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However&#44; classification is complex&#44; since there are many morphological variations and it is difficult to distinguish between contact eczema &#40;irritant or allergic&#41; and atopic eczema&#44; which can occur alone or in combination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Very often&#44; it is difficult to differentiate between eczema and psoriasis&#46; Therefore&#44; in chronic disease&#44; it is almost mandatory to perform patch tests to detect allergens that act as a cause or complication of foot eczema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The allergens most frequently involved in foot eczema are found in the material used for footwear and include potassium dichromate&#44; p-tert butylphenol-formaldehyde resin&#44; and mercaptobenzothiazole&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence and patch test results have been widely analyzed in epidemiological studies in patients with hand eczema&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> although almost no studies provide data on foot eczema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Therefore&#44; we performed a study to ascertain the demographic profile&#44; final diagnosis&#44; and allergens involved in patients with suspected foot eczema who come to our clinic for patch testing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Objectives</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objectives of the study were as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the demographic characteristics of patients with foot eczema assessed by means of patch testing and to establish which allergens are most commonly involved in foot eczema&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The secondary objectives were as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine whether there are differences between the final diagnosis and the results of patch testing between the sexes and age groups&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To compare epidemiological data&#44; final diagnosis&#44; and patch test results from patients referred for suspected eczema on the feet only with those from patients with suspected eczema on the hands and feet&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ours was an observational&#44; cross-sectional study performed between January 2004 and December 2016&#46; We included all patients who had undergone patch testing with the standard series of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group &#40;GEIDAC&#41; at the skin allergy clinic of the dermatology department of a tertiary hospital&#46; Patient information was obtained from the anonymized database used in clinical care&#46; We recorded patient data&#44; the allergen series applied&#44; the results&#44; and their relevance&#46; The clinical data recorded for each patient were age&#44; sex&#44; location of the lesions &#40;feet only&#44; both hands and feet&#44; and other sites&#44; including patients with diffuse or generalized involvement who also had lesions on their feet&#41;&#44; cause of eczema&#44; and final diagnosis&#46; The possible diagnoses were as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACD&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Irritant contact dermatitis &#40;ICD&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atopic eczema &#40;including dyshidrosis&#41;&#46; Patients with dyshidrotic eczema were included in this section&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psoriasis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the location of lesions&#44; we established 2 study groups&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total study group&#44; other locations of eczema &#40;including any site on the body where the lesion appeared&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Group with suspected foot eczema&#44; which was in turn divided into&#58;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with suspected eczema on both the hands and the feet&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with suspected eczema on the feet only&#46; &#40;Patients who in addition to presenting with foot eczema had involvement at sites other than the hands were not included in this group&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The groups were compared by sex &#40;male&#47;female&#41; and age &#40;&#60;18 years&#47;&#8805;18 years&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Patch testing methods</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The allergens used in the standard GEIDAC series were supplied by Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB&#46; The patches were prepared with adhesive Finn-Chamber strips &#40;Epitest&#44; Oy&#41;&#44; attached with Scanpor adhesive tape &#40;Norgeplaster A&#47;S Kristiandsand&#41;&#44; and removed at 48&#8239;hours&#46; Readings were taken at 48 and 96&#8239;hours based on the evaluation criteria recommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group&#46; A late reading &#40;7 days&#41; was taken in doubtful cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using SPSS 20 &#40;IBM Corp&#41;&#46; Qualitative variables were analyzed using contingency tables and the &#967;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> test&#46; Statistical significance was set at &#8804; &#46;05&#46; Age as a continuous variable &#40;quantitative&#41; was compared with qualitative variables &#40;nominal&#41; using nonparametric tests&#44; namely&#44; the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test&#44; depending on the number of values for the qualitative variables&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between January 2004 and December 2016&#44; we performed patch testing with the standard GEIDAC series on 3265 patients&#44; of whom 308 &#40;9&#46;4&#37;&#41; had foot eczema&#46; Of these 308 patients&#44; 176 &#40;57&#46;9&#37;&#41; had foot eczema only&#44; whereas 132 &#40;42&#46;1&#37;&#41; had concomitant hand and foot eczema&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Demographic Data</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the distribution by sex and age of each of the subgroups&#46; Of note&#44; the sexes were well balanced&#44; especially in the group with concomitant hand and foot involvement&#44; and a higher number of patients who underwent patch testing in the foot eczema group were aged &#60;18 years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Patch Testing</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the percentage of positive results for each subgroup&#46; It is noteworthy that this is greater in the