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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ponatinib is a potent third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its use is indicated in chronic myeloid leukemia &#40;CML&#41;&#44; Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia &#40;LLApH&#43;&#41;&#44; and in some types of solid tumors&#44; such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor &#40;GIST&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The most common cutaneous adverse effects associated with the use of this drug are xeroderma and different cutaneous exanthema not fully classified in clinical trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> We report the case of a patient who developed an ichthyosiform skin reaction secondary to treatment with oral ponatinib&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 68-year-old woman diagnosed with CML and with no past history of skin disease presented scaly lesions that appeared suddenly 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days after beginning treatment with ponatinib at a dosage of 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#46; The patient had previously used imatinib and dasatinib&#44; which were suspended owing to lack of efficacy&#46; The lesions had advanced rapidly&#44; were asymptomatic&#44; and were located predominantly on the upper and lower limbs&#46; Physical examination revealed scaly plaques with well-defined edges&#44; a tendency to coalesce&#44; and with no erythema or infiltration detectable to the touch &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The lesions were also present&#44; to a lesser extent&#44; on the back and scalp&#46; It was decided to perform a biopsy of the lesions for the histopathology study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The epidermis showed compact orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with practically no granulomatous layer&#46; The papillary dermis revealed a very mild lymphocytic infiltrate with no other significant signs&#46; PAS and Grocott staining identified no micro-organisms&#46; The diagnosis of ichthyosiform reaction secondary to ponatinib use was confirmed and it was therefore decided to reduce the dose of the drug to 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; and topical treatment with 10&#37; urea&#44; mometasone furoate&#44; and emollients was instated&#46; A marked improvement in the lesions was observed 1 week later and the lesions disappeared after 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>weeks&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ponatinib is a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor&#46; It is part of the family of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib&#44; dasatinib&#44; and nilotinib&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is used as a second-line and third-line drug in the treatment of CML and LLApH&#43; when other drugs have failed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Ponatinib is especially indicated in patients with the BCR-ABL&#58;T315I mutation&#44; as they present greater resistance to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent adverse effects associated with the use of this drug include neutropenia&#44; leukopenia&#44; and an elevated hepatic enzyme count&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The most common cutaneous effects are nonspecific exanthema and xerosis&#44; which are usually mild&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Other rarer cutaneous manifestations have been described in association with the use of this drug&#44; such as exanthema similar to pityriasis rubra pilaris &#40;PRP&#41;&#44; neutrophilic panniculitis&#44; seborrheic dermatitis&#44; and ichthyosiform reactions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; ichthyosiform reactions associated with ponatinib are similar to those produced in cases of acquired ichthyosis due to other causes such as tumors&#44; infections&#44; graft versus host disease&#44; and autoimmune and endocrine-metabolic diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The exact underlying pathophysiologic mechanism is unknown&#46; It is thought that ponatinib&#44; like other tyrosine kinase inhibitors&#44; may cause abnormalities in the components of the inflammatory cascades&#44; thereby affecting regulation of epidermal growth and keratinocyte survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Histologically&#44; ichthyosiform reactions are characterized by the lesions observed in our patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The severity of this type of reaction varies&#46; Treatment should be adapted to the impact on the patient&#39;s quality of life and should avoid interruption of hematologic treatment whenever possible&#46; Topical treatment with keratolytic agents&#44; emollients&#44; and corticosteroids with moderate to high potency is recommended&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> A good response to topical tazarotene has also been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In severe cases&#44; the use of oral retinoids and reduction or suspension of ponatinib may be considered&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Moisturizing the skin with topical emollients before and during treatment may prevent severe cutaneous reactions&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we present an ichthyosiform cutaneous reaction secondary to oral treatment with the new tyrosine kinase inhibitor&#44; ponatinib&#46; Knowledge of this type of adverse reactions facilitates early diagnosis and correct therapeutic management makes it possible to maintain hematologic treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Fern&#225;ndez-Gonz&#225;lez P&#44; Buend&#237;a-Casta&#241;o D&#44; Saceda-Corralo D&#44; Jaen-Olasolo P&#46; Reacci&#243;n ictiosiforme en relaci&#243;n con ponatinib&#46; Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr&#225;ficas&#46; 2019&#59;110&#58;873&#8211;875&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scaly plaques especially notable on the anterior and lateral regions of both thighs&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology of one of the lesions&#46; Compact orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis&#44; thinning of the granulomatous layer&#44; and mild spongiosis can be observed&#46; Mild lymphocytic infiltrate in the papillary dermis&#44; with no other dermal abnormalities &#40;hematoxylin&#8211;eosin&#44; x20&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; GIST indicates gastrointestinal stromal tumor&#59; ALL&#44; acute lymphoblastic leukemia&#59; CML&#44; chronic myeloid leukemia&#59; NS&#44; not specified&#59; PRP&#44; pityriasis rubra pilaris&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All patients responded satisfactorily to the instated treatments and all lesions disappeared completely&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of Reaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Underlying Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dose &#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time Since Onset&#44; d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Observations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Derlino et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ichthyosiform&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ALL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical corticosteroids and emollient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ponatinib suspended&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alloo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ichthyosiform&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GIST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical tazarotene&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Suspended during treatment owing to elevated lipase resulting in complete clearance of the lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#214;renay et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ichthyosiform&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ALL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical corticosteroids and 2&#37; urea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jack et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ichthyosiform&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CML&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acitretin&#43;nbUVB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The reaction did not respond to topical corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alloo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PRP-like&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GIST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alloo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PRP-like&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CML&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical tazarotene&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ketoconazole and topical corticosteroids had been used previously with no improvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eber et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PRP-like&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CML&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tretinoin&#44; 0&#46;025&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Some lesions presented an ichthyosiform clinical appearance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alloo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Seborrheic dermatitis-like&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GIST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clobetasol in solution&#44; ketoconazole&#44; and tretinoin&#44; 0&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alloo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Seborrheic dermatitis-like&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GIST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ammonium lactate&#44; 12&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 110. Issue 10.
Pages 873-875 (December 2019)
Vol. 110. Issue 10.
Pages 873-875 (December 2019)
Case and Research Letters
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Ichthyosiform Reaction Related to Ponatinib Therapy
Reacción ictiosiforme en relación con ponatinib
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4786
P. Fernández-Gonzáleza,
Corresponding author
pablo_fer_gon@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, D. Buendía-Castañoa, D. Saceda-Corraloa, P. Jaen-Olasoloa,b
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Rare Adverse Cutaneous Reactions Described in the Literature in Association With Treatment With Ponatinib.
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To the Editor:

