Información del artículo
Abstract
Photoprotection is the primary preventive and therapeutic strategy against photoaging and skin cancer. This review presents the most important new advances in both topical and systemic photoprotection. Starting with innovations in the traditional physical and chemical filtering agents, we go on to discuss the growing number of antioxidants, the novel strategies for repairing light-induced DNA damage, and current research on substances that stimulate melanogenesis. A final section deals with protection against infrared radiation.
Keywords:
Photoprotection
Sunscreen
Antioxidants
Photoaging
Skin cancer
Resumen
La fotoprotección es una estrategia preventiva y terapéutica fundamental frente al fotoenvejecimiento y el cáncer de piel. Este artículo recopila las novedades más relevantes en sustancias fotoprotectoras, tanto en fotoprotección tópica como sistémica. Comenzando por las nuevas aportaciones a los clásicos filtros químicos y físicos, pasando por la creciente incorporación de sustancias antioxidantes, las novedosas estrategias de reparación del daño solar en el ADN y el estado actual del uso de sustancias estimulantes de la melanogénesis. Por último, se revisa la protección frente a la radiación infrarroja.
Palabras clave:
Fotoprotección
Fotoprotector
Antioxidantes
Fotoenvejecimiento
Cáncer cutáneo
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
S. González, M. Fernández-Lorente, Y. Gilaberte-Calzada.
The latest on skin photoprotection.
Clin Dermatol, 26 (2008), pp. 614-626
[2.]
A. Dinkova-Kostova.
Phytochemicals as protectors against ultraviolet radiation: versatility of effects and mechanisms.
Planta Med, 74 (2008), pp. 1548-1559
[3.]
L. Kligman.
Prevention and repair of photoaging: sunscreens and retinoids.
Cutis, 43 (1989), pp. 458-465
[4.]
S. Thompson, D. Jolley, R. Marks.
Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 1147-1151
[5.]
R. Neale, G. Williams, A. Green.
Application patterns among participants randomized to daily sunscreen use in a skin cancer prevention trial.
Arch Dermatol, 138 (2002), pp. 1319-1325
[6.]
J. Van der Pols, G. Williams, N. Pandeya, V. Logan, A. Green.
Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15 (2006), pp. 2546-2548
[7.]
S. Seité, F. Christiaens, C. Bredoux, D. Compan, H. Zucchi, D. Lombard, et al.
A broad-spectrum sunscreen prevents cumulative damage from repeated exposure to suberythemal solar ultraviolet radiation representative of temperate latitudes.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 24 (2010), pp. 219-222
[8.]
D. Moyal, A. Fourtanier.
Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from solar ultraviolet-simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in human beings.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 58 (2008), pp. S149-S154
[9.]
M. Huncharek, B. Kupelnick.
Use of topical sunscreens and the risk of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis of 9067 patients from 11 case-control studies.
Am J Public Health, 92 (2002), pp. 1173-1177
[10.]
D. Rigel.
Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 58 (2008), pp. S129-S132
[11.]
T. Sano, T. Kume, T. Fujimura, H. Kawada, S. Moriwaki, Y. Takema.
The formation of wrinkles caused by transition of keratin intermediate filaments after repetitive UV-B exposure.
Arch Dermatol Res Feb, 296 (2005), pp. 359-365
[12.]
J. Krutmann.
Ultraviolet A radiation-induced biological effects in human skin: relevance for photoaging and photodermatosis.
J Dermatol Sci, 23 (2000), pp. S22-S26
[13.]
A. Fourtanier, D. Moyal, S. Seité.
Sunscreens containing the broad-spectrum UVA absorber, Mexoryl SX, prevent the cutaneous detrimental effects of UV exposure: a review of clinical study results.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 24 (2008), pp. 164-174
[14.]
N. Lapidot, O. Gans, F. Biagini, L. Sosonkin, C. Rottman.
Advanced sunscreens: UV absorbers encapsulated in sol-gel glass microcapsules.
JSST, 26 (2003), pp. 67-72
[15.]
E. Damiani, P. Astolfi, L. Cionna, F. Ippoliti, L. Greci.
Synthesis and application of a novel sunscreen-antioxidant.
Free Radic Res, 40 (2006), pp. 485-494
[16.]
E. Venditti, T. Spadoni, L. Tiano, P. Astolfi, L. Greci, G.P. Littarru, et al.
In vitro photostability and photoprotection studies of a novel ‘multi-active’ UV-absorber.
