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followed by the soles and facial region&#46; PHH often affects various sites in the same patient &#40;multifocal&#41; and may even be generalized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PHH is thought to affect approximately 2&#37;-3&#37; of the population&#44; and even though it is not considered a severe disease&#44; its effect on the patient&#39;s quality of life is very significant&#46; According to various quality of life rating scales&#44; its effect is equivalent to that of much more severe conditions&#44; such as diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PHH can be managed using various therapeutic options&#44; including drugs &#40;topical and systemic&#41;&#44; nonsurgical interventions &#40;eg&#44; iontophoresis and botulinum toxin&#41;&#44; and surgery &#40;selective sympathectomy and excisional surgery&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic drug whose efficacy in the control of PHH is well-documented&#44; although its use in this disease is off-label&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;9</span></a> It is important to note that none of the systemic options used for PHH are currently authorized for treatment of the disease in Spain&#46; HH responds well to treatment with oral oxybutynin&#59; however&#44; adverse effects are common &#40;mainly dry mouth and throat&#41;&#44; prove uncomfortable for the patient&#44; and can lead to discontinuation of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2014&#44; a transdermal patch formulation of oxybutynin was marketed in Spain&#46; According to the summary of product characteristics&#44; it was indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder &#40;as with the oral formulation&#41;&#46; The transdermal patch avoids the first stage of liver metabolism&#44; thus&#8212;in theory&#8212;reducing adverse effects and the possibility of drug interactions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our hypothesis was that PHH could be improved by minimizing the adverse effects of oral oxybutynin&#46; Therefore&#44; we proposed a pilot study in which we applied transdermal oxybutynin patches in patients with PHH&#46; The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the transdermal patch&#59; the secondary objective was to describe its tolerance profile&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a prospective study from February to September 2015&#46; We included 25 patients whose PHH could not be suitably controlled with topical treatments and excluded patients who had received botulinum toxin during the previous 2 years or who had undergone surgery for PHH &#40;selective sympathectomy or excisional surgery&#41;&#46; All patients were given exhaustive information about the transdermal oxybutynin patch and alternative treatments and about the conditions of the study&#46; They all gave their written informed consent&#46; The effectiveness of treatment was measured using 2 subjective scales&#58; a visual analog scale &#40;VAS&#41;&#44; in which sweating was graded from 1 to 10 &#40;with 10 as the maximum degree of sweating and 1 the minimum&#41;&#59; and the validated Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale &#40;HDSS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with transdermal oxybutynin patches &#40;Kentera&#44; Gebro Pharma&#41; was administered for 10 weeks&#46; Patients applied 2 patches &#40;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg each&#41; per week&#44; rotating between the thighs&#44; hips&#44; and abdomen&#46; The interval of 10 weeks was based on findings for long-term oral oxybutynin&#44; in which a lack of response at 6 weeks of treatment is considered therapeutic failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study comprised 3 visits&#46; At the initial visit &#40;visit<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#44; patients were informed about the study and gave their informed consent&#44; a baseline evaluation of HH was made using the VAS and HDSS&#44; and treatment was started at the dose described above&#46; Visit 2 was 6 weeks after the start of treatment and visit 3 at 10 weeks&#46; Treatment was maintained until visit 3&#46; The HDSS and VAS were applied at visits 2 and 3&#44; and any adverse effects were recorded&#46; At visit<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44; patients evaluated how well treatment had controlled their disease&#44; classifying the outcome as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no improvement</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">slight nonsignificant improvement</span>&#44; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">significant improvement</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demographic characteristics of the patients included in the study and the sites affected by PHH are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included 25 patients &#40;16 women and 9 men&#41; with a mean age of 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years &#40;18-42 years&#41;&#46; They had all received treatment for HH &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control of symptoms was evaluated using the VAS and HDSS after 10 weeks of treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Symptoms did not worsen in any patients during the study&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The VAS score decreased for all patients &#40;1 point in 3 patients&#44; 2 points in 5 patients&#44; 3 points in 10 patients&#44; 4 points in 6 patients&#44; and 5 points in 1 patient&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HDSS score decreased by 3 points in 1 patient&#44; 2 points in 5 patients&#44; and 1 point in 9 patients&#59; the HDSS score remained unchanged in 10 patients after treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No variations in the scores for these scales were recorded between week 6 &#40;visit<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; and week 10 &#40;visit<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the general evaluation at visit 3&#44; no patients defined the response as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">no