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both are associated with noteworthy side effects&#44; and so there is a need to find other safer therapeutic options&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The use of platelet rich plasma &#40;PRP&#41; for management of androgenetic alopecia has recently gained in popularity&#46; PRP is a source of growth factors derived from a platelet concentrate obtained by centrifugation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; the effectiveness of PRP in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia is still subject of debate&#44; given that several studies have concluded that there is no scientific evidence to support PRP efficacy in the treatment of this condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Therefore&#44; in the present study&#44; we investigated the actual efficacy of PRP injections as monotherapy in men diagnosed with AGA&#46; 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none of the patients had received any capillary treatment in the 3 months prior to the study&#46; Finally&#44; the baseline platelet count in patients had to be greater than 140&#44;000 platelets per microliter &#40;&#956;L&#41;&#46; After obtaining written informed consent&#44; in accordance with the Ethics Committee of the University of Tishreen&#44; Syria&#44; an analysis of whole blood counts&#44; liver enzymes&#44; erythrocyte sedimentation rate&#44; hepatitis B surface antigen&#44; and hepatitis C antibodies was undertaken&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each patient was examined to locate the area with lowest hair density&#46; An area 1&#8239;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> was marked and the hair in that area shaved&#46; A metric tape measure graduated in centimeters was used to mark the square centimeter and the longitudinal distance from the corresponding end of the eyebrow or nasal root was measured&#46; The image of the area was then amplified using a dermatoscope &#40;Heine mini 3000&#174; LED Dermatoscope&#44; Germany&#41; and a photograph was taken before each injection&#46; This photograph was transferred to the Microsoft program &#40;Paint&#59; version 6&#46;1&#41; and then amplified to permit manual counting by 3 observers&#46; To avoid counting a given follicle twice&#44; a red dot was placed on each hair immediately after counting&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">PRP preparation</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PRP was prepared under sterile conditions&#44; taking an 18&#8239;mL sample of peripheral blood&#46; The sample was then divided into 2 parts&#46; Each part &#40;9&#8239;mL of blood&#41; was transferred to a tube that contained 1&#8239;mL of sodium citrate 3&#46;8&#37; and then centrifuged at 800 revolutions per minute &#40;rpm&#41; for 15&#8239;min &#40;Scilogex DM0412&#44; New York&#44; United States&#41;&#46; Six milliliters of each supernatant layer&#44; which contained 2&#46;25 times the baseline platelet concentration&#44; were extracted using a 20 caliber needle and placed in 6 insulin syringes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intradermal injections of PRP in the affected areas of the scalp were performed with the patients in sitting position&#46; An area of 1&#8239;cm was left between each application&#46; Local anesthetic was not needed&#46; In total&#44; 3 sessions were performed with an interval of 1 month between each one&#46; Patients were assessed using dermatoscopy before each injection&#44; as well as 2 and 6 months after the first injection&#44; measuring capillary density manually&#44; that is&#44; hair follicle units were counted in the 1&#8239;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> marked previously&#46; Response to treatment was considered positive if hair density had increased by more than 10 hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> after 2 months&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-two men with diagnosis of AGA were selected between September 2017 and December 2018&#46; Two patients were excluded&#44; 1 because he was taking sodium diclofenac &#40;NSAID&#41; during the study period and the other because hepatitis C antibodies were detected in serum&#46; Finally&#44; a total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study&#46; Our study cohort comprised patients aged between 17 and 42 years &#40;mean 26&#46;7&#8239;&#177;&#8239;4&#46;7 years&#41;&#46; Stage 3 and 3 vertex&#44; according to the Norwood scale&#44; were the most frequent patterns &#40;8 patients each&#44; that is&#44; 26&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Twenty-eight patients &#40;93&#46;3&#37;&#41; had a family history of AGA&#46; Hair density increased by 19&#46;17&#37; at 2 months after applying PRP &#40;172&#46;46&#8239;&#177;&#8239;59&#46;04 hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> before treatment to 206&#46;06&#8239;&#177;&#8239;70&#46;77 hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> after 2 months&#41;&#46; This increase was significant and maintained 6 months after receiving treatment &#40;mean 205&#46;53&#8239;&#177;&#8239;68&#46;20 hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; Friedman test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; As side effects during each injection&#44; minimal bleeding was observed along with pain described as tolerable by the patients&#59; likewise&#44; after each session&#44; some patients reported headache which was also well tolerated and resolved rapidly&#44; even without the need to administer acetaminophen&#46; In our cohort&#44; an increase in hair density by 10&#37; to 20&#37; was the outcome observed with greatest frequency &#40;in 33&#37; of patients &#91;10&#47;30&#93;&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; in 6&#46;7&#37; of patients &#40;2&#47;30&#41;&#44; an increase of more than 50&#37; in hair density was observed&#46; However&#44; at 6 months after performing the PRP injection&#44; a decrease was demonstrated in hair density in 13&#46;3&#37; of patients &#40;4&#47;30&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; we observed a correlation between efficacy of the application of PRP and type of AGA &#40;Fisher exact