subgroup with foot eczema only&#44; especially in patients aged &#8805;18 years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#44; 90&#37; of the patch tests were negative in patients aged &#60;18&#8239;years&#46; No significant differences were found for the allergens or for the foot eczema group&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows positive results with present relevance for allergens from the standard series&#46; Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen with present relevance in all of the subgroups&#46; Of note&#44; the most common allergens in the case of foot eczema only were footwear components&#44; namely&#44; chromium&#44; rubber accelerators&#44; and glues&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows that psoriasis was the most common diagnosis in patients with concomitant foot and hand eczema&#44; whereas ACD was a more common diagnosis in patients with foot eczema&#46; The frequency of atopic dermatitis in patients aged &#60;18 years was noteworthy&#44; especially in the group with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected foot eczema is a frequent presenting complaint in our skin allergy unit and is observed in approximately 10&#37; of patients who undergo patch testing&#46; More than 40&#37; of these patients also had hand lesions&#46; This subgroup has unusual epidemiological characteristics&#44; and the results of patch testing and the final diagnosis differ from those of the group with foot eczema only&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In epidemiological terms&#44; the present series highlights a balance between the sexes&#46; Other studies report a greater number of females&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> Of note&#44; we performed patch testing in a high percentage of children and adolescents with foot eczema&#46; While eczema is common in children&#44; most are clinically diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and very few undergo patch testing despite current recommendations to perform patch testing in patients with treatment-refractory atopic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis with an &#8220;atypical&#8221; distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a> In the present series&#44; we believe that the large number of children&#44; especially in those with foot eczema only&#44; is due to the fact that the feet are not considered a &#8220;typical&#8221; location for atopic dermatitis&#44; with the result that the case is referred in order to rule out ACD&#46; Furthermore&#44; we agree with Isaksson et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> who recommend patch testing in all children with atopic dermatitis who present with chronic eczema on the hands&#44; feet&#44; or both&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found patch testing to be very useful in patients with foot eczema&#44; since the results were positive in a higher percentage than in the rest of the population studied&#44; especially in those patients with foot involvement only&#46; Present relevance was also more common in this population&#46; Our data are similar to those of Febriana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and Priya et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> who reported positive results in 66&#46;7&#37; and 88&#37; of patients&#44; respectively&#46; Therefore&#44; we recommend this approach in cases of chronic foot eczema&#46; As for patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#44; the results of patch testing were more often negative in patients aged &#60;18 years&#46; Negative results in patch testing should also be interpreted as being useful&#46; In the subgroup with concomitant hand and foot disease in particular&#44; we should consider the possibility that the patient has psoriasis or atopic dermatitis&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consistent with results from other studies&#44; we found the most common allergen to be potassium dichromate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> This allergen is usually associated with footwear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#59; since it is used to tan leather&#44; it is present in leather shoes&#46; The association between foot eczema and allergy to potassium dichromate was so strong that we believe any positive result with chromium in patch tests should lead us to ask whether the patient has foot eczema&#44; especially in summer&#46; Hansen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> concluded that patients with positive results for chromium &#40;III&#41; constitute a group with multiple allergies to footwear and that in patients with a positive result to chromium &#40;VI&#41;&#44; leather was the main suspected source of exposure&#46; The European Union has been a pioneer in setting limitations for hexavalent chromium content in leather goods&#46; The amount of chromium used in leather tanning in Europe is regulated by European standard EN 420 and the EU Ecolabel for footwear&#46; As far back as 1994&#44; the European Union included specifications on hexavalent chromium content in standard EN 420 on protective gloves&#44; limiting the substance to a maximum of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#46; The EU Ecolabel for footwear specifies that the concentration of chromium &#40;VI&#41; in the finished product must not exceed 10&#8239;ppm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; we think that vegetable tanning&#44; which scarcely uses chromium&#44; should be incentivized in the manufacture of footwear&#46; The majority of studies report that nickel sulfate is the most frequent allergen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;25</span></a> In Indonesia&#44; mercapto mix is the most prevalent allergen and is probably associated with the use of rubber slippers by some of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In a study on ACD of the feet performed in Turkey&#44; &#214;zkaya and Ekinci<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> found nitrofurazone to be the most frequent allergen&#46; Consequently&#44; the main cause of ACD of the foot can differ from one country to another&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common final diagnosis in our study was ACD&#44; and the most frequent cause was footwear&#46; The high prevalence of ACD of the foot and its association with footwear can be seen in other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;26</span></a> and the disease is thought to be more frequent in warm&#44; humid climates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Foot sweating&#44; together with friction