Journal Information
Vol. 110. Issue 8.
Pages 666-672 (October 2019)
Visits
3872
Vol. 110. Issue 8.
Pages 666-672 (October 2019)
Original Article
Full text access
Foot Eczema in a Skin Allergy Unit: Retrospective Study of 13 Years
Eczema en los pies en una consulta de alergia cutánea: estudio retrospectivo de 13 años
Visits
3872
J.M. Sánchez-Sáeza,
Corresponding author
jose.m.sanchez.saez@udc.es

Corresponding author.
, A. López del Amob, J. Bañulsa, J.F. Silvestrea
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
b Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Tables (4)
Table 1. Demographic Data of the Study Population.
Table 2. Results of Patch Testing.
Table 3. Most Common Allergens With Present Relevance.
Table 4. Final Diagnosis.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Introduction

Foot eczema is a common complaint encountered by skin allergists.

Objectives

To study a series of patients with foot eczema who underwent patch testing and describe their demographic profile, diagnoses, and the main allergens involved.

Material and methods

Cross-sectional observational study of all patients tested with the standard Spanish patch test series at a dermatology department over a period of 13 years (2004–2016). We studied patch test results and definitive diagnoses by comparing different subgroups of patients with foot eczema.

Results

Of the 3265 patients included in the study, 308 (9.4%) had foot eczema, 176 (57.9%) had foot eczema only and 132 (42.1%) had concomitant foot and hand eczema. Positive patch test results were more common in patients with foot eczema only (positivity rate of 61.5% vs 53.4% for foot and hand eczema). In the subgroup of patients with concomitant foot and hand involvement, patients aged under 18 years had a lower rate of positive results (51.3% vs 64.6% for patients >18 years). Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen with current relevance in all subgroups. The main diagnosis in patients with foot involvement only was allergic contact dermatitis (49.1%). In the subgroup of patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema, the main diagnoses were psoriasis in adults (33.6%) and atopic dermatitis in patients aged under 18 years (60.0%).

Conclusion

Patch tests are a very useful diagnostic tool for patients with foot eczema with or without concomitant hand involvement.

Keywords:
Contact dermatitis
Patch test
Hands
Feet
Children
Adults
Resumen
Introducción

La dermatitis de pies es un motivo frecuente de consulta en las Unidades de Alergia Cutánea.

Objetivos

Conocer las características demográficas, el diagnóstico y los alérgenos más frecuentemente implicados en los pacientes que han sido sometidos a las pruebas epicutáneas.

Material y métodos

Estudio observacional transversal en un Servicio de Dermatología con todos los pacientes estudiados con la batería estándar española durante 13 años (2004–2016). Comparamos los resultados de las pruebas epicutáneas y los diagnósticos finales entre los distintos subgrupos de pacientes con eczema de pies.

Resultados

Estudiamos un total de 3265 pacientes, 308 (9,4%) presentaban eczema en los pies, 176 (57,9%) tenían afectación solo en los pies y 132 (42,1%) afectación concomitante en manos y pies. En el subgrupo con afectación exclusiva en los pies se observó un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con pruebas epicutáneas positivas (61,5% solo pies, 53,4% manos y pies). En el subgrupo de afectación concomitante de manos y pies se observó un menor porcentaje de pruebas epicutáneas positivas entre los menores de 18 años (51,3% en menores y 64,4%mayores). El alérgeno con relevancia presente más frecuente en todos los subgrupos fue el dicromato potásico. La dermatitis de contacto alérgica (49,1%) fue el diagnóstico más frecuente en los pacientes con afectación exclusiva de los pies, mientras en los pacientes con eczema en manos y pies fue, la psoriasis (33,6%) en adultos, y la dermatitis atópica en los menores de 18 años (60,0%).

Conclusión

La realización de pruebas epicutáneas es de gran utilidad tanto en los pacientes con eczema de afectación exclusiva de los pies como en aquellos con afectación concomitante de manos y pies.

