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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Medical History</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 33-year-old white man recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; and under treatment with highly-active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41;&#44; consisting of darunavir&#44; ritonavir&#44; and tenofovir&#47;emtricitabine&#44; for the last 3 months&#46; He was referred with a 2-week history of a single asymptomatic lesion in the mouth that caused occasional bleeding and discomfort when eating&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Physical Examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Examination revealed a sessile&#44; exophytic nodule with a fleshy appearance and smooth surface&#59; it measured 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter and was located on the inner surface of the lower gum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The general assessment of the patient confirmed the absence of palpable locoregional lymph nodes or associated skin or mucosal lesions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was removed by shave excision&#44; followed by coagulation of the base&#46; Histologic examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed a diffuse dermal proliferation of spindle cells that penetrated between the collagen bundles&#44; along with the formation of blood-filled vascular spaces &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Several preexisting blood vessels were also observed protruding towards the newly formed vessels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemistry was positive for herpes virus type 8 &#40;HHV-8&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oral Kaposi sarcoma&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Course</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening studies excluded visceral involvement&#46; The lesion was completely removed by shave excision at the first visit and required no additional treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi sarcoma is the most commonly diagnosed tumor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and accounts for 90&#37; of all cancers in this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The oral cavity is a common site of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma and it is estimated that 71&#37; of HIV-positive patients with Kaposi sarcoma present lesions in this location&#46; In 22&#37; of cases the tumor initially presents in the mouth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most common clinical manifestations are dark red to violaceous macules and ulcerated nodular lesions&#44; mainly located on the palate&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Favorable conditions created by HIV infection include a predominance of T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>1 cytokines&#44; such as interferon-gamma&#44; tumor necrosis factor alpha&#44; and interleukins 1 and 6&#44; all of which are known to induce Kaposi sarcoma&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of HAART promotes the healing of Kaposi sarcoma lesions and prevents the appearance of others&#44; mainly due to the reduction of the HIV and HHV-8 load<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> and a decrease in antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory factors&#46; However&#44; after starting treatment with HAART&#44; patients may also experience inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome&#44; a paradoxical reaction&#44; with exacerbation of opportunistic infections in the context of immunological recovery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The example we present is the result of the combination of both factors&#58; immune response to a preexisting opportunistic HHV-8 infection and the inflammatory component of inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome &#40;reflected by the rapid growth and pedunculated form of the tumor&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case for diagnosis
Sessile Nodule on the Gingival Mucosa
Nódulo sésil en mucosa gingival
A. Catalàa,
Corresponding author
acatala@santpau.cat

Corresponding author.
, M. Alegrea, A. Alomara, P. Domingob
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Medical History</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 33-year-old white man recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; and under treatment with highly-active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41;&#44; consisting of darunavir&#44; ritonavir&#44; and tenofovir&#47;emtricitabine&#44; for the last 3 months&#46; He was referred with a 2-week history of a single asymptomatic lesion in the mouth that caused occasional bleeding and discomfort when eating&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Physical Examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Examination revealed a sessile&#44; exophytic nodule with a fleshy appearance and smooth surface&#59; it measured 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter and was located on the inner surface of the lower gum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The general assessment of the patient confirmed the absence of palpable locoregional lymph nodes or associated skin or mucosal lesions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was removed by shave excision&#44; followed by coagulation of the base&#46; Histologic examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed a diffuse dermal proliferation of spindle cells that penetrated between the collagen bundles&#44; along with the formation of blood-filled vascular spaces &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Several preexisting blood vessels were also observed protruding towards the newly formed vessels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Immunohistochemistry was positive for herpes virus type 8 &#40;HHV-8&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oral Kaposi sarcoma&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical Course</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening studies excluded visceral involvement&#46; The lesion was completely removed by shave excision at the first visit and required no additional treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi sarcoma is the most commonly diagnosed tumor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and accounts for 90&#37; of all cancers in this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The oral cavity is a common site of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma and it is estimated that 71&#37; of HIV-positive patients with Kaposi sarcoma present lesions in this location&#46; In 22&#37; of cases the tumor initially presents in the mouth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most common clinical manifestations are dark red to violaceous macules and ulcerated nodular lesions&#44; mainly located on the palate&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Favorable conditions created by HIV infection include a predominance of T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span>1 cytokines&#44; such as interferon-gamma&#44; tumor necrosis factor alpha&#44; and interleukins 1 and 6&#44; all of which are known to induce Kaposi sarcoma&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of HAART promotes the healing of Kaposi sarcoma lesions and prevents the appearance of others&#44; mainly due to the reduction of the HIV and HHV-8 load<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> and a decrease in antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory factors&#46; However&#44; after starting treatment with HAART&#44; patients may also experience inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome&#44; a paradoxical reaction&#44; with exacerbation of opportunistic infections in the context of immunological recovery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The example we present is the result of the combination of both factors&#58; immune response to a preexisting opportunistic HHV-8 infection and the inflammatory component of inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome &#40;reflected by the rapid growth and pedunculated form of the tumor&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 15782190
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