and occlusion by the shoe&#44; makes it easier for people to become sensitized to the materials used in the manufacture of footwear&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; ACD was not the most frequent diagnosis in some subgroups in the present series&#46; Psoriasis is more frequent in adults with suspected hand and foot eczema&#46; This finding is rarely reported in the literature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> although this is not surprising&#44; since in clinical practice it is very difficult to distinguish between eczema and psoriasis&#44; and patients often present eczematized psoriasis or the eczema acts as a Koebner phenomenon and triggers psoriasis&#46; The refractoriness of palmoplantar psoriasis to currently available treatments leads the physician to refer the patient for examination in order to rule out overlapping ACD&#46; In children and adolescents&#44; however&#44; the most common final diagnosis was atopic dermatitis&#46; Of note&#44; the feet are a common site for atopic dermatitis in childhood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In cases of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis with eczema on the hands and&#47;or feet that do not respond to seemingly appropriate treatment&#44; we believe that patch testing should be proposed in order to rule out overlapping ACD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The suspicion of foot eczema is a common reason for visits to the skin allergy unit&#46; Patch testing is very useful&#46; Clinically relevant positive results are obtained in a larger percentage of patients than in the rest of the study population&#46; ACD is the most common final diagnosis in patients with foot eczema only&#46; Potassium dichromate is the most common allergen&#44; and the components of footwear are the main cause&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of patients who also present with hand lesions&#44; the disease is more likely to be psoriasis &#40;in adults&#41; or atopic dermatitis &#40;in children and adolescents&#41;&#46; Patch testing is also very useful for ruling out overlapping ACD in this subgroup&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foot eczema is a common complaint encountered by skin allergists&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study a series of patients with foot eczema who underwent patch testing and describe their demographic profile&#44; diagnoses&#44; and the main allergens involved&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional observational study of all patients tested with the standard Spanish patch test series at a dermatology department over a period of 13 years &#40;2004&#8211;2016&#41;&#46; We studied patch test results and definitive diagnoses by comparing different subgroups of patients with foot eczema&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 3265 patients included in the study&#44; 308 &#40;9&#46;4&#37;&#41; had foot eczema&#44; 176 &#40;57&#46;9&#37;&#41; had foot eczema only and 132 &#40;42&#46;1&#37;&#41; had concomitant foot and hand eczema&#46; Positive patch test results were more common in patients with foot eczema only &#40;positivity rate of 61&#46;5&#37; vs 53&#46;4&#37; for foot and hand eczema&#41;&#46; In the subgroup of patients with concomitant foot and hand involvement&#44; patients aged under 18 years had a lower rate of positive results &#40;51&#46;3&#37; vs 64&#46;6&#37; for patients &#62;18 years&#41;&#46; Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen with current relevance in all subgroups&#46; The main diagnosis in patients with foot involvement only was allergic contact dermatitis &#40;49&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; In the subgroup of patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#44; the main diagnoses were psoriasis in adults &#40;33&#46;6&#37;&#41; and atopic dermatitis in patients aged under 18 years &#40;60&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patch tests are a very useful diagnostic tool for patients with foot eczema with or without concomitant hand involvement&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La dermatitis de pies es un motivo frecuente de consulta en las Unidades de Alergia Cut&#225;nea&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas&#44; el diagn&#243;stico y los al&#233;rgenos m&#225;s frecuentemente implicados en los pacientes que han sido sometidos a las pruebas epicut&#225;neas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional transversal en un Servicio de Dermatolog&#237;a con todos los pacientes estudiados con la bater&#237;a est&#225;ndar espa&#241;ola durante 13&#8239;a&#241;os &#40;2004&#8211;2016&#41;&#46; Comparamos los resultados de las pruebas epicut&#225;neas y los diagn&#243;sticos finales entre los distintos subgrupos de pacientes con eczema de pies&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiamos un total de 3265 pacientes&#44; 308 &#40;9&#44;4&#37;&#41; presentaban eczema en los pies&#44; 176 &#40;57&#44;9&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an afectaci&#243;n solo en los pies y 132 &#40;42&#44;1&#37;&#41; afectaci&#243;n concomitante en manos y pies&#46; En el subgrupo con afectaci&#243;n exclusiva en los pies se observ&#243; un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con pruebas epicut&#225;neas positivas &#40;61&#44;5&#37; solo pies&#44; 53&#44;4&#37; manos y pies&#41;&#46; En el subgrupo de afectaci&#243;n concomitante de manos y pies se observ&#243; un menor porcentaje de pruebas epicut&#225;neas positivas entre los menores de 18 a&#241;os &#40;51&#44;3&#37; en menores y 64&#44;4&#37;mayores&#41;&#46; El al&#233;rgeno con relevancia presente m&#225;s frecuente en todos los subgrupos fue el dicromato pot&#225;sico&#46; La dermatitis de contacto al&#233;rgica &#40;49&#44;1&#37;&#41; fue el diagn&#243;stico m&#225;s frecuente en los pacientes con afectaci&#243;n exclusiva de los pies&#44; mientras en los pacientes con eczema en manos y pies fue&#44; la psoriasis &#40;33&#44;6&#37;&#41; en adultos&#44; y la dermatitis at&#243;pica en los menores de 18 a&#241;os &#40;60&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La realizaci&#243;n de pruebas epicut&#225;neas es de gran utilidad tanto en los pacientes con eczema de afectaci&#243;n exclusiva de los pies como en aquellos con afectaci&#243;n concomitante de manos y pies&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Please cite this article as&#58; S&#225;nchez-S&#225;ez JM&#44; L&#243;pez del Amo A&#44; Ba&#241;uls J&#44; Silvestre JF&#46; Eczema en los pies en una consulta de alergia cut&#225;nea&#58; estudio retrospectivo de 13 