PALABRAS CLAVE:
Dermatitis de contacto
Pruebas epicutáneas
Manos
Pies
Niños
Adultos
Full Text
Introduction

Foot eczema is a common presenting complaint. The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) involving the feet varies considerably and is thought to affect between 1.5% and 24.2% of all patients undergoing patch testing.1,2 Concomitant involvement of both the hands and the feet is not uncommon. According to the literature, the prevalence of the condition when it affects both sites is 5.4% in the general population.3,4

Clinical diagnosis of foot eczema is relatively easy. However, classification is complex, since there are many morphological variations and it is difficult to distinguish between contact eczema (irritant or allergic) and atopic eczema, which can occur alone or in combination.1,2 Very often, it is difficult to differentiate between eczema and psoriasis. Therefore, in chronic disease, it is almost mandatory to perform patch tests to detect allergens that act as a cause or complication of foot eczema.5,6 The allergens most frequently involved in foot eczema are found in the material used for footwear and include potassium dichromate, p-tert butylphenol-formaldehyde resin, and mercaptobenzothiazole.7

Prevalence and patch test results have been widely analyzed in epidemiological studies in patients with hand eczema,3,4 although almost no studies provide data on foot eczema.8 Therefore, we performed a study to ascertain the demographic profile, final diagnosis, and allergens involved in patients with suspected foot eczema who come to our clinic for patch testing.

Objectives

The main objectives of the study were as follows:

  • To determine the demographic characteristics of patients with foot eczema assessed by means of patch testing and to establish which allergens are most commonly involved in foot eczema.

The secondary objectives were as follows:

  • To determine whether there are differences between the final diagnosis and the results of patch testing between the sexes and age groups.

  • To compare epidemiological data, final diagnosis, and patch test results from patients referred for suspected eczema on the feet only with those from patients with suspected eczema on the hands and feet.

Material and Methods

Ours was an observational, cross-sectional study performed between January 2004 and December 2016. We included all patients who had undergone patch testing with the standard series of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) at the skin allergy clinic of the dermatology department of a tertiary hospital. Patient information was obtained from the anonymized database used in clinical care. We recorded patient data, the allergen series applied, the results, and their relevance. The clinical data recorded for each patient were age, sex, location of the lesions (feet only, both hands and feet, and other sites, including patients with diffuse or generalized involvement who also had lesions on their feet), cause of eczema, and final diagnosis. The possible diagnoses were as follows:

  • 1

    ACD.

  • 2

    Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD).

  • 3

    Atopic eczema (including dyshidrosis). Patients with dyshidrotic eczema were included in this section.

  • 4

    Psoriasis.

  • 5

    Other.

Based on the location of lesions, we established 2 study groups:

  • Total study group, other locations of eczema (including any site on the body where the lesion appeared).

  • Group with suspected foot eczema, which was in turn divided into:

  • Patients with suspected eczema on both the hands and the feet.

  • Patients with suspected eczema on the feet only. (Patients who in addition to presenting with foot eczema had involvement at sites other than the hands were not included in this group).

The groups were compared by sex (male/female) and age (<18 years/≥18 years).

Patch testing methods

The allergens used in the standard GEIDAC series were supplied by Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB. The patches were prepared with adhesive Finn-Chamber strips (Epitest, Oy), attached with Scanpor adhesive tape (Norgeplaster A/S Kristiandsand), and removed at 48 hours. Readings were taken at 48 and 96 hours based on the evaluation criteria recommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. A late reading (7 days) was taken in doubtful cases.

Statistical analysis

Data were processed using SPSS 20 (IBM Corp). Qualitative variables were analyzed using contingency tables and the χ2 test. Statistical significance was set at ≤ .05. Age as a continuous variable (quantitative) was compared with qualitative variables (nominal) using nonparametric tests, namely, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test, depending on the number of values for the qualitative variables.

Results

Between January 2004 and December 2016, we performed patch testing with the standard GEIDAC series on 3265 patients, of whom 308 (9.4%) had foot eczema. Of these 308 patients, 176 (57.9%) had foot eczema only, whereas 132 (42.1%) had concomitant hand and foot eczema.

Demographic Data

Table 1 shows the distribution by sex and age of each of the subgroups. Of note, the sexes were well balanced, especially in the group with concomitant hand and foot involvement, and a higher number of patients who underwent patch testing in the foot eczema group were aged <18 years.