improvement</span>&#44; 8 patients &#40;32&#37;&#41; considered it a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">slight nonsignificant improvement</span>&#44; and 17 &#40;68&#37;&#41; patients considered it a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">significant improvement</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adverse effects were reported in 2 patients &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#46; In both cases&#44; the adverse effect was irritation at the site where the patch was placed&#46; This was classed as mild &#40;erythema and desquamation&#41; in patient 17 and moderate &#40;erythema&#44; edema&#44; and desquamation&#41; in patient 22&#46; The adverse effect did not lead either of the 2 patients to discontinue treatment&#44; since it was controlled by applying the patch at another site &#40;patient 17&#41; and with application of low-potency topical corticosteroids &#40;patient 22&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The basic function of sweating is to regulate body temperature in response to various stimuli&#44; such as heat and exercise&#46; The sweat glands are activated by the sympathetic nervous system&#58; thermoregulatory signals from the hypothalamus are transmitted via sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic nerve endings to the sweat glands&#46; The main neurotransmitter involved in this process is acetylcholine&#44; which acts via the nicotinic receptors &#40;preganglionic and postganglionic fibers&#41; and muscarinic receptors &#40;sweat glands&#41;&#46; PHH is the result of an autonomic nervous system dysfunction without morphologic or quantitative abnormalities in the sweat glands&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No therapeutic algorithm has been agreed upon for management of PHH&#44; and the best option should be decided on a case-by-case basis&#46; Therefore&#44; it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient and disease&#44; the safety profile of the various treatments&#44; and the resources available and their cost&#44; starting with the least expensive treatments and&#47;or treatments with fewer potential adverse effects&#46; Consequently&#44; the approaches considered first-line are topical products that act directly on the sweat gland&#44; mainly aluminum salts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Topical anticholinergic drugs&#44; mainly glycopyrrolate&#44; have also been used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;16</span></a> This active ingredient is no longer marketed in Spain&#44; although it can be obtained as a foreign medication&#46; Glycopyrrolate has been used at various concentrations &#40;0&#46;5&#37;-4&#37;&#41; and in various vehicles &#40;solution&#44; gel&#44; and cream&#41;&#44; with results that vary according to the location of PHH and the concentration of the active ingredient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Adverse effects resulting from systemic absorption of the drug have been reported when it is used on more extensive areas of the body&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxybutynin is marketed abroad as a topical formulation &#40;gel&#41; for the treatment of bladder conditions&#44; although there are no references in the literature on the use of this formulation for the management of PHH&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of all the systemic options&#44; the best results have been achieved with anticholinergic drugs&#44; and broad experience has been accumulated with oral methantheline bromide&#44; oxybutynin&#44; and glycopyrrolate&#46; Most studies have been performed with oxybutynin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oral oxybutynin is metabolized in the liver by isoenzyme CYP3A4 of cytochrome P450&#59; therefore&#44; it can react with other drugs that inhibit this system &#40;eg&#44; azole antifungal agents and macrolides&#41;&#46; Its main limitation in the treatment of PHH is the frequency of adverse effects&#44; which&#44; although not generally severe&#44; are uncomfortable and can lead the patient to discontinue treatment&#46; The most common adverse effect is dry mouth and throat&#44; followed by gastrointestinal complaints&#44; headache&#44; dizziness&#44; and blurred vision&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transdermal oxybutynin &#40;Kentera&#44; Gebro Pharma&#41; is sold as patches with a surface area of 39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> that contain 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of oxybutynin and release the active ingredient at a nominal amount of 3&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg every 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours The dose recommended in the summary of product characteristics is 2 patches per week&#44; which are applied in rotation on the thigh&#44; abdomen&#44; and hip&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of our study show that the symptoms of PHH improve during treatment with transdermal oxybutynin in an acceptable percentage of patients and that adverse effects are infrequent&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the assessment of the severity of the symptoms of PHH&#44; subjective scales are considered more appropriate than objective methods&#44; since the effect on quality of life not only depends on the severity of HH in quantitative terms&#44; but also on the degree to which each patient adapts to this severity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> HDSS has been validated in English &#40;not in Spanish&#41; and is scored on a scale of 1 to 4 depending on the intensity of sweating and its interference with daily activities&#46; However&#44; given that the scale has only 4 points&#44; it could lack sensitivity for detecting slight modifications&#59; therefore&#44; it may not reflect some variations in symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Solish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> calculated that a 1-point improvement on the HDSS would correspond to an approximately 50&#37; decrease in sweating and that a 2-point improvement would correspond to an 80&#37; decrease&#46; Therefore&#44; we