Free Radic Biol Med, 45 (2008), pp. 345-354
[17.]
N. Janjua, B. Kongshoj, A. Andersson, H. Wulf.
Sunscreens in human plasma and urine after repeated whole-body topical application.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 22 (2008), pp. 456-461
[18.]
E. Touitou, B. Godin.
Skin nonpenetrating sunscreens for cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Clin Dermatol, 26 (2008), pp. 375-379
[19.]
J. Villalobos-Hernández, C. Müller-Goymann.
In vitro erythemal UV-A protection factors of inorganic sunscreens distributed in aqueous media using carnauba wax-decyl oleate nanoparticles.
Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 65 (2007), pp. 122-125
[20.]
J. Villalobos-Hernández, C. Müller-Goymann.
Novel nanoparticulate carrier system based on carnauba wax and decyl oleate for the dispersion of inorganic sunscreens in aqueous media.
Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 60 (2005), pp. 113-122
[21.]
J. Villalobos-Hernández, C. Müller-Goymann.
Sun protection enhancement of titanium dioxide crystals by the use of carnauba wax nanoparticles: the synergistic interaction between organic and inorganic sunscreens at nanoscale.
Int J Pharm, 322 (2006), pp. 161-170
[22.]
H. Sies, W. Stahl.
Nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight.
Annu Rev Nutr, 24 (2004), pp. 173-200
[23.]
S. Pinnell.
Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 48 (2003), pp. 1-19
[24.]
S. Goto, K. Kogure, K. Abe, Y. Kimata, K. Kitahama, E. Yamashita, et al.
Efficient radical trapping at the surface and inside the phospholipid membrane is responsible for highly potent antiperoxidative activity of the carotenoid astaxanthin.
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1512 (2001), pp. 251-258
[25.]
N. Philips, T. Keller, C. Hendrix, S. Hamilton, R. Arena, M. Tuason, et al.
Regulation of the extracellular matrix remodeling by lutein in dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts.
Arch Dermatol Res, 299 (2007), pp. 373-379
[26.]
Martínez-Flórez S.G.-G.J., J.M. Culebras, M.J. Tuñón.
Los flavonoides: propiedades y acciones antioxidantes.
Nutr Hosp, 17 (2002), pp. 271-278
[27.]
J. Ross, C. Kasum.
Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety.
Annu Rev Nutr, 22 (2002), pp. 19-34
[28.]
H. Wei, R. Saladi, Y. Lu, Y. Wang, S. Palep, J. Moore, et al.
Isoflavone genistein: photoprotection and clinical implications in dermatology.
J Nutr, 133 (2003), pp. 3811S-S3819
[29.]
S. Widyarini, N. Spinks, A. Husband, V. Reeve.
Isoflavonoid compounds from red clover (Trifolium pratense) protect from inflammation and immune suppression induced by UV radiation.
Photochem Photobiol, 74 (2001), pp. 465-470
[30.]
R. Brand, J. Jendrzejewski.
Topical treatment with (—)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and genistein after a single UV exposure can reduce skin damage.
J Dermatol Sci, 50 (2008), pp. 69-72
[31.]
S. Katiyar.
Silymarin and skin cancer prevention: antiinflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects (Review).
Int J Oncol, 26 (2005), pp. 169-176
[32.]
S. Widyarini.
Protective effect of the isoflavone equol against DNA damage induced by ultraviolet radiation to hairless mouse skin.
J Vet Sci, 7 (2006), pp. 217-223
[33.]
J. Lin, J. Tournas, J. Burch, N. Monteiro-Riviere, J. Zielinski.
Topical isoflavones provide effective photoprotection to skin.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 24 (2008), pp. 61-66
[34.]
X. Tong, R. Van Dross, A. Abu-Yousif, A. Morrison, J. Pelling.
Apigenin prevents UV-B-induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression: coupled mRNA stabilization and translational inhibition.
Mol Cell Biol, 27 (2007), pp. 283-296
[35.]
P. Rohdewald.
A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 40 (2002), pp. 158-168
[36.]
S. Sime, V. Reeve.
Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol.
Photochem Photobiol, 79 (2004), pp. 193-198
[37.]
F. Afaq, V. Adhami, N. Ahmad.
Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 186 (2003), pp. 28-37
[38.]
S. Reagan-Shaw, F. Afaq, M. Aziz, N. Ahmad.
Modulations of critical cell cycle regulatory events during chemoprevention of ultraviolet B-mediated responses by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin.