Table 1.

Demographic Data of the Study Population.

  Total Sample (N = 3265)  Hands and Feet (n = 132)  Feet (n = 176) 
[0,1-4]Age group, No. (%)
<18 y  255 (7.8)  10 (7.6)  36 (21.8)a 
≥18 y  3.010 (92.2)  122 (92.4)  140 (78.2) 
[0,1-4]
[0,1-4]Sex, No. (%)
Men  1206 (36.9)  62 (47.0)  75 (42.6) 
Women  2059 (63.1)a  70 (53.0)  101 (57.4)a 
a

Statistically significant = P ≤ .05.

Patch Testing

Table 2 shows the percentage of positive results for each subgroup. It is noteworthy that this is greater in the subgroup with foot eczema only, especially in patients aged ≥18 years.

Table 2.

Results of Patch Testing.

  Total Sample (N = 3265)  Hands and Feet (n = 132)  Feet (n = 176) 
Patch tests, No. (%)
Positive  1735 (53.8)  70 (53.4)  109 (61.5)a 
Negative  1530 (46.2)  62 (46.6)  67 (38.5) 
Patch tests by age, No. (%)
<18y
Positive  98 (38.9)  1 (10.0)a  20 (51.3) 
Negative  154 (61.1)  9 (90.0)  19 (48.7) 
18y
Positive  1637 (55.1)  69 (57.0)  89 (64.4) 
Negative  1376 (44.9)  53 (43.0)  48 (35.6) 
Patch tests by sex (%)
Men
Positive  557 (46.7)  24 (39.3)  41 (54.7) 
Negative  661 (53.3)  38 (60.7)  33 (45.3) 
Women
Positive  1178 (57.6)  46 (65.7)  69 (66.7) 
Negative  869 (42.4)  24 (34.3)  33 (33.3) 
a

Statistically significant (P ≤ .05).

In patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema, 90% of the patch tests were negative in patients aged <18 years. No significant differences were found for the allergens or for the foot eczema group.

Table 3 shows positive results with present relevance for allergens from the standard series. Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen with present relevance in all of the subgroups. Of note, the most common allergens in the case of foot eczema only were footwear components, namely, chromium, rubber accelerators, and glues.

Table 3.

Most Common Allergens With Present Relevance.

  Total SampleHands and FeetFeet
Most common allergens, No. (%)• Potassium dichromate  126 (15.6)  • Potassium dichromate  19 (48.7)  • Potassium dichromatea  49 (70)a 
• Nickel sulfate  102 (12.6)  • MCI/MI  5 (12.8)  • Mercapto mix  3 (4.3) 
• MCI/MI  101 (12.5)  • Nickel sulfate  4 (10.3)  • 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin  2 (2.9) 
• Balsam of Peru  70 (8.7)  • 4-phenylenediamine base  1 (2.6)  • Fragrance mix I  2 (2.9) 
• 4-phenylenediamine base  49 (6.1)      • Own products  2 (2.9) 
Most common allergens in patients aged <18 y, No. (%)• Potassium dichromate  12 (21.1)  • Potassium dichromate 0.5%  1 (100.0)a  • Potassium dichromate 0.5%  11 (68.8)a 
• Nickel sulfate  4 (7.0)  • MCI/MI  0 (0)  • Mercapto mix 2%  3 (18.8)a 
• MCI/MI  7 (12.3)  • Nickel sulfate 5%  0 (0)  • 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin 1%  1 (6.2) 
• Balsam of Peru  6 (10.5)  • Balsam of Peru 25%  0 (0)  • Balsam of Peru 25%  1 (6.2) 
• 4-phenylenediamine base  7 (12.3)         
Most common allergens in patients aged ≥18 y, No. (%)• Nickel sulfate  18 (46.2)a  • Potassium dichromate  18 (46.2)  • Potassium dichromate  38 (70.4)a 
• Potassium dichromate  5 (12,8)  • MCI/MI  5 (12.8)  • 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin  1 (1.9) 
• MCI/MI  4 (10.3)  • Nickel sulfate  4 (10.3)  • Fragrance mix I  2 (3.7) 
• Balsam of Peru  2 (5.1)  • Balsam of Peru  2 (5.1)  • Own products  2 (3.7) 
• 4-phenylenediamine base  1 (2.6)  • Thiuram mix  1 (2.6)     
Most common allergens by sex, No. (%)
Males• Nickel sulfate  19 (6.1)  • Potassium dichromate  10 (47.6)a  • Potassium dichromate  21 (72.4)a 
• Potassium dichromate  65 (20.8)  • MCI/MI  2 (9,5)  • Mercapto mix  1 (3.4) 
• MCI/MI  36 (11.5)  • 4-phenylenediamine base  1 (4.8)  • 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin  1 (3.4) 
• Balsam of Peru  42 (13.5)  • Thiuram mix  1 (4,8)  • Thiuram mix  1 (3.4) 
• Fragrance mix I  18 (5.8)  • Balsam of Peru  2 (9.5)  • Balsam of Peru 25%  1 (3.4) 
Females• Nickel sulfate  83 (16.8)a  • Potassium dichromate  9 (47.4)a  • Potassium dichromate  28 (68.3)a 
• Potassium dichromate  61 (12.3)  • MCI/MI  3 (15,8)  • Mercapto mix  2 (4.9) 
• MCI/MI  65 (13.1)  • Nickel sulfate  4 (21.1)  • Fragrance mix I  2 (4.9) 
• Balsam of Peru  28 (5.7)  • Formaldehyde  1 (5.3)  • Own products  1 (2.4) 
• 4-phenylenediamine base  38 (7.7)      • Colophony  1 (1.4) 