test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;04&#41;&#46; The pattern with least response was stage 3 vortex &#40;only 37&#46;5&#37; of patients responded positively&#41;&#46; However&#44; the efficacy rate was 100&#37; for stages 1&#44; 3&#44; and 4&#59; 83&#46;33&#37; for stage 2&#59; and 75&#37; for stage 5&#46; There was no correlation between a favorable response and patient age &#40;Fisher exact test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239; &#46;5&#41; or duration of AGA &#40;Fisher exact test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239; &#46;7&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In some previous studies&#44; PRP has been found to be a useful alternative in the treatment of AGA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4&#44;6</span></a>&#59; however&#44; other studies have questioned its effectiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the present study&#44; we noted that PRP improved hair density by 19&#46;17&#37; in men with AGA at 2 months after application&#44; and this improvement was sustained at 4 months&#46; Our findings are consistent with those of Ho et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> in 2018&#44; who used PRP injections in combination with other capillary treatments&#44; whereas PRP was applied as monotherapy in this study&#46; In the study by Alves and Grimalt<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in 2016&#44; the mean increase in hair density at 6 months of treatment was 7&#46;6&#37;&#44; whereas we observed an increase of 19&#46;17&#37;&#46; This discrepancy could in part be attributed to the inclusion of patients of both sexes in the study by Alves and Grimalt&#44; whereas our study was limited only to male patients&#46; In 2016&#44; Puig et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> reported no significant improvement after the use of PRP in female patients diagnosed with AGA&#46; However&#44; these findings do not rule out a potential positive effect in male patients&#46; After application of PRP injections&#44; both patients and physicians look for an increase in hair density of more than 50&#37;&#46; This was achieved in only 6&#46;7&#37; of our patients&#59; whereas in most cases&#44; the increase in hair density was only between 10&#37; and 20&#37; &#40;33&#46;3&#37; of patients&#41;&#46; As a result&#44; we confirm that the efficacy of treatment with PRP will vary considerably among patients&#44; and this should be born in mind in clinical practice&#46; The variation of PRP efficacy will depend on differences in preparation and application&#46; However&#44; to date&#44; there is no standard protocol for the technique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Finally&#44; 13&#46;3&#37; of our cohort demonstrated a decrease in hair density after therapy with PRP&#46; These findings could be explained by progression of AGA&#44; which cannot be controlled through PRP injections alone&#46; Furthermore&#44; our results show that there is a correlation between efficacy of the PRP injections and AGA stage&#46; However&#44; a more extensive statistical analysis would be needed before confirming this correlation&#46; To the best of our knowledge&#44; there are no previous studies that report the correlation between response to treatment with PRP and patient age or duration of alopecia&#46; In the present study&#44; we observed that PRP use was effective regardless of patient age or duration of alopecia&#46; However&#44; we believe that there is a need to conduct a study in a larger cohort to confirm these findings&#46; The limitations of this study are the small sample size&#44; the short follow-up period&#44; and the lack of data on the diameter of the hair follicle due to lack of the necessary equipment in our clinics&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PRP injections have a favorable effect on hair density in male patients diagnosed with AGA&#44; with minimal short-term side effects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-08-27"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-11-04"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Androgenetic alopecia"
            1 => "Dermatoscope"
            2 => "Hair density"
            3 => "Platelet rich plasma"
          ]
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      "es" => array:1 [
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Alopecia androgen&#233;tica"
            1 => "Dermatoscopio"
            2 => "Densidad capilar"
            3 => "Plasma rico en plaquetas"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and Aims</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Platelet rich plasma &#40;PRP&#41; is a source of growth factors recently introduced to treat androgenetic alopecia &#40;AGA&#41; with conflicting results&#46; Our aims are to assess the efficacy of PRP in increasing hair density in males with AGA&#44; and to investigate a correlation between positive response and each of patient&#39;s age and type and duration of AGA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials &#38; Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This before and after study included 30 males with no history of hair treatments for at least 3 months prior to our study&#46; Each patient received 3 injections at one-month intervals&#46; Scalp hair density of each subject was measured manually by a dermatoscope before and following 2 and 6 months of the first intervention&#46; Data were compared to evaluate efficacy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hair density was increased by 19&#46;17&#37; following our intervention &#40;172&#46;46&#8239;&#177;&#8239;59&#46;04 hairs&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> before treatment to 205&#46;53&#8239;&#177;&#8239;68&#46;20 hairs&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> after 6 months&#41; with minimal short-term side effects&#46; Type III vertex was the least responsive pattern and no correlation was observed between positive response and either patient&#39;s age or duration of AGA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PRP injections for men with AGA has a positive effect on hair density&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Materials &#38; Methods"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">el plasma rico en plaquetas &#40;PRP&#41; es una fuente de factores de crecimiento utilizada recientemente en el tratamiento de la alopecia androgen&#233;tica &#40;AGA&#41;&#59; sin embargo&#44; la eficacia de este tratamiento sigue siendo controversial&#46; Los objetivos del presente estudio son evaluar la eficacia del PRP en el incremento de la densidad capilar en varones con AGA&#44; as&#237; como&#44; determinar si existe una correlaci&#243;n entre la respuesta favorable a dicho tratamiento&#44; con la edad del paciente&#44; con el tipo de AGA y con el tiempo de evoluci&#243;n de esta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se dise&#241;o un estudio de &#8220;antes&#47;despu&#233;s&#8221; y se incluyeron 30 varones&#46; Estos pacientes no hab&#237;an recibido ning&#250;n tratamiento para la AGA al menos en los 3 meses previos al estudio&#46; Cada paciente recibi&#243; 3 inyecciones en intervalos de un mes&#46; La densidad capilar de cada sujeto se midi&#243; manualmente mediante un dermatoscopio antes de la primera intervenci&#243;n y tambi&#233;n a los 2 y 6 meses&#46; Para determinar la eficacia del tratamiento se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis comparativo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La densidad capilar se increment&#243; en un 19&#46;17&#37; despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n &#40;172&#46;46&#8239;&#177;&#8239;59&#46;04 cabellos &#47; cm2 antes del tratamiento a 205&#46;53&#8239;&#177;&#8239;68&#46;20 cabellos &#47; cm2 despu&#233;s de los 6 meses&#41;&#59; los efectos secundarios fueron m&#237;nimos en el seguimiento a corto plazo&#46; El patr&#243;n de alopecia de tipo vertex III fue el patr&#243;n que present&#243; una menor respuesta&#46; No se objetiv&#243; ninguna correlaci&#243;n entre la respuesta favorable al tratamiento y la edad del paciente o la duraci&#243;n de la AGA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">las inyecciones de PRP en pacientes varones con AGA tendr&#225;n un efecto favorable sobre la densidad capilar&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Khaled Yaseer S&#44; Jamil Hassan F&#44; Badi Suleiman H&#46; Eficacia del tratamiento con inyecciones intrad&#233;rmicas de plasma rico en plaquetas para la alopecia androgen&#233;tica en varones&#58; estudio de &#171;antes-despu&#233;s&#187;&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2020&#59;111&#58;574&#8211;578&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermatoscopy image of a patient with androgenetic alopecia&#46; A&#44; Before the intervention &#40;198 hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;&#46; B&#44; After 2 months &#40;308 hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 - 20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 - 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;&#8239;50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Decrease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2383092.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hair density registered in 30 male patients at 6 months after receiving the 3 sessions of prp for treatment of androgenetic alopecia&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0020"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient Number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Family History&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Duration of Alopecia&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage of Alopecia &#40;Norwood Scale&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#91;0&#44;6&#8211;8&#93;Hair Density &#40;hairs&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Before the First Session&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">After 2 Months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">After 6 Months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 vertex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">175&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">177&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 vertex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">177&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">160&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 vertex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">202&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">210&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">169&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">210&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">232&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">255&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 vertex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">202&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics and hair density values in 30 male patients with androgenetic alopecia treated with 3 sessions of platelet rich plasma 1 month apart&#46;</p>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 111. Issue 7.
Pages 574-578 (September 2020)
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6614
Vol. 111. Issue 7.
Pages 574-578 (September 2020)
Original Article
Open Access
Efficacy of platelet rich plasma intradermal injections for androgenetic alopecia treatment in males: A Before and after study
Eficacia del tratamiento con inyecciones intradérmicas de plasma rico en plaquetas para la alopecia androgenética en varones: estudio de «antes-después»
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S. Khaled Yaseer
Corresponding author
dr.samaryaseer@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, F. Jamil Hassan, H. Badi Suleiman
Servicio de Dermatología y Venereología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Tishreen, Latakia, Siria
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Tables (2)
Table 1. Hair density registered in 30 male patients at 6 months after receiving the 3 sessions of prp for treatment of androgenetic alopecia.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics and hair density values in 30 male patients with androgenetic alopecia treated with 3 sessions of platelet rich plasma 1 month apart.
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Abstract
Background and Aims