Oncogene, 23 (2004), pp. 5151-5160
[39.]
M. Aziz, F. Afaq, N. Ahmad.
Prevention of ultraviolet-B radiation damage by resveratrol in mouse skin is mediated via modulation in survivin.
Photochem Photobiol, 81 (2005), pp. 25-31
[40.]
A. Saija, A. Tomaino, D. Trombetta, A. De Pasquale, N. Uccella, T. Barbuzzi, et al.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of caffeic and ferulic acids as topical photoprotective agents.
Int J Pharm, 199 (2000), pp. 39-47
[41.]
J. Murray, J. Burch, R. Streilein, M. Iannacchione, R. Hall, S. Pinnell.
A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 59 (2008), pp. 418-425
[42.]
C. Oresajo, T. Stephens, P. Hino, R. Law, M. Yatskayer, P. Foltis, et al.
Protective effects of a topical antioxidant mixture containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin against ultraviolet-induced photodamage in human skin.
J Cosmet Dermatol, 7 (2008), pp. 290-297
[43.]
N. Yusuf, C. Irby, S. Katiyar, C. Elmets.
Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 23 (2007), pp. 48-56
[44.]
K. Rutter, D. Sell, N. Fraser, M. Obrenovich, M. Zito, P. Starke-Reed, et al.
Green tea extract suppresses the age-related increase in collagen crosslinking and fluorescent products in C57BL/6 mice.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 73 (2003), pp. 453-460
[45.]
S. Hsu.
Green tea and the skin.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 52 (2005), pp. 1049-1059
[46.]
K. Dvorakova, R. Dorr, S. Valcic, B. Timmermann, D. Alberts.
Pharmacokinetics of the green tea derivative, EGCG, by the topical route of administration in mouse and human skin.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 43 (1999), pp. 331-335
[47.]
M.M. Camouse, D.S. Domingo, F. Swain, E.P. Conrad, M.S. Matsui, D. Maes, et al.
Topical application of green and white tea extracts provides protection from solar-simulated ultraviolet light in human skin.
Exp Dermatol, 18 (2009), pp. 522-526
[48.]
F. García, J. Pivel, A. Guerrero, A. Brieva, M. Martínez-Alcázar, M. Caamano-Somoza, et al.
Phenolic components and antioxidant activity of Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos.
Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 28 (2006), pp. 157-160
[49.]
R. Capote, J. Alonso-Lebrero, F. García, A. Brieva, J. Pivel, S. González.
Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits transurocanic acid photoisomerization and photodecomposition.
J Photochem Photobiol B, 82 (2006), pp. 173-179
[50.]
N. Philips, J. Smith, T. Keller, S. González.
Predominant effects of Polypodium leucotomos on membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, and expression of elastin and matrixmetalloproteinase-1 in ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts, and keratinocytes.
J Dermatol Sci, 32 (2003), pp. 1-9
[51.]
N. Philips, J. Conte, Y. Chen, P. Natrajan, M. Taw, T. Keller, et al.
Beneficial regulation of matrixmetalloproteinases and their inhibitors, fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-beta by Polypodium leucotomos, directly or in dermal fibroblasts, ultraviolet radiated fibroblasts, and melanoma cells.
Arch Dermatol Res, 301 (2009), pp. 487-495
[52.]
M. Alcaraz, M. Pathak, F. Rius, N. Kollias, S. González.
An extract of Polypodium leucotomos appears to minimize certain photoaging changes in a hairless albino mouse animal model. A pilot study.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 15 (1999), pp. 120-126
[53.]
F. Afaq, M. Zaid, N. Khan, M. Dreher, H. Mukhtar.
Protective effect of pomegranate-derived products on UV-B-mediated damage in human reconstituted skin.
Exp Dermatol, 18 (2009), pp. 553-561
[54.]
D. Syed, A. Malik, N. Hadi, S. Sarfaraz, F. Afaq, H. Mukhtar.
Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.
Photochem Photobiol, 82 (2006), pp. 398-405
[55.]
T. Hampton.
Broccoli extract may help reduce UV skin damage.
JAMA, 298 (2007), pp. 2731
[56.]
P. Talalay, J. Fahey, Z. Healy, S. Wehage, A. Benedict, C. Min, et al.
Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104 (2007), pp. 17500-17505
[57.]
Y. Lu, B. Nolan, Y. Lou, Q. Peng, G. Wagner, A. Conney.
Voluntary exercise together with oral caffeine markedly stimulates UV-B light-induced apoptosis and decreases tissue fat in SKH-1 mice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104 (2007), pp. 12936-12941
[58.]