Abbreviation: MCI/MI, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone.

a

Statistically significant (P ≤ .05).

Diagnosis

Table 4 shows that psoriasis was the most common diagnosis in patients with concomitant foot and hand eczema, whereas ACD was a more common diagnosis in patients with foot eczema. The frequency of atopic dermatitis in patients aged <18 years was noteworthy, especially in the group with concomitant hand and foot eczema.

Table 4.

Final Diagnosis.

  Total Sample  Hands and Feet  Feet 
Most common final diagnosis, No. (%)• ACD 1054 (33.2)  • PS 43 (33.6)a  • ACD 84 (49.1)a 
• ICD 821 (25.1)  • ACD 40 (31.1)  • ICD 35 (20.5) 
• AD 418 (13.2)  • AD 21 (16.4)  • AD 24 (14.0) 
• PS 221 (7.0)  • ICD 19 (14.8)  • PS 10 (5.8) 
• Other 751 (21.5)b  • Other 9 (4.1)b  • Other 23 (10.6)b 
Most common final diagnosis in patients aged <18 y, No. (%)• AD 92 (36.7)a  • AD 6 (60.0)a  • ACD 18 (47.4) 
• ACD 70 (29.9)  • ICD 2 (20.0)  • AD 13 (34.2) 
• ICD 41 (16.3)  • ACD 1 (10.0)  • ICD 7 (18.4) 
• PS 6 (2.4)  • PS 1 (10)  • PS 0 (0) 
• Other (14.7)     
Most common final diagnosis in patients aged ≥18 y, No. (%)• ACD 984 (33.4)  • PS 42 (35.6)a  • ACD 66 (49.6) 
• ICD 780 (26.5)  • ACD 39 (33.1)  • ICD 28 (21.1) 
• AD 326 (11.1)  • ICD 17 (14.4)  • AD 11 (8.3) 
• PS 212 (7.2)  • AD 15 (12.7)  • PS 10 (7.5) 
• Other (21.8)b  • Other 9 (4.2)b  • Other 25 (13.5)b 
Most common diagnoses by sex, No. (%)
Males• ACD 364 (30.8)  • PS 22 (36.1)a  • ACD 35 (47.3) 
• ICD 281 (23.8)  • ACD 18 (29.5)  • AD 16 (21.6) 
• AD 180 (15.2)  • AD 10 (16.4)  • ICD 14 (18.9) 
• PS 111 (9.4)  • ICD 9 (14.8)  • PS 2 (2.7) 
• Other (20.8)b  • Other 3 (3.2)b  • Other 8 (9.5)b 
Females• ACD 690 (34.2)a  • ACD 22 (32.8)a  • ACD 49 (50.5) 
• ICD 540 (26.8)  • PS 21 (31.3)  • ICD 21 (21.6) 
• AD 277 (13.7)  • AD 11 (16.4)  • AD 8 (8.2) 
• PS 107 (5.3)  • ICD 10 (14.9)  • PS 8 (8.2) 
• Other (20)b  • Other 6 (4.6)b  • Other 15 (11.5)b 