decided to complement the HDSS with a VAS in which the patient grades the intensity of HH on a scale of 1 to 10 &#40;minimum grade&#44; 1&#59; maximum grade 10&#41; in order to provide a more accurate appreciation of the improvement and thus increase the sensitivity of the evaluation of the response to treatment&#46; Analysis of the results of our study shows that patients whose HDSS score did not change did in fact improve according to the VAS&#46; This finding is consistent with the belief that decreases in sweating of up to 50&#37; will not be recorded by the HDSS&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the HDSS score improved in 60&#37; of patients during treatment&#44; as follows&#58; 1 point&#44; 60&#37;&#59; 2 points&#44; 33&#46;3&#37;&#59; and 3 points&#44; 6&#46;6&#37;&#46; In their prospective placebo-controlled trial involving 62 patients with PHH treated with oral oxybutynin at 7&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#44; Schollhammer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> recorded a 60&#37; improvement in the HDSS score &#40;1 point&#44; 28&#37;&#59; 2 points&#44; 61&#37;&#59; 3 points&#44; 11&#37;&#41;&#46; Adverse effects were recorded in a considerable percentage of patients and included dry mouth &#40;43&#37;&#41;&#44; blurred vision &#40;13&#37;&#41;&#44; gastrointestinal complaints &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#44; headache &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#44; asthenia &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#44; and difficulty urinating &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Although the rates of improvement with transdermal oxybutynin were not as high as those reported for the oral formulation in our study&#44; the adverse effect profile was better&#44; with only 8&#37; of patients affected &#40;mild to moderate irritant contact dermatitis&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We must take into account that the doses generally used for treatment of PHH with oral oxybutynin in the literature range from 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The dose of transdermal oxybutynin that is released is calculated to be 3&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#44; which&#44; while within the appropriate range&#44; can be considered low&#46; Compared with studies based on larger doses of oral oxybutynin&#44; the low dose of the transdermal patch formulation could lead to a poorer response in the case of excessive sweating&#44; although&#44; even so&#44; our data indicate that efficacy is acceptable with the &#8220;low dose&#8221; released by the patches&#46; Studies on management of overactive bladder in which higher doses are administered &#40;1 daily patch or 2-3 patches applied simultaneously with 2 changes per week&#41; report better control of symptoms and a favorable safety profile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> If these data are extrapolated&#44; we could consider increasing the dose of the drug in cases of PHH that are not controlled with lower doses&#44; although intensifying treatment in this way would likely lead to an increase in the incidence of adverse effects&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The monthly cost of aluminum salts&#44; which are marketed in various formulations&#44; is &#8364;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12-18&#46; The treatment is not covered by the Spanish National Health System&#46; The monthly cost of transdermal oxybutynin is &#8364;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#46;59 compared with &#8364;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;40 for the oral formulation &#40;at a dose of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg per day&#41;&#46; Both formulations are covered&#44; albeit for different indications&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitations of this study are the number of cases included and the lack of a control group with which to compare the results of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An exhaustive review of the literature revealed no other reports of cases of PHH treated with transdermal oxybutynin&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the experience we report here is limited and broader placebo-controlled studies are necessary to confirm or refute our data&#44; the preliminary findings we present indicate that transdermal oxybutynin has an excellent safety profile for the management of PHH and can be considered a valid option for treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Protection of humans and animals</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purposes of this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed their insitutional protocols on publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-03-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-07-05"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hyperhidrosis is very common and has a considerable impact on patients&#8217; quality of life&#46; While oral oxybutynin is associated with good response rates&#44; adverse effects are common and frequently cause patients to stop treatment&#46; Following the recent launch of oxybutynin in a transdermal patch formulation in Spain&#44; we undertook a preliminary study to assess treatment response and adverse effects in patients with hyperhidrosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This prospective study of 25 patients treated twice weekly with transdermal oxybutynin patches over 10 weeks assessed treatment response on 2 subjective scales&#58; the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale &#40;HDSS&#41; and a visual analog scale &#40;VAS&#41; for sweating&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sixty percent of patients showed an improvement in HDSS scores&#46; VAS scores improved in all cases&#44; and 68&#37; of patients achieved a reduction of 3 points or more&#46; Just 2 patients &#40;8&#37;&#41; experienced treatment-related adverse effects &#40;irritant dermatitis at the patch application site in both cases&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although our results are based on a small