Ponatinib is a potent third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor.1 Its use is indicated in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LLApH+), and in some types of solid tumors, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).1 The most common cutaneous adverse effects associated with the use of this drug are xeroderma and different cutaneous exanthema not fully classified in clinical trials.1,2 We report the case of a patient who developed an ichthyosiform skin reaction secondary to treatment with oral ponatinib.

A 68-year-old woman diagnosed with CML and with no past history of skin disease presented scaly lesions that appeared suddenly 15days after beginning treatment with ponatinib at a dosage of 45mg/day. The patient had previously used imatinib and dasatinib, which were suspended owing to lack of efficacy. The lesions had advanced rapidly, were asymptomatic, and were located predominantly on the upper and lower limbs. Physical examination revealed scaly plaques with well-defined edges, a tendency to coalesce, and with no erythema or infiltration detectable to the touch (Fig. 1). The lesions were also present, to a lesser extent, on the back and scalp. It was decided to perform a biopsy of the lesions for the histopathology study (Fig. 2). The epidermis showed compact orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with practically no granulomatous layer. The papillary dermis revealed a very mild lymphocytic infiltrate with no other significant signs. PAS and Grocott staining identified no micro-organisms. The diagnosis of ichthyosiform reaction secondary to ponatinib use was confirmed and it was therefore decided to reduce the dose of the drug to 30mg, and topical treatment with 10% urea, mometasone furoate, and emollients was instated. A marked improvement in the lesions was observed 1 week later and the lesions disappeared after 3weeks.

Figure 1.

Scaly plaques especially notable on the anterior and lateral regions of both thighs.

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Figure 2.

Histopathology of one of the lesions. Compact orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, thinning of the granulomatous layer, and mild spongiosis can be observed. Mild lymphocytic infiltrate in the papillary dermis, with no other dermal abnormalities (hematoxylin–eosin, x20).

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Ponatinib is a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It is part of the family of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib.1 It is used as a second-line and third-line drug in the treatment of CML and LLApH+ when other drugs have failed.1 Ponatinib is especially indicated in patients with the BCR-ABL:T315I mutation, as they present greater resistance to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors.1,8

The most frequent adverse effects associated with the use of this drug include neutropenia, leukopenia, and an elevated hepatic enzyme count.1,2 The most common cutaneous effects are nonspecific exanthema and xerosis, which are usually mild.1 Other rarer cutaneous manifestations have been described in association with the use of this drug, such as exanthema similar to pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP), neutrophilic panniculitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and ichthyosiform reactions (Table 1).3–6

Table 1.