Abbreviations: AD, atopic dermatitis; ACD, allergic contact dermatitis; ICD, irritant contact dermatitis; PS, psoriasis.

a

Statistically significant (P ≤ .05).

b

“Other” refers to dermatoses that do not affect the foot, as in patients who have undergone patch testing.

Discussion

Suspected foot eczema is a frequent presenting complaint in our skin allergy unit and is observed in approximately 10% of patients who undergo patch testing. More than 40% of these patients also had hand lesions. This subgroup has unusual epidemiological characteristics, and the results of patch testing and the final diagnosis differ from those of the group with foot eczema only.

In epidemiological terms, the present series highlights a balance between the sexes. Other studies report a greater number of females.6,9,10 Of note, we performed patch testing in a high percentage of children and adolescents with foot eczema. While eczema is common in children, most are clinically diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and very few undergo patch testing despite current recommendations to perform patch testing in patients with treatment-refractory atopic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis with an “atypical” distribution.11–14 In the present series, we believe that the large number of children, especially in those with foot eczema only, is due to the fact that the feet are not considered a “typical” location for atopic dermatitis, with the result that the case is referred in order to rule out ACD. Furthermore, we agree with Isaksson et al.,15 who recommend patch testing in all children with atopic dermatitis who present with chronic eczema on the hands, feet, or both.

We found patch testing to be very useful in patients with foot eczema, since the results were positive in a higher percentage than in the rest of the population studied, especially in those patients with foot involvement only. Present relevance was also more common in this population. Our data are similar to those of Febriana et al.16 and Priya et al.,8 who reported positive results in 66.7% and 88% of patients, respectively. Therefore, we recommend this approach in cases of chronic foot eczema. As for patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema, the results of patch testing were more often negative in patients aged <18 years. Negative results in patch testing should also be interpreted as being useful. In the subgroup with concomitant hand and foot disease in particular, we should consider the possibility that the patient has psoriasis or atopic dermatitis.

Consistent with results from other studies, we found the most common allergen to be potassium dichromate.17 This allergen is usually associated with footwear18; since it is used to tan leather, it is present in leather shoes. The association between foot eczema and allergy to potassium dichromate was so strong that we believe any positive result with chromium in patch tests should lead us to ask whether the patient has foot eczema, especially in summer. Hansen et al.19 concluded that patients with positive results for chromium (III) constitute a group with multiple allergies to footwear and that in patients with a positive result to chromium (VI), leather was the main suspected source of exposure. The European Union has been a pioneer in setting limitations for hexavalent chromium content in leather goods. The amount of chromium used in leather tanning in Europe is regulated by European standard EN 420 and the EU Ecolabel for footwear. As far back as 1994, the European Union included specifications on hexavalent chromium content in standard EN 420 on protective gloves, limiting the substance to a maximum of 2mg/kg. The EU Ecolabel for footwear specifies that the concentration of chromium (VI) in the finished product must not exceed 10 ppm.20 Nevertheless, we think that vegetable tanning, which scarcely uses chromium, should be incentivized in the manufacture of footwear. The majority of studies report that nickel sulfate is the most frequent allergen.21–25 In Indonesia, mercapto mix is the most prevalent allergen and is probably associated with the use of rubber slippers by some of the population.16 In a study on ACD of the feet performed in Turkey, Özkaya and Ekinci9 found nitrofurazone to be the most frequent allergen. Consequently, the main cause of ACD of the foot can differ from one country to another.

The most common final diagnosis in our study was ACD, and the most frequent cause was footwear. The high prevalence of ACD of the foot and its association with footwear can be seen in other studies,6,8,26 and the disease is thought to be more frequent in warm, humid climates.16 Foot sweating, together with friction and occlusion by the shoe, makes it easier for people to become sensitized to the materials used in the manufacture of footwear.