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a source of growth factors recently introduced to treat androgenetic alopecia (AGA) with conflicting results. Our aims are to assess the efficacy of PRP in increasing hair density in males with AGA, and to investigate a correlation between positive response and each of patient's age and type and duration of AGA.

Materials & Methods

This before and after study included 30 males with no history of hair treatments for at least 3 months prior to our study. Each patient received 3 injections at one-month intervals. Scalp hair density of each subject was measured manually by a dermatoscope before and following 2 and 6 months of the first intervention. Data were compared to evaluate efficacy.

Results

Hair density was increased by 19.17% following our intervention (172.46 ± 59.04 hairs/cm2 before treatment to 205.53 ± 68.20 hairs/cm2 after 6 months) with minimal short-term side effects. Type III vertex was the least responsive pattern and no correlation was observed between positive response and either patient's age or duration of AGA.

Conclusion

PRP injections for men with AGA has a positive effect on hair density.

Keywords:
Androgenetic alopecia
Dermatoscope
Hair density
Platelet rich plasma
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivos

el plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) es una fuente de factores de crecimiento utilizada recientemente en el tratamiento de la alopecia androgenética (AGA); sin embargo, la eficacia de este tratamiento sigue siendo controversial. Los objetivos del presente estudio son evaluar la eficacia del PRP en el incremento de la densidad capilar en varones con AGA, así como, determinar si existe una correlación entre la respuesta favorable a dicho tratamiento, con la edad del paciente, con el tipo de AGA y con el tiempo de evolución de esta.