a&#241;os&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2019&#59;110&#58;666&#8211;672&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total Sample &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hands and Feet &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;132&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feet &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;176&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#44;1-4&#93;Age group&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;18 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">255 &#40;7&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;21&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;18 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;010 &#40;92&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">122 &#40;92&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;78&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#44;1-4&#93;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#44;1-4&#93;Sex&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Men&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1206 &#40;36&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;47&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Women&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2059 &#40;63&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;53&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101 &#40;57&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic Data of the Study Population&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total Sample &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hands and Feet &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;132&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patch tests&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1735 &#40;53&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;53&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">109 &#40;61&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Negative</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1530 &#40;46&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;46&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patch tests by age&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;51&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">154 &#40;61&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;60&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1178 &#40;57&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;34&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin 1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Balsam of Peru&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common allergens by sex&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common final diagnosis&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 1054 &#40;33&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 43 &#40;33&#46;6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 84 &#40;49&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 821 &#40;25&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 40 &#40;31&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 35 &#40;20&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 418 &#40;13&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 21 &#40;16&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 24 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 221 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 19 &#40;14&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 10 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 751 &#40;21&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 9 &#40;4&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 23 &#40;10&#46;6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common final diagnosis in patients aged &#60;18 y&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 92 &#40;36&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 6 &#40;60&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 18 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 70 &#40;29&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 2 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 13 &#40;34&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 41 &#40;16&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 7 &#40;18&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 6 &#40;2&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 1 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common final diagnosis in patients aged &#8805;18 y&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 984 &#40;33&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 42 &#40;35&#46;6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 66 &#40;49&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 780 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 39 &#40;33&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 28 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 326 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 17 &#40;14&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 11 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 212 &#40;7&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 15 &#40;12&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 10 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other &#40;21&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 9 &#40;4&#46;2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 25 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common diagnoses by sex&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Males</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 364 &#40;30&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 22 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 35 &#40;47&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 281 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 18 &#40;29&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 16 &#40;21&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 180 &#40;15&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 10 &#40;16&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 14 &#40;18&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 111 &#40;9&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 9 &#40;14&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 2 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Original Article
Foot Eczema in a Skin Allergy Unit: Retrospective Study of 13 Years
Eczema en los pies en una consulta de alergia cutánea: estudio retrospectivo de 13 años
J.M. Sánchez-Sáeza,
Corresponding author
jose.m.sanchez.saez@udc.es

Corresponding author.
