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Patients were aged between 14 and 41 years &#40;mean &#91;SD&#93;&#44; 25&#46;5 &#91;9&#46;8&#93; years&#41;&#46; The lesions were asymptomatic and there were no signs of eczema&#46; A common finding in the history of all patients was the preparation of mojitos&#44; with an interval of 7 to 14 days in the majority of cases between exposure and onset of the lesions&#46; A curious finding was that none of the patients associated the onset of their lesions with the preparation of the mixture&#44; and they were all surprised on being asked if they had prepared this drink in previous days&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We propose the term &#8220;dorsal acropigmentation secondary to mojito preparation&#8221; to define a variant of occupational phytophotodermatitis or phototoxicity on the dorsum of the hands &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; of waiters who prepare cocktails with lime&#44; such as mojitos&#46; This cocktail&#44; ever more popular in Spain&#44; is prepared with rum&#44; sparkling water&#44; mint&#44; sugar&#44; and lime&#46; As this is not an immune reaction&#44; no previous sensitization is required and anyone can be affected&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lime-juice&#8211;induced phytophotodermatitis is well-known&#46; This fruit&#44; which belongs to the Rutaceae family&#44; contains photosensitizing compounds&#44; the main ones being bergapten and psoralen&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> with highest content in the skin of the fruit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The mechanism of phototoxicity observed with these furocoumarins has been described in detail&#46; Typically&#44; lime induces a phytophotodermatitis that presents acutely with erythema and the formation of vesicles at 12-36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after exposure of the psoralen to UV radiation and is occasionally painful&#46; The acute phase usually produces hyperpigmentation&#44; depending on the case&#44; but scarring is very rare&#46; Onset of the dermatitis varies between hours and days after contact with the lime contained in the mojito and exposure to the sun&#46; The cause of pigmentation may be melanocyte stimulation or a mechanism secondary to melanocyte damage that induces pigment incontinence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Symptomatic treatment is sufficient in most cases&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some cases of lime-induced phytophotodermatitis have been associated with the custom of using lime when drinking certain types of Mexican beers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The fruit is used in cooking&#44; though recently it has become very popular as an ingredient in certain cocktails&#44; such as the mojito&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In our patients&#44; lime was the etiological agent of this phytophotodermatitis in amateur or professional bar staff who were exposed to sunlight after preparing mojitos&#44; a Cuban drink invented during the era of Prohibition in the United States&#44; when those who wanted to drink alcohol legally had to travel out of the country&#59; Cuba became one of the favorite destinations&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis and the medical history of these types of lesion should rule out contact with figs&#44; lemons&#44; geraniums&#44; and St&#46; John&#39;s wort&#44; as other causes of phytophotodermatitis&#44; and it is important to determine whether the person is involved in the preparation of mojitos&#44; in an amateur or a professional setting&#46; It must not be forgotten that&#44; because of the polymorphism of this type of phototoxicity&#44; there are numerous differential diagnoses&#44; including Berloque dermatitis due to oil of bergamot contained in perfumes&#44; frictional dermatitis&#44; and even sexual abuse&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic&#44; homogeneous hyperpigmentation that developed on the dorsum of the thumbs of both hands of a patient several days after preparing mojitos at a beach party&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Irregular hyperpigmentation that developed on the dorsum of both hands of a patient 3 days after serving mojitos at a wedding and followed by intense sunlight exposure in adjacent gardens&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Past History&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Professional Preparation of Mojitos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time Interval Between Exposure and the Onset of the Manifestations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dust mite allergy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Peach allergy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dust mite allergy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We would like to thank Drs&#46; Russo&#44; Aza&#241;a&#44; Mart&#237;n Gorgojo&#44; Taberner&#44; Nieto&#44; and Jim&#233;nez Gallo&#44; and all the other members of the DERMACHAT Group for their help in the preparation of this article&#46;</p>"
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Información de la revista
Vol. 107. Núm. 3.
Páginas 253-255 (abril 2016)
Vol. 107. Núm. 3.
Páginas 253-255 (abril 2016)
Case and Research Letters
Acceso a texto completo
Acropigmentation of the Dorsum of the Hands From Preparing Mojitos: A Lime-Induced Phytophotodermatosis
Acropigmentación dorsal por elaboración de mojitos: una fitofotodermatosis por lima
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J.I. Galvañ-Pérez del Pulgara,
Autor para correspondencia
galvanderma@telefonica.net

Corresponding author.
, M. Linares-Barriosa, J.I. Galvañ-Pozo Jr.b
a DERMACHAT (Grupo Español de Consenso on-line en Dermatología), Spain
b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Szeged, Szeged, Csongrád, Hungría
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Tablas (1)
Table 1. Epidemiological Characteristics of the Patients With Dorsal Acropigmentation Secondary to Mojito Preparation.
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To the Editor:

Phytophotodermatitis was described in 1942 by Klaber1 as a skin reaction to exposure to sunlight after previous contact with plants. It is caused by a phototoxic reaction to furocoumarins and anthraquinone derivatives. The plant species that most commonly induces this type of reaction is celery (family Umbelliferae), followed by lime and lemon (family, Rutaceae).