However, ACD was not the most frequent diagnosis in some subgroups in the present series. Psoriasis is more frequent in adults with suspected hand and foot eczema. This finding is rarely reported in the literature,27 although this is not surprising, since in clinical practice it is very difficult to distinguish between eczema and psoriasis, and patients often present eczematized psoriasis or the eczema acts as a Koebner phenomenon and triggers psoriasis. The refractoriness of palmoplantar psoriasis to currently available treatments leads the physician to refer the patient for examination in order to rule out overlapping ACD. In children and adolescents, however, the most common final diagnosis was atopic dermatitis. Of note, the feet are a common site for atopic dermatitis in childhood.28 In cases of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis with eczema on the hands and/or feet that do not respond to seemingly appropriate treatment, we believe that patch testing should be proposed in order to rule out overlapping ACD.

Conclusions

The suspicion of foot eczema is a common reason for visits to the skin allergy unit. Patch testing is very useful. Clinically relevant positive results are obtained in a larger percentage of patients than in the rest of the study population. ACD is the most common final diagnosis in patients with foot eczema only. Potassium dichromate is the most common allergen, and the components of footwear are the main cause.

In the case of patients who also present with hand lesions, the disease is more likely to be psoriasis (in adults) or atopic dermatitis (in children and adolescents). Patch testing is also very useful for ruling out overlapping ACD in this subgroup.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study would not have been possible without the patience of Drs. J Bañuls, JF Silvestre, and López del Amo, to whom I am eternally grateful.