Materiales y métodos

Se diseño un estudio de “antes/después” y se incluyeron 30 varones. Estos pacientes no habían recibido ningún tratamiento para la AGA al menos en los 3 meses previos al estudio. Cada paciente recibió 3 inyecciones en intervalos de un mes. La densidad capilar de cada sujeto se midió manualmente mediante un dermatoscopio antes de la primera intervención y también a los 2 y 6 meses. Para determinar la eficacia del tratamiento se realizó un análisis comparativo.

Resultados

La densidad capilar se incrementó en un 19.17% después de la intervención (172.46 ± 59.04 cabellos / cm2 antes del tratamiento a 205.53 ± 68.20 cabellos / cm2 después de los 6 meses); los efectos secundarios fueron mínimos en el seguimiento a corto plazo. El patrón de alopecia de tipo vertex III fue el patrón que presentó una menor respuesta. No se objetivó ninguna correlación entre la respuesta favorable al tratamiento y la edad del paciente o la duración de la AGA.

Conclusión

las inyecciones de PRP en pacientes varones con AGA tendrán un efecto favorable sobre la densidad capilar.

Palabras clave:
Alopecia androgenética
Dermatoscopio
Densidad capilar
Plasma rico en plaquetas
Full Text
Introduction

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by progressive miniaturization of hair follicles in the scalp. In men, it is due mainly to androgens and genetic predisposition. Progressive hair loss leading to bald patches on the scalp occurs in 50% to 60% of men at the age of 70 years.1 AGA can lead to anxiety and depression, as baldness is associated with decreased physical attractiveness in some societies.1–2 Oral finasteride and topical minoxidil are the currently approved therapeutic options. However, both are associated with noteworthy side effects, and so there is a need to find other safer therapeutic options.3 The use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) for management of androgenetic alopecia has recently gained in popularity. PRP is a source of growth factors derived from a platelet concentrate obtained by centrifugation.4 However, the effectiveness of PRP in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia is still subject of debate, given that several studies have concluded that there is no scientific evidence to support PRP efficacy in the treatment of this condition.5 Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the actual efficacy of PRP injections as monotherapy in men diagnosed with AGA. Likewise, we sought to determine whether there is a correlation between favorable response to this treatment and patient age and type and duration of AGA.

Material and methods

To answer the research question, a before and after study was designed. Thirty patients under 45 years of age were screened with diagnosis of AGA and no known history of malignant neoplasms, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or susceptibility to keloid scarring. Furthermore, none of the patients were receiving longstanding nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or had active skin lesions in the areas affected by AGA. Our cohort of patients included all stages of alopecia according to the Norwood scale, except stage 6, 7, and 5a. Likewise, none of the patients had received any capillary treatment in the 3 months prior to the study. Finally, the baseline platelet count in patients had to be greater than 140,000 platelets per microliter (μL). After obtaining written informed consent, in accordance with the Ethics Committee of the University of Tishreen, Syria, an analysis of whole blood counts, liver enzymes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis C antibodies was undertaken.

Each patient was examined to locate the area with lowest hair density. An area 1 cm2 was marked and the hair in that area shaved. A metric tape measure graduated in centimeters was used to mark the square centimeter and the longitudinal distance from the corresponding end of the eyebrow or nasal root was measured. The image of the area was then amplified using a dermatoscope (Heine mini 3000® LED Dermatoscope, Germany) and a photograph was taken before each injection. This photograph was transferred to the Microsoft program (Paint; version 6.1) and then amplified to permit manual counting by 3 observers. To avoid counting a given follicle twice, a red dot was placed on each hair immediately after counting.

PRP preparation

PRP was prepared under sterile conditions, taking an 18 mL sample of peripheral blood. The sample was then divided into 2 parts. Each part (9 mL of blood) was transferred to a tube that contained 1 mL of sodium citrate 3.8% and then centrifuged at 800 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 15 min (Scilogex DM0412, New York, United States). Six milliliters of each supernatant layer, which contained 2.25 times the baseline platelet concentration, were extracted using a 20 caliber needle and placed in 6 insulin syringes.

