

Biopsy of a lesion revealed epithelioid granulomas in the hypodermis with a low-grade lymphocytic response and foreign body material, with no central necrosis. Birefringence for foreign bodies was negative (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification×10.

(0.38MB).
Additional Tests

General biochemistry, C-reactive protein, angiotensin converting enzyme, complete blood count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were within normal limits. Serology for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma, and parvovirus B19 was negative. The Mantoux test was negative. Sputum and urine cultures for mycobacteria were negative. Culture and the polymerase chain reaction for mycobacteria in the skin biopsy were negative. Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography revealed pathological axillary, mediastinal, paratracheal, para-aortic, hilar, subcarinal, cardiophrenic, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of an axillary lymph node showed no signs of malignancy.

What is Your Diagnosis?

Diagnosis

Subcutaneous sarcoidosis associated with systemic sarcoidosis.

Clinical Course and Treatment

Treatment was started with prednisone, 1mg/kg/d, by mouth in a tapering regimen, and the patient was administered 3 monthly intralesional injections with triamcinolone acetonide diluted 1-in-3 in normal saline. This produced a slight improvement, with no increase in the number of lesions at subsequent follow-up visits.

Comment

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown origin, characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in different organs and tissues. Around 25% of patients develop skin lesions, which can be specific or nonspecific depending on the presence or absence of granulomas on histology. The specific lesions include macules, papules, plaques, lupus pernio, subcutaneous sarcoidosis, and cicatricial sarcoidosis, while the nonspecific lesions are erythema nodosum, plaques of alopecia, calcifications, and pruritic lesions, among others.1

Subcutaneous sarcoidosis, also known as Darier-Roussy sarcoid, is the least common specific form (12%) and only affects the hypodermis. It is most common in white women aged between 40 and 60 years. Clinically it presents as multiple firm, slightly painful, mobile, round, skin-colored nodules that typically arise on the limbs bilaterally but asymmetrically. They have also been reported on the trunk, face, buttocks, and head and neck.2

Ahmed and Harshad3 reported a strong association between subcutaneous sarcoidosis and moderate systemic involvement by sarcoidosis. Lesions of subcutaneous sarcoidosis are observed in up to 2% of cases of systemic sarcoidosis. Although the lesions may be the first sign of the systemic sarcoidosis, it is more common for them to develop during the course of the disease; they are rarely an isolated finding.4

The diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestations and histology, which reveals a predominantly lobular panniculitis with noncaseating epithelioid granulomas, with no peripheral lymphocytic corona, but with a large number of multinucleated giant cells. Schaumann (conchoidal) bodies and asteroid bodies may be seen; although these lesions are characteristic, they are not pathognomic of sarcoidosis.

The differential diagnosis should include erythema nodosum, tuberculosis, and other granulomatous diseases, such as fungal or atypical mycobacterial infections, birefringent foreign bodies, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus.5

Some authors have reported spontaneous resolution of the nodules. However, when associated systemic disease is present, the oral corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, tetracyclines, methotrexate, dapsone, clofazimine, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been found to be effective.6

Our case is interesting because the appearance and easy accessibility of lesions in the frontal region enabled us to make a diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis associated with subcutaneous sarcoidosis (Darier-Roussy sarcoid). It should be noted that sarcoid nodules are very rare on the forehead.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Antonio Aguilar Martínez for his help in making the diagnosis.

References
[1]
B. Pérez-Tato, A. Cuenca, L. Barco, C. Iglesias, P. Ruiz, F. Sánchez de Paz.
Sarcoidosis cicatricial.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 94 (2003), pp. 327-329
[2]
D. Bosniæ, M. Baresiæ, D. Bagatin, I. Iliæ.
Subcutaneous sarcoidosis of the face.
Intern Med, 49 (2010), pp. 589-592
[3]
I. Ahmed, S.R. Harshad.
Subcutaneous sarcoidosis: Is it a specific subset of cutaneous sarcoidosis frequently associated with systemic disease?.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 55-60
[4]
L. Calzado, C.M. Galera, I. Arrue, J.L. Rodríguez-Peralto, S. López, A. Guerra, et al.
Sarcoidosis subcutánea como primera manifestación de enfermedad sistémica.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 96 (2005), pp. 379-381
[5]
C. Ramírez, E. Faúndez, M.P. Valdés, R. de la Fuente, L. Carreño.
Subcutaneous sarcoidosis as the inicial manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis.
Piel, 28 (2013), pp. 387-390
[6]
L. Singh, S. Aboutalebi, J. Smith.
Subcutaneous sarcoidosis in a melanoma scar.
Cutis, 87 (2011), pp. 234-236

Please cite this article as: Lobato-Berezo A, Burgos-Lázaro F, Gallego-Valdés MÁ. Nódulos frontales asociados a adenopatías generalizadas. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:579–580.

Copyright © 2014. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
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