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Vol. 101. Issue 5.
Pages 437-443 (June - July 2010)
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Vol. 101. Issue 5.
Pages 437-443 (June - July 2010)
Original article
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Immunization and Bacterial Pathogens in the Oropharynx as Risk Factors for Alopecia Areata
Inmunizaciones y bacterias patógenas en la faringe como factores de riesgo para alopecia areata
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M.A. Morales-Sánchez
Corresponding author
marthams@prodigy.net.mx

Corresponding author.
, M.A. Domínguez-Gómez, F. Jurado-Santa Cruz, M.L. Peralta-Pedrero
Centro Dermatológico Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Introduction

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the hair follicles. Researchers are currently interested in whether the presence of bacterial pathogens and/or a history of immunization can trigger an autoimmune response in patients who are genetically predisposed.

Objective

This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between the development of alopecia areata and throat carriage of bacterial pathogens or a history of immunization.

Material and methods

Sixty-five men and women with alopecia areata and 65 control patients with other skin diseases were studied at the Dr Ladislao de la Pascua Dermatology Clinic between September 2008 and February 2009. The patients ranged in age from 18 to 59 years. Patients with scalp diseases were excluded from the control group. In all cases, the patient was questioned about immunizations received in the previous 6 months, and a throat swab was cultured.

Results

A history of immunization (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 1.6% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-6.7; P=.001), the presence of bacterial pathogens in the oropharynx (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2; P=.033), and being a carrier of Streptococcus pyogenes (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7-2.5; P=.042) were risk factors for alopecia areata. Klebsiella pneumoniae, S pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli were isolated from cultures.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show an association between alopecia areata and throat carriage of bacterial pathogens or history of immunization, as risk factors for development of the disease. Given the characteristics of our study population, the association appears valid for patients with less than 25% hair loss and a course of disease under 1 year.

Key words:
Alopecia areata
Immunization
Bacterial colonization
Pharynx
Streptococcus pyogenes carriage
Resumen
Introducción

La alopecia areata es una enfermedad inflamatoria autoinmune que afecta al pelo. Actualmente se estudia si las bacterias patógenas y las inmunizaciones son inductores de la respuesta autoinmune en pacientes con susceptibilidad genética.

Objetivo

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si las bacterias patógenas en la faringe y el antecedente de haber recibido inmunizaciones están asociados a la enfermedad.

Materiales y métodos

En el Centro Dermatológico «Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua», desde septiembre de 2008 a febrero de 2009, se estudiaron 65 pacientes con alopecia areata y 65 controles con otras dermatosis, excluyendo las del cuero cabelludo. Se incluyeron pacientes de 18 a 59 años de edad y de ambos sexos. A todos se les interrogó sobre inmunizaciones recibidas 6 meses antes y se les realizó un cultivo de exudado faríngeo.

Resultados

Haber recibido inmunizaciones, la presencia de bacterias patógenas en la faringe y ser portador de S. pyogenes se comportaron como factores de riesgo para la alopecia areata, con una razón de probabilidades de 3,3 (IC 95% 1,6-6,7; p = 0,001), 2,6 (IC 95%: 1,1-6,2; p = 0,033) y 2,1 (IC 95% 1,7-2,5; p = 0,042), respectivamente. Las bacterias aisladas fueron Klebiella penumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens y Escherichia coli.

Conclusiones

Este es el primer estudio que apoya los hallazgos de estado de portador de bacterias patógenas en la faringe y la aplicación de inmunizaciones como factores de riesgo para desarrollar alopecia areata. Por las características de nuestra población, esta asociación es válida para los pacientes con menos del 25% de pérdida de pelo y con una evolución inferior a un año.

Palabras clave:
Alopecia areata
Inmunizaciones
Bacterias en la faringe
Estado de portador de S. pyogenes
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Copyright © 2010. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología and Elsevier España, S.L.
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