References
[1]
K.E. Shackelford, D.V. Belsito.
The etiology of allergic-appearing foot dermatitis: A 5-year retrospective study.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 47 (2002), pp. 715-721
[2]
M. Saha, C.R. Srinivas, S.D. Shenoy, C. Balachandran, S. Acharya.
Footwear dermatitis.
Contact Dermatitis, 28 (1993), pp. 260-264
[3]
A. Sicras-Mainar, R. Navarro-Artieda, J.M Carrascosa Carrillo.
Impacto económico de la dermatitis atópica en adultos: estudio de base poblacional (estudio IDEA).
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 109 (2018), pp. 35-46
[4]
C. Ramírez, S.E. Jacob.
Dermatitis de manos.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 97 (2006), pp. 363-373
[5]
M. Corral, et al.
Dermatitis alérgica de contacto en pacientes con dermatitis atópica.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 95 (2004), pp. 161-164
[6]
K.N. How, M.M. Tang, R.K.A.P. Jagjit Singh, A. Johar.
Contact sensitisation in adults: A 5-year retrospective review in hospital Kuala Lumpur.
Med J Malaysia, 72 (2017), pp. 113-118
[7]
B. Meding.
Epidemiology of hand eczema in an industrial city.
Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh), 153 (1990), pp. 1-43
[8]
K.S. Priya, G. Kamath, J Martis, D Shukumar, N.J. Shetty, R.M. Bhat, et al.
Foot eczema: the role of patch test in determining the causative agent using standard series.
Indian J Dermatol, 53 (2008), pp. 68-69
[9]
E. Özkaya, A.P. Ekinci.
Foot contact dermatitis: nitrofurazone as the main cause in a retrospective, cross-sectional study over a 16-year period from Turkey.
Int J Dermatol, 55 (2016), pp. 1345-1350
[10]
M.T. Bordel-go.
Epidemiología de la dermatitis de contacto: prevalencia de sensibilización a diferentes alérgenos y factores asociados.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 101 (2010), pp. 59-75
[11]
J.K. Chen, S.E. Jacob, S.T. Nedorost, J.M. Hanifin, E.L. Simpson, M. Boguniewicz, et al.
A pragmatic approach to patch testing atopic dermatitis patients: clinical recommendations based on expert consensus opinion.
Dermatitis, 27 (2016), pp. 186-192
[12]
D. Ozceker, F. Haslak, F. Dilek, S. Sipahi, E. Yucel, N. Guler, et al.
Contact sensitization in children with atopic dermatitis.
Allergol Immunopathol, 47 (2019), pp. 47-51
[13]
A.B. Simonsen, M.H.F. Jacob, P.T. Mette, C.G. Mortz, C. Zachariae, L. Skov, et al.
Contact allergy in Danish children: Current trends.
Contact Dermatitis, 79 (2018), pp. 295-302
[14]
J. Borok, C. Matiz, A. Goldenberg, S.E. Jacob.
Contact dermatitis in atopic dermatitis children-past, present, and future.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 56 (2019), pp. 86-98
[15]
M. Isaksson, S. Olhardt, J. Rådehed, Å. Svensson.
Children with atopic dermatitis should always be patch-tested if they have hand or foot dermatitis.
Acta Derm Venereol, 95 (2015), pp. 583-586
[16]
S.A. Febriana, H. Soebono, P.J. Coenraads, M.L.A. Schuttelaar.
Contact allergy in Indonesian patients with foot eczema attributed to shoes.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 29 (2015), pp. 1582-1589
[17]
K. Narashimman, V. Gomathi.
Clinical evaluation of common allergens in contact dermatitis to cement.
Int J Res Dermatol, 4 (2018), pp. 172-175
[18]
E. Matthys, A. Zahir, A. Ehrlich.
Shoe allergic contact dermatitis.
Am Contact Dermat, 25 (2014), pp. 163-171
[19]
M.B. Hansen, T. Menné, J.D. Johansen.
Cr(III) reactivity and foot dermatitis in Cr(VI) positive patients.
Contact Dermatitis, 54 (2006), pp. 140-144
[20]
J. FONT, A. Marsal.
Libro de calidad para la producción de piel y cuero libre de cromo (VI)..
Departamento de Ecotecnologías. CSIC, (2006), pp. 19-169
[21]
A. Lazarov.
European Standard Series patch test results from a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel during the 7-year period from 1998 to 2004.
Contact Dermatitis, 55 (2006), pp. 73-76
[22]
I. Kuljanac, E. Knezevic, H. Cvitanovic.
Epicutaneous patch test results in children and adults with allergic contact dermatitis in Karlovac county: a retrospective survey.
Acta Dermatovenerol Croat, 19 (2011), pp. 91-97
[23]
A.T.J. Goon, C.L. Goh.
Patch testing of Singapore children and adolescents: our experience over 18 years.
Pediatr Dermatol, 23 (2006), pp. 117-120
[24]
T. Agner, K. Aalto-Korte, K.E. Andersen, C. Foti, A. Gimenéz-Arnau, M. Goncalo, et al.
Factors associated with combined hand and foot eczema.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 31 (2017), pp. 828-832
[25]
H. Belhadjali, M. Mohamed, M. Youssef, S. Mandhouj, M. Chakroun, J. Zili.
Contact sensitization in atopic dermatitis: results of a prospective study of 89 cases in Tunisia.
Contact Dermatitis, 58 (2008), pp. 188-189
[26]
J. García-Gavín, J.C. Armario-Hita, V. Fernández-Redondo, J.M. Fernández-Vozmediano, J. Sánchez-Pérez, J.F. Silvestre, et al.
Epidemiología del eczema de contacto en España. Resultados de la Red Española de Vigilancia en Alergia de Contacto (REVAC) durante el año 2008.
Actas Dermosifiliogr, 102 (2011), pp. 98-105
[27]
R. Brans, A. Hübner, G. Gediga, S.M. John.
Prevalence of foot eczema and associated occupational and non-occupational factors in patients with hand eczema.
Contact Dermatitis, 73 (2015), pp. 100-107
[28]
J.M. Ortiz-Salvador, A. Esteve-Martínez, A. García-Rabasco, D. Subiabre-Ferrer, L. Martínez-Leboráns, V. Zaragoza-Ninet.
Dermatitis of the foot: epidemiologic and clinical features in 389 children.
Pediatr Dermatol, 34 (2017), pp. 535-539

Please cite this article as: Sánchez-Sáez JM, López del Amo A, Bañuls J, Silvestre JF. Eczema en los pies en una consulta de alergia cutánea: estudio retrospectivo de 13 años. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2019;110:666–672.

Copyright © 2019. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?