Intradermal injections of PRP in the affected areas of the scalp were performed with the patients in sitting position. An area of 1 cm was left between each application. Local anesthetic was not needed. In total, 3 sessions were performed with an interval of 1 month between each one. Patients were assessed using dermatoscopy before each injection, as well as 2 and 6 months after the first injection, measuring capillary density manually, that is, hair follicle units were counted in the 1 cm2 marked previously. Response to treatment was considered positive if hair density had increased by more than 10 hairs/cm2 after 2 months.

Results

Thirty-two men with diagnosis of AGA were selected between September 2017 and December 2018. Two patients were excluded, 1 because he was taking sodium diclofenac (NSAID) during the study period and the other because hepatitis C antibodies were detected in serum. Finally, a total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. Our study cohort comprised patients aged between 17 and 42 years (mean 26.7 ± 4.7 years). Stage 3 and 3 vertex, according to the Norwood scale, were the most frequent patterns (8 patients each, that is, 26.7%). Twenty-eight patients (93.3%) had a family history of AGA. Hair density increased by 19.17% at 2 months after applying PRP (172.46 ± 59.04 hairs/cm2 before treatment to 206.06 ± 70.77 hairs/cm2 after 2 months). This increase was significant and maintained 6 months after receiving treatment (mean 205.53 ± 68.20 hairs/cm2, Friedman test, P < .0001) (Figs. 1 and 2). As side effects during each injection, minimal bleeding was observed along with pain described as tolerable by the patients; likewise, after each session, some patients reported headache which was also well tolerated and resolved rapidly, even without the need to administer acetaminophen. In our cohort, an increase in hair density by 10% to 20% was the outcome observed with greatest frequency (in 33% of patients [10/30]). In addition, in 6.7% of patients (2/30), an increase of more than 50% in hair density was observed. However, at 6 months after performing the PRP injection, a decrease was demonstrated in hair density in 13.3% of patients (4/30) (Table 1). In addition, we observed a correlation between efficacy of the application of PRP and type of AGA (Fisher exact test, P = .04). The pattern with least response was stage 3 vortex (only 37.5% of patients responded positively). However, the efficacy rate was 100% for stages 1, 3, and 4; 83.33% for stage 2; and 75% for stage 5. There was no correlation between a favorable response and patient age (Fisher exact test, P =  .5) or duration of AGA (Fisher exact test, P =  .7) (Table 2).

Fig. 1.

Dermatoscopy image of a patient with androgenetic alopecia. A, Before the intervention (198 hairs/cm2). B, After 2 months (308 hairs/cm2).

(0.34MB).
Fig. 2.

Clinical image of a patient with androgenetic alopecia. A, Before treatment. B, At 6 months after the first platelet rich plasma injection.

(0.38MB).
Table 1.

Hair density registered in 30 male patients at 6 months after receiving the 3 sessions of prp for treatment of androgenetic alopecia.

Percentage Increase  Number of Patients  Percentage 
< 10%  16.7% 
10 - 20%  10  33.3% 
20 - 50%  30% 
> 50%  6.7% 
Decrease  13.3% 
Table 2.

Baseline characteristics and hair density values in 30 male patients with androgenetic alopecia treated with 3 sessions of platelet rich plasma 1 month apart.