sample&#44; they suggest that transdermal oxybutynin could be a useful option for the treatment of hyperhidrosis and that it has an excellent safety and tolerability profile&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hiperhidrosis &#40;HH&#41; es una condici&#243;n muy prevalente que supone una repercusi&#243;n importante en la calidad de vida&#46; Entre las opciones terap&#233;uticas disponibles&#44; la oxibutinina oral consigue buenas tasas de respuesta aunque con frecuentes efectos secundarios que condicionan en muchas ocasiones el abandono del tratamiento&#46; Tras la comercializaci&#243;n en nuestro pa&#237;s de la oxibutinina en presentaci&#243;n transd&#233;rmica&#44; realizamos un estudio preliminar para valorar el control de la HH y el perfil de efectos secundarios de este tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio prospectivo con 25 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con 2 parches semanales de oxibutinina transd&#233;rmica durante 10 semanas&#46; La respuesta terap&#233;utica se valor&#243; mediante 2 escalas subjetivas&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale</span> &#40;HDSS&#41; y escala anal&#243;gica visual &#40;EAV&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un 60&#37; de los pacientes consiguieron una reducci&#243;n en la puntuaci&#243;n de la HDSS&#46; Todos los casos obtuvieron una disminuci&#243;n en la puntuaci&#243;n de la EAV&#44; siendo esta de 3 puntos o superior en el 68&#37; de los pacientes&#46; Solo 2 pacientes &#40;8&#37;&#41; presentaron efectos adversos relacionados con el tratamiento&#44; en ambos casos en forma de dermatitis irritativa en la zona de aplicaci&#243;n del parche&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se trata de una experiencia limitada&#44; los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren que la oxibutinina transd&#233;rmica podr&#237;a tener utilidad en el manejo de la HH&#44; con un excelente perfil de seguridad y tolerancia&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Berg&#243;n-Send&#237;n M&#44; Pulido-P&#233;rez A&#44; S&#225;ez-Mart&#237;n LC&#44; Su&#225;rez-Fern&#225;ndez R&#46; Experiencia inicial con oxibutinina transd&#233;rmica en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2016&#59;107&#58;845&#8211;850&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
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          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&#39;s Response&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">My sweating is never noticeable and never interferes with my daily activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">My sweating is tolerable but sometimes interferes with my daily activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">My sweating is barely tolerable and frequently interferes with my daily activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">My sweating is intolerable and always interferes with my daily activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1260354.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; HDSS&#44; Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale&#59; VAS&#44; visual analog scale&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patient</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Area Affected</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Previous treatment</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">VAS Week 0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">VAS Week 10</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Improvement in VAS</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HDSS Week 0</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HDSS Week 10</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Improvement in HDSS Score</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Adverse Effects</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; iontophoresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&#44; soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Head&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&#44; palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Head&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&#44; palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; iontophoresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&#44; palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&#44; soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; iontophoresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; botulinum toxin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Head&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; botulinum toxin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; iontophoresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&#44; mild eczema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Head&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&#44; soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; iontophoresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&#44; moderate eczema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Palms&#44; soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; iontophoresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; botulinum toxin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aluminum salts&#44; botulinum toxin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 107. Issue 10.
Pages 845-850 (December 2016)
Visits
6346
Vol. 107. Issue 10.
Pages 845-850 (December 2016)
Original Article
Full text access
Preliminary Experience With Transdermal Oxybutynin Patches for Hyperhidrosis
Experiencia inicial con oxibutinina transdérmica en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis
Visits
6346
M. Bergón-Sendín
Corresponding author
Mbergon1@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, A. Pulido-Pérez, L.C. Sáez-Martín, R. Suárez-Fernández
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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Tables (2)
Table 1. Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale.
Table 2. Demographic Characteristics and Outcome.
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Abstract
Background and objective