, A. López del Amob, J. Bañulsa, J.F. Silvestrea
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
b Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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However&#44; classification is complex&#44; since there are many morphological variations and it is difficult to distinguish between contact eczema &#40;irritant or allergic&#41; and atopic eczema&#44; which can occur alone or in combination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Very often&#44; it is difficult to differentiate between eczema and psoriasis&#46; Therefore&#44; in chronic disease&#44; it is almost mandatory to perform patch tests to detect allergens that act as a cause or complication of foot eczema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The allergens most frequently involved in foot eczema are found in the material used for footwear and include potassium dichromate&#44; p-tert butylphenol-formaldehyde resin&#44; and mercaptobenzothiazole&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence and patch test results have been widely analyzed in epidemiological studies in patients with hand eczema&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> although almost no studies provide data on foot eczema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Therefore&#44; we performed a study to ascertain the demographic profile&#44; final diagnosis&#44; and allergens involved in patients with suspected foot eczema who come to our clinic for patch testing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Objectives</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objectives of the study were as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the demographic characteristics of patients with foot eczema assessed by means of patch testing and to establish which allergens are most commonly involved in foot eczema&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The secondary objectives were as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine whether there are differences between the final diagnosis and the results of patch testing between the sexes and age groups&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To compare epidemiological data&#44; final diagnosis&#44; and patch test results from patients referred for suspected eczema on the feet only with those from patients with suspected eczema on the hands and feet&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ours was an observational&#44; cross-sectional study performed between January 2004 and December 2016&#46; We included all patients who had undergone patch testing with the standard series of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group &#40;GEIDAC&#41; at the skin allergy clinic of the dermatology department of a tertiary hospital&#46; Patient information was obtained from the anonymized database used in clinical care&#46; We recorded patient data&#44; the allergen series applied&#44; the results&#44; and their relevance&#46; The clinical data recorded for each patient were age&#44; sex&#44; location of the lesions &#40;feet only&#44; both hands and feet&#44; and other sites&#44; including patients with diffuse or generalized involvement who also had lesions on their feet&#41;&#44; cause of eczema&#44; and final diagnosis&#46; The possible diagnoses were as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACD&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Irritant contact dermatitis &#40;ICD&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atopic eczema &#40;including dyshidrosis&#41;&#46; Patients with dyshidrotic eczema were included in this section&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psoriasis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the location of lesions&#44; we established 2 study groups&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total study group&#44; other locations of eczema &#40;including any site on the body where the lesion appeared&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Group with suspected foot eczema&#44; which was in turn divided into&#58;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with suspected eczema on both the hands and the feet&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with suspected eczema on the feet only&#46; &#40;Patients who in addition to presenting with foot eczema had involvement at sites other than the hands were not included in this group&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The groups were compared by sex &#40;male&#47;female&#41; and age &#40;&#60;18 years&#47;&#8805;18 years&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Patch testing methods</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The allergens used in the standard GEIDAC series were supplied by Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB&#46; The patches were prepared with adhesive Finn-Chamber strips &#40;Epitest&#44; Oy&#41;&#44; attached with Scanpor adhesive tape &#40;Norgeplaster A&#47;S Kristiandsand&#41;&#44; and removed at 48&#8239;hours&#46; Readings were taken at 48 and 96&#8239;hours based on the evaluation criteria recommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group&#46; A late reading &#40;7 days&#41; was taken in doubtful cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using SPSS 20 &#40;IBM Corp&#41;&#46; Qualitative variables were analyzed using contingency tables and the &#967;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> test&#46; Statistical significance was set at &#8804; &#46;05&#46; Age as a continuous variable &#40;quantitative&#41; was compared with qualitative variables &#40;nominal&#41; using nonparametric tests&#44; namely&#44; the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test&#44; depending on the number of values for the qualitative variables&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between January 2004 and December 2016&#44; we performed patch testing with the standard GEIDAC series on 3265 patients&#44; of whom 308 &#40;9&#46;4&#37;&#41; had foot eczema&#46; Of these 308 patients&#44; 176 &#40;57&#46;9&#37;&#41; had foot eczema only&#44; whereas 132 &#40;42&#46;1&#37;&#41; had concomitant hand and foot eczema&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Demographic Data</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the distribution by sex and age of each of the subgroups&#46; Of note&#44; the sexes were well balanced&#44; especially in the group with concomitant hand and foot involvement&#44; and a higher number of patients who underwent patch testing in the foot eczema group were aged &#60;18 years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Patch Testing</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the percentage of positive results for each subgroup&#46; It is noteworthy that this is greater in the subgroup with foot eczema only&#44; especially in patients