Patient Number  Age, y  Family History  Duration of Alopecia, y  Stage of Alopecia (Norwood Scale)  [0,6–8]Hair Density (hairs/cm2)
          Before the First Session  After 2 Months  After 6 Months 
30  Yes  3 vertex  175  229  177 
29  Yes  3 vertex  177  155  243 
17  Yes  0.25  136  160  193 
28  Yes  3 vertex  202  210  225 
29  Yes  16  92  86  85 
23  Yes  200  270  270 
24  Yes  66  122  163 
33  No  50  100  110 
21  Yes  228  271  282 
10  42  Yes  20  288  316  340 
11  42  Yes  3 vertex  207  246  235 
12  23  Yes  166  213  220 
13  21  Yes  1.5  242  343  337 
14  25  No  169  228  247 
15  34  Yes  14  210  232  243 
16  35  Yes  198  308  200 
17  23  Yes  138  202  207 
18  24  Yes  118  152  132 
19  25  Yes  3 vertex  190  272  181 
20  24  Yes  1.5  3 vertex  70  72  80 
21  34  Yes  10  145  160  151 
22  27  Yes  255  265  273 
23  29  Yes  6.5  236  256  255 
24  21  Yes  3 vertex  170  153  202 
25  26  Yes  245  280  290 
26  25  Yes  115  162  130 
27  21  Yes  225  245  248 
28  35  Yes  3 vertex  140  121  124 
29  25  Yes  188  197  152 
30  21  Yes  133  156  171 
Discussion

In some previous studies, PRP has been found to be a useful alternative in the treatment of AGA2–4,6; however, other studies have questioned its effectiveness.5 In the present study, we noted that PRP improved hair density by 19.17% in men with AGA at 2 months after application, and this improvement was sustained at 4 months. Our findings are consistent with those of Ho et al.7 in 2018, who used PRP injections in combination with other capillary treatments, whereas PRP was applied as monotherapy in this study. In the study by Alves and Grimalt6 in 2016, the mean increase in hair density at 6 months of treatment was 7.6%, whereas we observed an increase of 19.17%. This discrepancy could in part be attributed to the inclusion of patients of both sexes in the study by Alves and Grimalt, whereas our study was limited only to male patients. In 2016, Puig et al.8 reported no significant improvement after the use of PRP in female patients diagnosed with AGA. However, these findings do not rule out a potential positive effect in male patients. After application of PRP injections, both patients and physicians look for an increase in hair density of more than 50%. This was achieved in only 6.7% of our patients; whereas in most cases, the increase in hair density was only between 10% and 20% (33.3% of patients). As a result, we confirm that the efficacy of treatment with PRP will vary considerably among patients, and this should be born in mind in clinical practice. The variation of PRP efficacy will depend on differences in preparation and application. However, to date, there is no standard protocol for the technique.3 Finally, 13.3% of our cohort demonstrated a decrease in hair density after therapy with PRP. These findings could be explained by progression of AGA, which cannot be controlled through PRP injections alone. Furthermore, our results show that there is a correlation between efficacy of the PRP injections and AGA stage. However, a more extensive statistical analysis would be needed before confirming this correlation. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies that report the correlation between response to treatment with PRP and patient age or duration of alopecia. In the present study, we observed that PRP use was effective regardless of patient age or duration of alopecia. However, we believe that there is a need to conduct a study in a larger cohort to confirm these findings. The limitations of this study are the small sample size, the short follow-up period, and the lack of data on the diameter of the hair follicle due to lack of the necessary equipment in our clinics.

Conclusion

PRP injections have a favorable effect on hair density in male patients diagnosed with AGA, with minimal short-term side effects.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Iman Shryki for language support and Dr. Haitham Yazji (Head of Analysis Department in the Tishreen University Hospital) for providing the necessary material for PRP preparation.

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[3]
A.K. Gupta, J.L. Carviel.
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Platelet-rich plasma for androgenic alopecia treatment: A comprehensive review.
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Dermatologic Therapy, 32 (2019), pp. e12837
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[8]
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Double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study on the use of platelet-rich plasma in women with female androgenetic alopecia.
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Please cite this article as: Khaled Yaseer S, Jamil Hassan F, Badi Suleiman H. Eficacia del tratamiento con inyecciones intradérmicas de plasma rico en plaquetas para la alopecia androgenética en varones: estudio de «antes-después». Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111:574–578.

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