We present a series of 9 patients with similar clinical manifestations consisting of irregular homogeneous pigmentation on the dorsum of the hands (Figs. 1 and 2). The epidemiological characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. Patients were aged between 14 and 41 years (mean [SD], 25.5 [9.8] years). The lesions were asymptomatic and there were no signs of eczema. A common finding in the history of all patients was the preparation of mojitos, with an interval of 7 to 14 days in the majority of cases between exposure and onset of the lesions. A curious finding was that none of the patients associated the onset of their lesions with the preparation of the mixture, and they were all surprised on being asked if they had prepared this drink in previous days.

Figure 1.

Asymptomatic, homogeneous hyperpigmentation that developed on the dorsum of the thumbs of both hands of a patient several days after preparing mojitos at a beach party.

(0.19MB).
Figure 2.

Irregular hyperpigmentation that developed on the dorsum of both hands of a patient 3 days after serving mojitos at a wedding and followed by intense sunlight exposure in adjacent gardens.

(0.23MB).
Table 1.

Epidemiological Characteristics of the Patients With Dorsal Acropigmentation Secondary to Mojito Preparation.

Patient No.  Sex  Age  Past History  Professional Preparation of Mojitos  Time Interval Between Exposure and the Onset of the Manifestations 
Female  23  No  No  7 d 
Female  25  Dust mite allergy  No  7 d 
Female  31  Peach allergy  No  7 d 
Female  19  Dust mite allergy  No  21 d 
Male  41  No  No  10 d 
Male  40  No  No  10 d 
Female  21  No  No  7 d 
Female  14  No  No  14 d 
Female  16  No  No  14 d 

We propose the term “dorsal acropigmentation secondary to mojito preparation” to define a variant of occupational phytophotodermatitis or phototoxicity on the dorsum of the hands (Fig. 1) of waiters who prepare cocktails with lime, such as mojitos. This cocktail, ever more popular in Spain, is prepared with rum, sparkling water, mint, sugar, and lime. As this is not an immune reaction, no previous sensitization is required and anyone can be affected.

Lime-juice–induced phytophotodermatitis is well-known. This fruit, which belongs to the Rutaceae family, contains photosensitizing compounds, the main ones being bergapten and psoralen,2 with highest content in the skin of the fruit.3 The mechanism of phototoxicity observed with these furocoumarins has been described in detail. Typically, lime induces a phytophotodermatitis that presents acutely with erythema and the formation of vesicles at 12-36hours after exposure of the psoralen to UV radiation and is occasionally painful. The acute phase usually produces hyperpigmentation, depending on the case, but scarring is very rare. Onset of the dermatitis varies between hours and days after contact with the lime contained in the mojito and exposure to the sun. The cause of pigmentation may be melanocyte stimulation or a mechanism secondary to melanocyte damage that induces pigment incontinence.3 Symptomatic treatment is sufficient in most cases.

Some cases of lime-induced phytophotodermatitis have been associated with the custom of using lime when drinking certain types of Mexican beers.4 The fruit is used in cooking, though recently it has become very popular as an ingredient in certain cocktails, such as the mojito.5 In our patients, lime was the etiological agent of this phytophotodermatitis in amateur or professional bar staff who were exposed to sunlight after preparing mojitos, a Cuban drink invented during the era of Prohibition in the United States, when those who wanted to drink alcohol legally had to travel out of the country; Cuba became one of the favorite destinations.

The differential diagnosis and the medical history of these types of lesion should rule out contact with figs, lemons, geraniums, and St. John's wort, as other causes of phytophotodermatitis, and it is important to determine whether the person is involved in the preparation of mojitos, in an amateur or a professional setting. It must not be forgotten that, because of the polymorphism of this type of phototoxicity, there are numerous differential diagnoses, including Berloque dermatitis due to oil of bergamot contained in perfumes, frictional dermatitis, and even sexual abuse.6,7

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Drs. Russo, Azaña, Martín Gorgojo, Taberner, Nieto, and Jiménez Gallo, and all the other members of the DERMACHAT Group for their help in the preparation of this article.

References
[1]
R.E. Klaber.
Phytophotodermatitis.
Br J Dermatol, 54 (1942), pp. 193-211
[2]
H.N. Nigg, H.E. Nordby, R.C. Beier, A. Dillman, C. Macías, R.C. Hansen.
Phototoxic coumarins in limes.
Food Chem Toxicol., 31 (1993), pp. 331-335
[3]
A.M. Wagner, J.J. Wu, R.C. Hansen, H.N. Nigg, R.C. Beiere.
Bullous phytophotodermatitis associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in limes.
Am J Contact Dermat, 13 (2002), pp. 10-14
[4]
S.L. Flugman.
Mexican beer dermatitis: A unique variant of lime phytophotodermatitis attributable to contemporary beer-drinking practices.
Arch Dermatol, 146 (2010), pp. 1194-1195
[5]
J.L. Schmutz, P. Trechot.
Lime, beer and phytophotodermatitis.
Ann Dermatol Venereol, 139 (2012), pp. 81
[6]
K. Coffman, W.T. Boyce, R.C. Hansen.
Phytophotodermatitis simulating child abuse.
Am J Dis Child, 139 (1985), pp. 239-240
[7]
L.M. Roth, E.H. Levin, D.J. Schwartz Ah Roth.
Phytophotodermatitis due to puncture from lime tree thorn.
South Med J, 100 (2007), pp. 544-545

Please cite this article as: Galvañ-Pérez del Pulgar JI, Linares-Barrios M, Galvañ-Pozo JI. Acropigmentación dorsal por elaboración de mojitos: una fitofotodermatosis por lima. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016;107:253–255.

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