aged &#8805;18 years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#44; 90&#37; of the patch tests were negative in patients aged &#60;18&#8239;years&#46; No significant differences were found for the allergens or for the foot eczema group&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows positive results with present relevance for allergens from the standard series&#46; Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen with present relevance in all of the subgroups&#46; Of note&#44; the most common allergens in the case of foot eczema only were footwear components&#44; namely&#44; chromium&#44; rubber accelerators&#44; and glues&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows that psoriasis was the most common diagnosis in patients with concomitant foot and hand eczema&#44; whereas ACD was a more common diagnosis in patients with foot eczema&#46; The frequency of atopic dermatitis in patients aged &#60;18 years was noteworthy&#44; especially in the group with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected foot eczema is a frequent presenting complaint in our skin allergy unit and is observed in approximately 10&#37; of patients who undergo patch testing&#46; More than 40&#37; of these patients also had hand lesions&#46; This subgroup has unusual epidemiological characteristics&#44; and the results of patch testing and the final diagnosis differ from those of the group with foot eczema only&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In epidemiological terms&#44; the present series highlights a balance between the sexes&#46; Other studies report a greater number of females&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> Of note&#44; we performed patch testing in a high percentage of children and adolescents with foot eczema&#46; While eczema is common in children&#44; most are clinically diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and very few undergo patch testing despite current recommendations to perform patch testing in patients with treatment-refractory atopic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis with an &#8220;atypical&#8221; distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a> In the present series&#44; we believe that the large number of children&#44; especially in those with foot eczema only&#44; is due to the fact that the feet are not considered a &#8220;typical&#8221; location for atopic dermatitis&#44; with the result that the case is referred in order to rule out ACD&#46; Furthermore&#44; we agree with Isaksson et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> who recommend patch testing in all children with atopic dermatitis who present with chronic eczema on the hands&#44; feet&#44; or both&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found patch testing to be very useful in patients with foot eczema&#44; since the results were positive in a higher percentage than in the rest of the population studied&#44; especially in those patients with foot involvement only&#46; Present relevance was also more common in this population&#46; Our data are similar to those of Febriana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and Priya et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> who reported positive results in 66&#46;7&#37; and 88&#37; of patients&#44; respectively&#46; Therefore&#44; we recommend this approach in cases of chronic foot eczema&#46; As for patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#44; the results of patch testing were more often negative in patients aged &#60;18 years&#46; Negative results in patch testing should also be interpreted as being useful&#46; In the subgroup with concomitant hand and foot disease in particular&#44; we should consider the possibility that the patient has psoriasis or atopic dermatitis&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consistent with results from other studies&#44; we found the most common allergen to be potassium dichromate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> This allergen is usually associated with footwear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#59; since it is used to tan leather&#44; it is present in leather shoes&#46; The association between foot eczema and allergy to potassium dichromate was so strong that we believe any positive result with chromium in patch tests should lead us to ask whether the patient has foot eczema&#44; especially in summer&#46; Hansen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> concluded that patients with positive results for chromium &#40;III&#41; constitute a group with multiple allergies to footwear and that in patients with a positive result to chromium &#40;VI&#41;&#44; leather was the main suspected source of exposure&#46; The European Union has been a pioneer in setting limitations for hexavalent chromium content in leather goods&#46; The amount of chromium used in leather tanning in Europe is regulated by European standard EN 420 and the EU Ecolabel for footwear&#46; As far back as 1994&#44; the European Union included specifications on hexavalent chromium content in standard EN 420 on protective gloves&#44; limiting the substance to a maximum of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#46; The EU Ecolabel for footwear specifies that the concentration of chromium &#40;VI&#41; in the finished product must not exceed 10&#8239;ppm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; we think that vegetable tanning&#44; which scarcely uses chromium&#44; should be incentivized in the manufacture of footwear&#46; The majority of studies report that nickel sulfate is the most frequent allergen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;25</span></a> In Indonesia&#44; mercapto mix is the most prevalent allergen and is probably associated with the use of rubber slippers by some of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In a study on ACD of the feet performed in Turkey&#44; &#214;zkaya and Ekinci<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> found nitrofurazone to be the most frequent allergen&#46; Consequently&#44; the main cause of ACD of the foot can differ from one country to another&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common final diagnosis in our study was ACD&#44; and the most frequent cause was footwear&#46; The high prevalence of ACD of the foot and its association with footwear can be seen in other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;26</span></a> and the disease is thought to be more frequent in warm&#44; humid climates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Foot sweating&#44; together with friction and occlusion by the shoe&#44; makes it easier for people to become sensitized to the materials used in the manufacture of footwear&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; ACD was not the most frequent diagnosis in some subgroups in the present