Hyperhidrosis is very common and has a considerable impact on patients’ quality of life. While oral oxybutynin is associated with good response rates, adverse effects are common and frequently cause patients to stop treatment. Following the recent launch of oxybutynin in a transdermal patch formulation in Spain, we undertook a preliminary study to assess treatment response and adverse effects in patients with hyperhidrosis.

Material and methods

This prospective study of 25 patients treated twice weekly with transdermal oxybutynin patches over 10 weeks assessed treatment response on 2 subjective scales: the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) and a visual analog scale (VAS) for sweating.

Results

Sixty percent of patients showed an improvement in HDSS scores. VAS scores improved in all cases, and 68% of patients achieved a reduction of 3 points or more. Just 2 patients (8%) experienced treatment-related adverse effects (irritant dermatitis at the patch application site in both cases).

Conclusions

Although our results are based on a small sample, they suggest that transdermal oxybutynin could be a useful option for the treatment of hyperhidrosis and that it has an excellent safety and tolerability profile.

Keywords:
Hyperhidrosis
Oxybutynin
Treatment
Resumen
Introducción

La hiperhidrosis (HH) es una condición muy prevalente que supone una repercusión importante en la calidad de vida. Entre las opciones terapéuticas disponibles, la oxibutinina oral consigue buenas tasas de respuesta aunque con frecuentes efectos secundarios que condicionan en muchas ocasiones el abandono del tratamiento. Tras la comercialización en nuestro país de la oxibutinina en presentación transdérmica, realizamos un estudio preliminar para valorar el control de la HH y el perfil de efectos secundarios de este tratamiento.

Material y métodos

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 25 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con 2 parches semanales de oxibutinina transdérmica durante 10 semanas. La respuesta terapéutica se valoró mediante 2 escalas subjetivas: Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) y escala analógica visual (EAV).

Resultados

Un 60% de los pacientes consiguieron una reducción en la puntuación de la HDSS. Todos los casos obtuvieron una disminución en la puntuación de la EAV, siendo esta de 3 puntos o superior en el 68% de los pacientes. Solo 2 pacientes (8%) presentaron efectos adversos relacionados con el tratamiento, en ambos casos en forma de dermatitis irritativa en la zona de aplicación del parche.

Conclusiones

Aunque se trata de una experiencia limitada, los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren que la oxibutinina transdérmica podría tener utilidad en el manejo de la HH, con un excelente perfil de seguridad y tolerancia.

Palabras clave:
Hiperhidrosis
Oxibutinina
Tratamiento
Full Text
Introduction

Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a condition in which the patient sweats more than is necessary to regulate body temperature. HH can be classed as primary and secondary. In primary HH (PHH), there is no underlying disease that accounts for the excessive sweating, whereas in the secondary form, excessive sweating can be attributed to various causes (eg, abnormalities of the endocrine and nervous systems, cancer, and treatment with drugs).1

PHH is defined as the presence of excessive sweating for at least 6 months with no justifiable cause (major criterion) and 2 or more of the following minor criteria: (1)bilateral and symmetrical distribution; (2)at least 1 episode of excessive sweating per week; (3)interference with daily activities; (4)cessation of sweating during sleep; (5)onset before age 25 years; and (6)family history of PHH.2 The most frequently involved sites are the axillas and palms, followed by the soles and facial region. PHH often affects various sites in the same patient (multifocal) and may even be generalized.3

PHH is thought to affect approximately 2%-3% of the population, and even though it is not considered a severe disease, its effect on the patient's quality of life is very significant. According to various quality of life rating scales, its effect is equivalent to that of much more severe conditions, such as diabetes.4

PHH can be managed using various therapeutic options, including drugs (topical and systemic), nonsurgical interventions (eg, iontophoresis and botulinum toxin), and surgery (selective sympathectomy and excisional surgery).5

Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic drug whose efficacy in the control of PHH is well-documented, although its use in this disease is off-label.6–9 It is important to note that none of the systemic options used for PHH are currently authorized for treatment of the disease in Spain. HH responds well to treatment with oral oxybutynin; however, adverse effects are common (mainly dry mouth and throat), prove uncomfortable for the patient, and can lead to discontinuation of treatment.