Rare Adverse Cutaneous Reactions Described in the Literature in Association With Treatment With Ponatinib.

  Type of Reaction  Sex  Age, y  Underlying Disease  Dose (mg)  Time Since Onset, d  Treatment  Observations 
Derlino et al.3  Ichthyosiform  Female  59  ALL  45  10  Topical corticosteroids and emollient  Ponatinib suspended 
Alloo et al.4  Ichthyosiform  Female  62  GIST  45  14  Topical tazarotene  Suspended during treatment owing to elevated lipase resulting in complete clearance of the lesions 
Örenay et al.5  Ichthyosiform  Female  51  ALL  45  30  Topical corticosteroids and 2% urea   
Jack et al.6  Ichthyosiform  Male  53  CML  45  70  Acitretin+nbUVB  The reaction did not respond to topical corticosteroids 
Alloo et al.4  PRP-like  Male  59  GIST  45  14  Topical corticosteroids   
Alloo et al.4  PRP-like  Female  79  CML  45  28  Topical tazarotene  Ketoconazole and topical corticosteroids had been used previously with no improvement 
Eber et al.7  PRP-like  Female  50  CML  50  120  Tretinoin, 0.025%  Some lesions presented an ichthyosiform clinical appearance 
Alloo et al.4  Seborrheic dermatitis-like  Male  65  GIST  45  10  Clobetasol in solution, ketoconazole, and tretinoin, 0.1%   
Alloo et al.4  Seborrheic dermatitis-like  Male  72  GIST  45  NS  Ammonium lactate, 12%   

Abbreviations: GIST indicates gastrointestinal stromal tumor; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; NS, not specified; PRP, pityriasis rubra pilaris.

All patients responded satisfactorily to the instated treatments and all lesions disappeared completely.

Clinically, ichthyosiform reactions associated with ponatinib are similar to those produced in cases of acquired ichthyosis due to other causes such as tumors, infections, graft versus host disease, and autoimmune and endocrine-metabolic diseases.9 The exact underlying pathophysiologic mechanism is unknown. It is thought that ponatinib, like other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, may cause abnormalities in the components of the inflammatory cascades, thereby affecting regulation of epidermal growth and keratinocyte survival.3 Histologically, ichthyosiform reactions are characterized by the lesions observed in our patient.5,9

The severity of this type of reaction varies. Treatment should be adapted to the impact on the patient's quality of life and should avoid interruption of hematologic treatment whenever possible. Topical treatment with keratolytic agents, emollients, and corticosteroids with moderate to high potency is recommended.3–5 A good response to topical tazarotene has also been reported.4 In severe cases, the use of oral retinoids and reduction or suspension of ponatinib may be considered.3 Moisturizing the skin with topical emollients before and during treatment may prevent severe cutaneous reactions.

In conclusion, we present an ichthyosiform cutaneous reaction secondary to oral treatment with the new tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ponatinib. Knowledge of this type of adverse reactions facilitates early diagnosis and correct therapeutic management makes it possible to maintain hematologic treatment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
S.M. Hoy.
Ponatinib: A review of its use in adults with chronic myeloid leukaemia or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
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L. Caldemeyer, M. Dugan, J. Edwards, L. Akard.
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F. Derlino, S. Barruscotti, P. Zappasodi, V. Brazzelli, C. Vassallo, C. Vassallo.
Ponatinib-induced widespread ichthyosiform eruption.
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Br J Dermatol., 173 (2015), pp. 574-6577
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[7]
A.E. Eber, A. Rosen, K.E. Oberlin, A. Giubellino, P. Romanelli.
Ichthyosiform pityriasis rubra pilaris-like eruption secondary to ponatinib therapy: Case report and literature review.
Drug Saf Case Rep., 4 (2017), pp. 19
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J.D. Ransohoff, B.Y. Kwong.
Cutaneous adverse events of targeted therapies for hematolymphoid malignancies.
Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk., 17 (2017), pp. 834-851
[9]
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J Am Acad Dermatol., 55 (2006), pp. 647-656

Please cite this article as: Fernández-González P, Buendía-Castaño D, Saceda-Corralo D, Jaen-Olasolo P. Reacción ictiosiforme en relación con ponatinib. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas. 2019;110:873–875.

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