series&#46; Psoriasis is more frequent in adults with suspected hand and foot eczema&#46; This finding is rarely reported in the literature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> although this is not surprising&#44; since in clinical practice it is very difficult to distinguish between eczema and psoriasis&#44; and patients often present eczematized psoriasis or the eczema acts as a Koebner phenomenon and triggers psoriasis&#46; The refractoriness of palmoplantar psoriasis to currently available treatments leads the physician to refer the patient for examination in order to rule out overlapping ACD&#46; In children and adolescents&#44; however&#44; the most common final diagnosis was atopic dermatitis&#46; Of note&#44; the feet are a common site for atopic dermatitis in childhood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In cases of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis with eczema on the hands and&#47;or feet that do not respond to seemingly appropriate treatment&#44; we believe that patch testing should be proposed in order to rule out overlapping ACD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The suspicion of foot eczema is a common reason for visits to the skin allergy unit&#46; Patch testing is very useful&#46; Clinically relevant positive results are obtained in a larger percentage of patients than in the rest of the study population&#46; ACD is the most common final diagnosis in patients with foot eczema only&#46; Potassium dichromate is the most common allergen&#44; and the components of footwear are the main cause&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of patients who also present with hand lesions&#44; the disease is more likely to be psoriasis &#40;in adults&#41; or atopic dermatitis &#40;in children and adolescents&#41;&#46; Patch testing is also very useful for ruling out overlapping ACD in this subgroup&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foot eczema is a common complaint encountered by skin allergists&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study a series of patients with foot eczema who underwent patch testing and describe their demographic profile&#44; diagnoses&#44; and the main allergens involved&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional observational study of all patients tested with the standard Spanish patch test series at a dermatology department over a period of 13 years &#40;2004&#8211;2016&#41;&#46; We studied patch test results and definitive diagnoses by comparing different subgroups of patients with foot eczema&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 3265 patients included in the study&#44; 308 &#40;9&#46;4&#37;&#41; had foot eczema&#44; 176 &#40;57&#46;9&#37;&#41; had foot eczema only and 132 &#40;42&#46;1&#37;&#41; had concomitant foot and hand eczema&#46; Positive patch test results were more common in patients with foot eczema only &#40;positivity rate of 61&#46;5&#37; vs 53&#46;4&#37; for foot and hand eczema&#41;&#46; In the subgroup of patients with concomitant foot and hand involvement&#44; patients aged under 18 years had a lower rate of positive results &#40;51&#46;3&#37; vs 64&#46;6&#37; for patients &#62;18 years&#41;&#46; Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen with current relevance in all subgroups&#46; The main diagnosis in patients with foot involvement only was allergic contact dermatitis &#40;49&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; In the subgroup of patients with concomitant hand and foot eczema&#44; the main diagnoses were psoriasis in adults &#40;33&#46;6&#37;&#41; and atopic dermatitis in patients aged under 18 years &#40;60&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patch tests are a very useful diagnostic tool for patients with foot eczema with or without concomitant hand involvement&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La dermatitis de pies es un motivo frecuente de consulta en las Unidades de Alergia Cut&#225;nea&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas&#44; el diagn&#243;stico y los al&#233;rgenos m&#225;s frecuentemente implicados en los pacientes que han sido sometidos a las pruebas epicut&#225;neas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional transversal en un Servicio de Dermatolog&#237;a con todos los pacientes estudiados con la bater&#237;a est&#225;ndar espa&#241;ola durante 13&#8239;a&#241;os &#40;2004&#8211;2016&#41;&#46; Comparamos los resultados de las pruebas epicut&#225;neas y los diagn&#243;sticos finales entre los distintos subgrupos de pacientes con eczema de pies&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiamos un total de 3265 pacientes&#44; 308 &#40;9&#44;4&#37;&#41; presentaban eczema en los pies&#44; 176 &#40;57&#44;9&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an afectaci&#243;n solo en los pies y 132 &#40;42&#44;1&#37;&#41; afectaci&#243;n concomitante en manos y pies&#46; En el subgrupo con afectaci&#243;n exclusiva en los pies se observ&#243; un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con pruebas epicut&#225;neas positivas &#40;61&#44;5&#37; solo pies&#44; 53&#44;4&#37; manos y pies&#41;&#46; En el subgrupo de afectaci&#243;n concomitante de manos y pies se observ&#243; un menor porcentaje de pruebas epicut&#225;neas positivas entre los menores de 18 a&#241;os &#40;51&#44;3&#37; en menores y 64&#44;4&#37;mayores&#41;&#46; El al&#233;rgeno con relevancia presente m&#225;s frecuente en todos los subgrupos fue el dicromato pot&#225;sico&#46; La dermatitis de contacto al&#233;rgica &#40;49&#44;1&#37;&#41; fue el diagn&#243;stico m&#225;s frecuente en los pacientes con afectaci&#243;n exclusiva de los pies&#44; mientras en los pacientes con eczema en manos y pies fue&#44; la psoriasis &#40;33&#44;6&#37;&#41; en adultos&#44; y la dermatitis at&#243;pica en los menores de 18 a&#241;os &#40;60&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La realizaci&#243;n de pruebas epicut&#225;neas es de gran utilidad tanto en los pacientes con eczema de afectaci&#243;n exclusiva de los pies como en aquellos con afectaci&#243;n concomitante de manos y pies&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Please cite this article as&#58; S&#225;nchez-S&#225;ez JM&#44; L&#243;pez del Amo A&#44; Ba&#241;uls J&#44; Silvestre JF&#46; Eczema en los pies en una consulta de alergia cut&#225;nea&#58; estudio retrospectivo de 13 a&#241;os&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2019&#59;110&#58;666&#8211;672&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total Sample &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hands and Feet &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;132&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feet &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;176&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#44;1-4&#93;Age group&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;18 