In 2014, a transdermal patch formulation of oxybutynin was marketed in Spain. According to the summary of product characteristics, it was indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder (as with the oral formulation). The transdermal patch avoids the first stage of liver metabolism, thus—in theory—reducing adverse effects and the possibility of drug interactions.10

Our hypothesis was that PHH could be improved by minimizing the adverse effects of oral oxybutynin. Therefore, we proposed a pilot study in which we applied transdermal oxybutynin patches in patients with PHH. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the transdermal patch; the secondary objective was to describe its tolerance profile.

Material and Methods

We performed a prospective study from February to September 2015. We included 25 patients whose PHH could not be suitably controlled with topical treatments and excluded patients who had received botulinum toxin during the previous 2 years or who had undergone surgery for PHH (selective sympathectomy or excisional surgery). All patients were given exhaustive information about the transdermal oxybutynin patch and alternative treatments and about the conditions of the study. They all gave their written informed consent. The effectiveness of treatment was measured using 2 subjective scales: a visual analog scale (VAS), in which sweating was graded from 1 to 10 (with 10 as the maximum degree of sweating and 1 the minimum); and the validated Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS)11 (Table 1).

Table 1.

Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale.

Score  Patient's Response 
My sweating is never noticeable and never interferes with my daily activities 
My sweating is tolerable but sometimes interferes with my daily activities 
My sweating is barely tolerable and frequently interferes with my daily activities 
My sweating is intolerable and always interferes with my daily activities 

Treatment with transdermal oxybutynin patches (Kentera, Gebro Pharma) was administered for 10 weeks. Patients applied 2 patches (36mg each) per week, rotating between the thighs, hips, and abdomen. The interval of 10 weeks was based on findings for long-term oral oxybutynin, in which a lack of response at 6 weeks of treatment is considered therapeutic failure.6

The study comprised 3 visits. At the initial visit (visit1), patients were informed about the study and gave their informed consent, a baseline evaluation of HH was made using the VAS and HDSS, and treatment was started at the dose described above. Visit 2 was 6 weeks after the start of treatment and visit 3 at 10 weeks. Treatment was maintained until visit 3. The HDSS and VAS were applied at visits 2 and 3, and any adverse effects were recorded. At visit3, patients evaluated how well treatment had controlled their disease, classifying the outcome as no improvement, slight nonsignificant improvement, or significant improvement.

The demographic characteristics of the patients included in the study and the sites affected by PHH are shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

Demographic Characteristics and Outcome.

Patient  Age  Area Affected  Previous treatment  VAS Week 0  VAS Week 10  Improvement in VAS  HDSS Week 0  HDSS Week 10  Improvement in HDSS Score  Adverse Effects 
21  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
19  Palms  Aluminum salts, iontophoresis  No 
26  Palms, soles  Aluminum salts  No 
37  Head  Aluminum salts  No 
24  Axillas, palms  Aluminum salts  No 
21  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
18  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
38  Head  Aluminum salts  No 
31  Axillas, palms  Aluminum salts, iontophoresis  No 
10  28  Axillas, palms  Aluminum salts  No 
11  24  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
12  32  Palms, soles  Aluminum salts, iontophoresis  No 
13  26  Axillas  Aluminum salts, botulinum toxin  No 
14  23  Head  Aluminum salts  No 
15  29  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
16  24  Axillas  Aluminum salts, botulinum toxin  No 
17  40  Palms  Aluminum salts, iontophoresis  Yes, mild eczema 
18  21  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
19  34  Head  Aluminum salts  No 
20  28  Palms, soles  Aluminum salts, iontophoresis  No 
21  24  Axillas  Aluminum salts  No 
22  33  Palms  Aluminum salts  Yes, moderate eczema 
23  24  Palms, soles  Aluminum salts, iontophoresis  No 
24  33  Axillas  Aluminum salts, botulinum toxin  No 
25  42  Axillas  Aluminum salts, botulinum toxin  No 

Abbreviations: HDSS, Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale; VAS, visual analog scale.

