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and along the dorsal midline a pinkish&#44; lobulated plaque with a shiny surface and rubbery consistency &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No lymphadenopathies were detected on palpation of the craniocervical region&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Additional tests</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following tests were performed&#58; punch biopsy&#59; culture in Sabouraud&#39;s medium&#44; which was positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&#59; and routine blood tests&#44; which were normal&#44; including negative HIV serology&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Histology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On histology&#44; the mucosa exhibited marked acanthosis and papillomatosis&#44; as well as an increase in the mitotic activity of the basal layer&#44; with no alterations in cell polarity or maturation&#46; A moderate lymphohistiocytic interstitial infiltrate and vascular ectasia were observed in the chorion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Periodic acid Schiff &#40;PAS&#41; and PAS diastase staining revealed no fungal structures&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What Is Your Diagnosis&#63;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypertrophic median rhomboid glossitis &#40;MRG&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Course</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quitting smoking was recommended&#44; and this resulted in a significant improvement and a decrease in the size of the lesion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was subsequently treated with fluconazole &#40;50&#160;mg&#47;12&#160;h by mouth&#41; for 14 days&#44; which led to some additional improvement&#46; Despite continued systemic antifungal treatment and replacement of the patient&#39;s dental prosthesis&#44; subsequent cultures were only transiently negative&#46; The patient was thus referred to the otolaryngology service for carbon-dioxide laser treatment of the residual lesion&#44; which resulted in complete resolution of the plaque with no recurrences after more than a year of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRG is uncommon and probably underdiagnosed&#44; 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or &#8220;kissing lesion&#8221;&#44; is observed on the hard palate&#59; according to Brown and colleagues&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> this may be a marker of associated immunosuppression&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is clinical&#44; supported by a positive culture&#46; The most commonly isolated species is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&#44; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>&#44; although up to 10&#37; of samples can contain 2 or more <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In some cases a biopsy may be required to rule out neoplasia&#46; PAS staining can be negative in up to 13&#37; of cases&#44; as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> does not invade the epithelium and is lost during sample processing&#46; The principal differential diagnosis is with squamous cell carcinoma and Abrikossoff tumor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Barret and coworkers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> observed a statistically significant association between moderate-severe epithelial dysplasia and the presence of fungi on staining with PAS&#59; they therefore recommend screening with this staining method in this type of lesion&#46; However&#44; those authors were unable to state whether <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> exerts a pathogenic effect in these cases or merely colonizes previously altered tissue&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is usually topical&#44; associated with the correction of predisposing factors&#59; 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Journal Information
Vol. 104. Issue 5.
Pages 435-436 (June 2013)
Visits
12096
Vol. 104. Issue 5.
Pages 435-436 (June 2013)
Case for diagnosis
Full text access
Linear Exophytic Tumor on the Dorsum of the Tongue
Tumoración exofítica y lineal en el dorso de la lengua
Visits
12096
C. Meseguer-Yebraa,
Corresponding author
camesye@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, S. Córdoba-Guijarrob, J. Borbujob
a Sección de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, Zamora, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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Medical History

The patient was a 68-year-old man who presented with a 10-year history of a growth on the dorsum of the tongue. The lesion was asymptomatic, had not been previously treated, and had grown slowly and progressively. The patient had no relevant past medical history, smoked 20 cigarettes a day, used a dental prosthesis that he removed at night, and was undergoing treatment with nystatin mouthwashes (after meals) and omeprazole (20mg/d).

Physical Examination

Examination revealed a coated tongue, and along the dorsal midline a pinkish, lobulated plaque with a shiny surface and rubbery consistency (Fig. 1). No lymphadenopathies were detected on palpation of the craniocervical region.

Figure 1.

Lobulated, elastic, pink-colored lesion on the midline of the dorsum of the tongue.

(0.25MB).
Additional tests

The following tests were performed: punch biopsy; culture in Sabouraud's medium, which was positive for Candida albicans; and routine blood tests, which were normal, including negative HIV serology.