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">255 &#40;7&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;21&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;18 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;010 &#40;92&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">122 &#40;92&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;78&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#44;1-4&#93;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#44;1-4&#93;Sex&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Men&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1206 &#40;36&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;47&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Women&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2059 &#40;63&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;53&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101 &#40;57&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic Data of the Study Population&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total Sample &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hands and Feet &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;132&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patch tests&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1735 &#40;53&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;53&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">109 &#40;61&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Negative</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1530 &#40;46&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;46&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patch tests by age&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;51&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">154 &#40;61&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;60&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1178 &#40;57&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;34&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin 1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Balsam of Peru&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common allergens by sex&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common final diagnosis&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 1054 &#40;33&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 43 &#40;33&#46;6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 84 &#40;49&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 821 &#40;25&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 40 &#40;31&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 35 &#40;20&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 418 &#40;13&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 21 &#40;16&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 24 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 221 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 19 &#40;14&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 10 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 751 &#40;21&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 9 &#40;4&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 23 &#40;10&#46;6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common final diagnosis in patients aged &#60;18 y&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 92 &#40;36&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 6 &#40;60&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 18 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 70 &#40;29&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 2 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 13 &#40;34&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 41 &#40;16&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 1 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 7 &#40;18&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 6 &#40;2&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 1 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common final diagnosis in patients aged &#8805;18 y&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 984 &#40;33&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 42 &#40;35&#46;6&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 66 &#40;49&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 780 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 39 &#40;33&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 28 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 326 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 17 &#40;14&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 11 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 212 &#40;7&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 15 &#40;12&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 10 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other &#40;21&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 9 &#40;4&#46;2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Other 25 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most common diagnoses by sex&#44; No&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Males</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 364 &#40;30&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 22 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 35 &#40;47&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 281 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ACD 18 &#40;29&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 16 &#40;21&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 180 &#40;15&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; AD 10 &#40;16&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 14 &#40;18&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 111 &#40;9&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; ICD 9 &#40;14&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; PS 2 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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ISSN: 15782190
Original language: English
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2022 April 50 49 99
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2022 February 66 40 106
2022 January 77 50 127
2021 December 60 47 107
2021 November 82 44 126
2021 October 66 55 121
2021 September 54 34 88
2021 August 51 37 88
2021 July 45 24 69
2021 June 44 24 68
2021 May 41 39 80
2021 April 58 70 128
2021 March 51 23 74
2021 February 40 33 73
2021 January 42 21 63
2020 December 34 19 53
2020 November 28 12 40
2020 October 35 21 56
2020 September 41 22 63
2020 August 32 17 49
2020 July 26 14 40
2020 June 19 23 42
2020 May 28 16 44
2020 April 21 12 33
2020 March 21 9 30
2020 February 5 2 7
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Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?