Results

We included 25 patients (16 women and 9 men) with a mean age of 28years (18-42 years). They had all received treatment for HH (Table 2).

Control of symptoms was evaluated using the VAS and HDSS after 10 weeks of treatment (Table 2). Symptoms did not worsen in any patients during the study.

The VAS score decreased for all patients (1 point in 3 patients, 2 points in 5 patients, 3 points in 10 patients, 4 points in 6 patients, and 5 points in 1 patient).

The HDSS score decreased by 3 points in 1 patient, 2 points in 5 patients, and 1 point in 9 patients; the HDSS score remained unchanged in 10 patients after treatment.

No variations in the scores for these scales were recorded between week 6 (visit2) and week 10 (visit3).

As for the general evaluation at visit 3, no patients defined the response as no improvement, 8 patients (32%) considered it a slight nonsignificant improvement, and 17 (68%) patients considered it a significant improvement.

Adverse effects were reported in 2 patients (8%). In both cases, the adverse effect was irritation at the site where the patch was placed. This was classed as mild (erythema and desquamation) in patient 17 and moderate (erythema, edema, and desquamation) in patient 22. The adverse effect did not lead either of the 2 patients to discontinue treatment, since it was controlled by applying the patch at another site (patient 17) and with application of low-potency topical corticosteroids (patient 22).

Discussion

The basic function of sweating is to regulate body temperature in response to various stimuli, such as heat and exercise. The sweat glands are activated by the sympathetic nervous system: thermoregulatory signals from the hypothalamus are transmitted via sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic nerve endings to the sweat glands. The main neurotransmitter involved in this process is acetylcholine, which acts via the nicotinic receptors (preganglionic and postganglionic fibers) and muscarinic receptors (sweat glands). PHH is the result of an autonomic nervous system dysfunction without morphologic or quantitative abnormalities in the sweat glands.5

No therapeutic algorithm has been agreed upon for management of PHH, and the best option should be decided on a case-by-case basis. Therefore, it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient and disease, the safety profile of the various treatments, and the resources available and their cost, starting with the least expensive treatments and/or treatments with fewer potential adverse effects. Consequently, the approaches considered first-line are topical products that act directly on the sweat gland, mainly aluminum salts.12

Topical anticholinergic drugs, mainly glycopyrrolate, have also been used.13–16 This active ingredient is no longer marketed in Spain, although it can be obtained as a foreign medication. Glycopyrrolate has been used at various concentrations (0.5%-4%) and in various vehicles (solution, gel, and cream), with results that vary according to the location of PHH and the concentration of the active ingredient.17 Adverse effects resulting from systemic absorption of the drug have been reported when it is used on more extensive areas of the body.18

Oxybutynin is marketed abroad as a topical formulation (gel) for the treatment of bladder conditions, although there are no references in the literature on the use of this formulation for the management of PHH.

Of all the systemic options, the best results have been achieved with anticholinergic drugs, and broad experience has been accumulated with oral methantheline bromide, oxybutynin, and glycopyrrolate. Most studies have been performed with oxybutynin.10,11,13,14

Oral oxybutynin is metabolized in the liver by isoenzyme CYP3A4 of cytochrome P450; therefore, it can react with other drugs that inhibit this system (eg, azole antifungal agents and macrolides). Its main limitation in the treatment of PHH is the frequency of adverse effects, which, although not generally severe, are uncomfortable and can lead the patient to discontinue treatment. The most common adverse effect is dry mouth and throat, followed by gastrointestinal complaints, headache, dizziness, and blurred vision.19

Transdermal oxybutynin (Kentera, Gebro Pharma) is sold as patches with a surface area of 39cm2 that contain 36mg of oxybutynin and release the active ingredient at a nominal amount of 3.9mg every 24hours The dose recommended in the summary of product characteristics is 2 patches per week, which are applied in rotation on the thigh, abdomen, and hip.