Histology

On histology, the mucosa exhibited marked acanthosis and papillomatosis, as well as an increase in the mitotic activity of the basal layer, with no alterations in cell polarity or maturation. A moderate lymphohistiocytic interstitial infiltrate and vascular ectasia were observed in the chorion (Fig. 2). Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and PAS diastase staining revealed no fungal structures.

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×4.

(0.7MB).

What Is Your Diagnosis?

Diagnosis

Hypertrophic median rhomboid glossitis (MRG).

Clinical Course

Quitting smoking was recommended, and this resulted in a significant improvement and a decrease in the size of the lesion (Fig. 3). The patient was subsequently treated with fluconazole (50 mg/12 h by mouth) for 14 days, which led to some additional improvement. Despite continued systemic antifungal treatment and replacement of the patient's dental prosthesis, subsequent cultures were only transiently negative. The patient was thus referred to the otolaryngology service for carbon-dioxide laser treatment of the residual lesion, which resulted in complete resolution of the plaque with no recurrences after more than a year of follow-up.

Figure 3.

Appearance of the lesion after 1 month of treatment with topical antifungal agents and a reduction in smoking.

(0.23MB).
Discussion

MRG is uncommon and probably underdiagnosed, and for many years was considered to be a malformation.1 It manifests as a clearly defined, rhomboid-shaped, atrophic or globular erythematous plaque, which appears on the midline of the dorsum of the tongue. It most commonly affects men, smokers, and diabetics, and the response to antifungal therapy is variable. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain why the infection in MRG manifests in such a localized manner. According to Whitaker and coworkers,2 the affected region lies on the hard palate during deglutition, phonation, and rest, thus reducing its exposure to the the action of the saliva. Other authors propose that blood flow in this region is reduced compared with the rest of the tongue. In some cases an opposing erythematous plaque, or “kissing lesion”, is observed on the hard palate; according to Brown and colleagues,3 this may be a marker of associated immunosuppression.

Diagnosis is clinical, supported by a positive culture. The most commonly isolated species is Candida albicans, followed by Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis, although up to 10% of samples can contain 2 or more Candida species.4 In some cases a biopsy may be required to rule out neoplasia. PAS staining can be negative in up to 13% of cases, as Candida does not invade the epithelium and is lost during sample processing. The principal differential diagnosis is with squamous cell carcinoma and Abrikossoff tumor.5 Barret and coworkers6 observed a statistically significant association between moderate-severe epithelial dysplasia and the presence of fungi on staining with PAS; they therefore recommend screening with this staining method in this type of lesion. However, those authors were unable to state whether Candida exerts a pathogenic effect in these cases or merely colonizes previously altered tissue.

Treatment is usually topical, associated with the correction of predisposing factors; combined topical and oral therapy is reserved for highly recurrent infections or immunosuppressed patients. Surgical treatment may be useful in cases of persistent exophytic lesions, for which medical treatments are of limited effectiveness.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Ángel Castaño Pascual of the Pathology Department of Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada for his help with the histological study in this case.

References
[1]
B.L. Nelson, L. Thompson.
Median rhomboid glossitis.
Ear Nose Throat J, 86 (2007), pp. 600-601
[2]
S.B. Whitaker, B.B. Singh.
Cause of median rhomboid glossitis.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endon, 81 (1996), pp. 379-380
[3]
R.S. Brown, A.M. Kradow.
Median rhomboid glossitis and a “kissing” lesion of the palate.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 82 (1996), pp. 472-473
[4]
J.M. Aguirre Urizar.
Candidiasis orales.
Rev Iberoam Micol, 19 (2002), pp. 17-21
[5]
L. Lago-Méndez, A. Blanco-Carrión, M. Diniz-Freitas, P. Gándara-Vila, A. García-García, J.M. Gándara-Rey.
Rhomboid glossitis in atypical location: case report and differential diagnosis.
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 10 (2005), pp. 123-127
[6]
A.W. Barrett, V.J. Kingsmill, P.M. Speight.
The frequency of fungal infection in biopsies of oral mucosal lesions.
Oral Dis, 4 (1998), pp. 26-31

Please cite this article as: Meseguer-Yebra C, et al. Tumoración exofítica y lineal en el dorso de la lengua. Actas Dermosi-filiogr. 2013;104:435-6.

Copyright © 2012. Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV
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