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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Medical History</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 33-year-old white man recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; and under treatment with highly-active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41;&#44; consisting of darunavir&#44; ritonavir&#44; and tenofovir&#47;emtricitabine&#44; for the last 3 months&#46; He was referred with a 2-week history of a single asymptomatic lesion in the mouth that caused occasional bleeding and discomfort when eating&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Physical Examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Examination revealed a sessile&#44; exophytic nodule with a fleshy appearance and smooth surface&#59; it measured 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter and was located on the inner surface of the lower gum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The general assessment of the patient confirmed the absence of palpable locoregional lymph nodes or associated skin or mucosal lesions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was removed by shave excision&#44; followed by coagulation of the base&#46; Histologic examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed a diffuse dermal proliferation of spindle cells that penetrated between the collagen bundles&#44; along with the formation of blood-filled vascular spaces &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Several preexisting blood vessels were also observed protruding towards the newly formed vessels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemistry was positive for herpes virus type 8 &#40;HHV-8&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oral Kaposi sarcoma&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Course</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening studies excluded visceral involvement&#46; The lesion was completely removed by shave excision at the first visit and required no additional treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi sarcoma is the most commonly diagnosed tumor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and accounts for 90&#37; of all cancers in this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The oral cavity is a common site of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma and it is estimated that 71&#37; of HIV-positive patients with Kaposi sarcoma present lesions in this location&#46; In 22&#37; of cases the tumor initially presents in the mouth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most common clinical manifestations are dark red to violaceous macules and ulcerated nodular lesions&#44; mainly located on the palate&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Favorable conditions created by HIV infection include a predominance of T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>1 cytokines&#44; such as interferon-gamma&#44; tumor necrosis factor alpha&#44; and interleukins 1 and 6&#44; all of which are known to induce Kaposi sarcoma&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of HAART promotes the healing of Kaposi sarcoma lesions and prevents the appearance of others&#44; mainly due to the reduction of the HIV and HHV-8 load<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> and a decrease in antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory factors&#46; However&#44; after starting treatment with HAART&#44; patients may also experience inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome&#44; a paradoxical reaction&#44; with exacerbation of opportunistic infections in the context of immunological recovery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The example we present is the result of the combination of both factors&#58; immune response to a preexisting opportunistic HHV-8 infection and the inflammatory component of inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome &#40;reflected by the rapid growth and pedunculated form of the tumor&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 103. Issue 5.
Pages 433-434 (June 2012)
Visits
9720
Vol. 103. Issue 5.
Pages 433-434 (June 2012)
Case for diagnosis
Full text access
Sessile Nodule on the Gingival Mucosa
Nódulo sésil en mucosa gingival
Visits
9720
A. Catalàa,
Corresponding author
acatala@santpau.cat

Corresponding author.
, M. Alegrea, A. Alomara, P. Domingob
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Medical History

The patient was a 33-year-old white man recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and under treatment with highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), consisting of darunavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir/emtricitabine, for the last 3 months. He was referred with a 2-week history of a single asymptomatic lesion in the mouth that caused occasional bleeding and discomfort when eating.

Physical Examination

Examination revealed a sessile, exophytic nodule with a fleshy appearance and smooth surface; it measured 8mm in diameter and was located on the inner surface of the lower gum (Fig. 1). The general assessment of the patient confirmed the absence of palpable locoregional lymph nodes or associated skin or mucosal lesions.

Figure 1
(0.07MB).
Histopathology

The lesion was removed by shave excision, followed by coagulation of the base. Histologic examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed a diffuse dermal proliferation of spindle cells that penetrated between the collagen bundles, along with the formation of blood-filled vascular spaces (Fig. 2). Several preexisting blood vessels were also observed protruding towards the newly formed vessels (Fig. 3). Immunohistochemistry was positive for herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8).

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×5.

(0.26MB).
Figure 3.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×20.

(0.14MB).

What Is Your Diagnosis?

Diagnosis

Oral Kaposi sarcoma.

Clinical Course

Screening studies excluded visceral involvement. The lesion was completely removed by shave excision at the first visit and required no additional treatment.

Discussion

Kaposi sarcoma is the most commonly diagnosed tumor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and accounts for 90% of all cancers in this group.1 The oral cavity is a common site of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma and it is estimated that 71% of HIV-positive patients with Kaposi sarcoma present lesions in this location. In 22% of cases the tumor initially presents in the mouth.2 The most common clinical manifestations are dark red to violaceous macules and ulcerated nodular lesions, mainly located on the palate.

Favorable conditions created by HIV infection include a predominance of TH1 cytokines, such as interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukins 1 and 6, all of which are known to induce Kaposi sarcoma.

The introduction of HAART promotes the healing of Kaposi sarcoma lesions and prevents the appearance of others, mainly due to the reduction of the HIV and HHV-8 load3,4 and a decrease in antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory factors. However, after starting treatment with HAART, patients may also experience inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome, a paradoxical reaction, with exacerbation of opportunistic infections in the context of immunological recovery.5

The example we present is the result of the combination of both factors: immune response to a preexisting opportunistic HHV-8 infection and the inflammatory component of inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome (reflected by the rapid growth and pedunculated form of the tumor).

References
[1]
M. Blanes, I. Belinchón, E. Merino, J. Portilla, J. Sánchez-Payad, I. Betlloch.
Prevalencia y características de las dermatosis relacionadas con la infección por VIH en la actualidad.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 101 (2010), pp. 702-709
[2]
B. Rohrmus, E.M. Thoma-Greber, J.R. Bogner, M. Röcken.
Outlook in oral and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma.
[3]
B. González-Sixto, A. Conde, E. May, R. Pardavila, C. de la Torre, M. Cruces.
Sarcoma de Kaposi asociado a corticoterapia sistémica.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 98 (2007), pp. 553-555
[4]
L. Martinez, L.J. Perez, E. Escario, P.A. Ribera.
Sarcoma de Kaposi asociado al tratamiento con infliximab.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 101 (2010), pp. 462-464
[5]
L. Feller, J. Lemmer.
Insights into pathogenic events of HIV associated Kaposi sarcoma and immune reconstitution syndrome related Kaposi sarcoma.
Infect Agent Cancer, 3 (2008), pp. 1

Please cite this article as: Catalá A, et al. Nódulo sésil en mucosa gingival. Actas Dermosifiliogr.2012;103:433-4.

Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV
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