The results of our study show that the symptoms of PHH improve during treatment with transdermal oxybutynin in an acceptable percentage of patients and that adverse effects are infrequent.

In the assessment of the severity of the symptoms of PHH, subjective scales are considered more appropriate than objective methods, since the effect on quality of life not only depends on the severity of HH in quantitative terms, but also on the degree to which each patient adapts to this severity.20 HDSS has been validated in English (not in Spanish) and is scored on a scale of 1 to 4 depending on the intensity of sweating and its interference with daily activities. However, given that the scale has only 4 points, it could lack sensitivity for detecting slight modifications; therefore, it may not reflect some variations in symptoms.21 Solish et al.11 calculated that a 1-point improvement on the HDSS would correspond to an approximately 50% decrease in sweating and that a 2-point improvement would correspond to an 80% decrease. Therefore, we decided to complement the HDSS with a VAS in which the patient grades the intensity of HH on a scale of 1 to 10 (minimum grade, 1; maximum grade 10) in order to provide a more accurate appreciation of the improvement and thus increase the sensitivity of the evaluation of the response to treatment. Analysis of the results of our study shows that patients whose HDSS score did not change did in fact improve according to the VAS. This finding is consistent with the belief that decreases in sweating of up to 50% will not be recorded by the HDSS.

In our study, the HDSS score improved in 60% of patients during treatment, as follows: 1 point, 60%; 2 points, 33.3%; and 3 points, 6.6%. In their prospective placebo-controlled trial involving 62 patients with PHH treated with oral oxybutynin at 7.5mg/d, Schollhammer et al.21 recorded a 60% improvement in the HDSS score (1 point, 28%; 2 points, 61%; 3 points, 11%). Adverse effects were recorded in a considerable percentage of patients and included dry mouth (43%), blurred vision (13%), gastrointestinal complaints (9%), headache (3%), asthenia (3%), and difficulty urinating (3%). Although the rates of improvement with transdermal oxybutynin were not as high as those reported for the oral formulation in our study, the adverse effect profile was better, with only 8% of patients affected (mild to moderate irritant contact dermatitis).

We must take into account that the doses generally used for treatment of PHH with oral oxybutynin in the literature range from 2.5mg to 10mg per day.19 The dose of transdermal oxybutynin that is released is calculated to be 3.9mg per day, which, while within the appropriate range, can be considered low. Compared with studies based on larger doses of oral oxybutynin, the low dose of the transdermal patch formulation could lead to a poorer response in the case of excessive sweating, although, even so, our data indicate that efficacy is acceptable with the “low dose” released by the patches. Studies on management of overactive bladder in which higher doses are administered (1 daily patch or 2-3 patches applied simultaneously with 2 changes per week) report better control of symptoms and a favorable safety profile.22,23 If these data are extrapolated, we could consider increasing the dose of the drug in cases of PHH that are not controlled with lower doses, although intensifying treatment in this way would likely lead to an increase in the incidence of adverse effects.

The monthly cost of aluminum salts, which are marketed in various formulations, is €12-18. The treatment is not covered by the Spanish National Health System. The monthly cost of transdermal oxybutynin is €40.59 compared with €4.40 for the oral formulation (at a dose of 10mg per day). Both formulations are covered, albeit for different indications.

The main limitations of this study are the number of cases included and the lack of a control group with which to compare the results of treatment.

An exhaustive review of the literature revealed no other reports of cases of PHH treated with transdermal oxybutynin.

Although the experience we report here is limited and broader placebo-controlled studies are necessary to confirm or refute our data, the preliminary findings we present indicate that transdermal oxybutynin has an excellent safety profile for the management of PHH and can be considered a valid option for treatment.

Ethical DisclosuresProtection of humans and animals

The authors declare that no tests were carried out in humans or animals for the purposes of this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that they have followed their insitutional protocols on publication of patient data.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors declare that no private patient data appear in this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Please cite this article as: Bergón-Sendín M, Pulido-Pérez A, Sáez-Martín LC, Suárez-Fernández R. Experiencia inicial con oxibutinina transdérmica en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016;107:845–850.

Copyright © 2016. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
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