I. Hwang, K. Yoo, D. Kim, S. Jeong, C. Won, W. Moon, et al.
An extract of Polygonum multiflorum protects against free radical damage induced by ultraviolet B irradiation of the skin.
Braz J Med Biol Res, 39 (2006), pp. 1181-1188
[59.]
P. Kullavanijaya, H. Lim.
Photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol., 52 (2005), pp. 937-958
[60.]
H. Hamanaka, Y. Miyachi, S. Imamura.
Photoprotective effect of topically applied superoxide dismutase on sunburn reaction in comparison with sunscreen.
J Dermatol, 17 (1990), pp. 595-598
[61.]
D. Yarosh.
Enhanced DNA repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers changes the biological response to UV-B radiation.
Mutat Res, 509 (2002), pp. 221-226
[62.]
P. Wolf, H. Maier, R. Müllegger, C. Chadwick, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Soyer, et al.
Topical treatment with liposomes containing T4 endonuclease V protects human skin in vivo from ultravioletinduced upregulation of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
J Invest Dermatol, 114 (2000), pp. 149-156
[63.]
D. Yarosh, J. Klein, A. O’Connor, J. Hawk, E. Rafal, P. Wolf.
Effect of topically applied T4 endonuclease V in liposomes on skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum: a randomised study. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Study Group.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 926-929
[64.]
H. Stege, L. Roza, A. Vink, M. Grewe, T. Ruzicka, S. Grether-Beck, et al.
Enzyme plus light therapy to repair DNA damage in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human skin.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97 (2000), pp. 1790-1795
[65.]
B. Wulff, J. Schick, J. Thomas-Ahner, D. Kusewitt, D. Yarosh, T. Oberyszyn.
Topical treatment with OGG1 enzyme affects UV-B-induced skin carcinogenesis.
Photochem Photobiol, 84 (2008), pp. 317-321
[66.]
S. Arad, N. Konnikov, D. Goukassian, B. Gilchrest.
T-oligos augment UV-induced protective responses in human skin.
FASEB J, 20 (2006), pp. 1895-1897
[67.]
S. Arad, E. Zattra, J. Hebert, E.J. Epstein, D. Goukassian, B. Gilchrest.
Topical thymidine dinucleotide treatment reduces development of ultraviolet-induced basal cell carcinoma in Ptch-1+/− mice.
Am J Pathol, 172 (2008), pp. 1248-1255
[68.]
T. Wilgus, A. Koki, B. Zweifel, D. Kusewitt, P. Rubal, T. Oberyszyn.
Inhibition of cutaneous ultraviolet light B-mediated inflammation and tumor formation with topical celecoxib treatment.
Mol Carcinog Oct, 38 (2003), pp. 49-58
[69.]
M. Kitazawa, K. Iwasaki, K. Sakamoto.
Iron chelators may help prevent photoaging.
J Cosmet Dermatol, 5 (2006), pp. 210-217
[70.]
U. Warskulat, A. Reinen, S. Grether-Beck, J. Krutmann, D. Häussinger.
The osmolyte strategy of normal human keratinocytes in maintaining cell homeostasis.
J Invest Dermatol, 123 (2004), pp. 516-521
[71.]
J. Buenger, H. Driller.
Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 17 (2004), pp. 232-237
[72.]
Z. Draelos.
Self-tanning lotions: are they a healthy way to achieve a tan?.
Am J Clin Dermatol, 3 (2002), pp. 317-318
[73.]
A. Faurschou, N. Janjua, H. Wulf.
Sun protection effect of dihydroxyacetone.
Arch Dermatol, 140 (2004), pp. 886-887
[74.]
T. Gambichler, H. Krämer, S. Boms, M. Skrygan, N. Tomi, P. Altmeyer, et al.
Quantification of ultraviolet protective effects of pityriacitrin in humans.
Arch Dermatol Res, 299 (2007), pp. 517-520
[75.]
W. Stahl, U. Heinrich, O. Aust, H. Tronnier, H. Sies.
Lycopene-rich products and dietary photoprotection.
Photochem Photobiol Sci, 5 (2006), pp. 238-242
[76.]
H. Jeon, J. Kim, W. Kim, S. Lee.
Effects of oral epigallocatechin gallate supplementation on the minimal erythema dose and UV-induced skin damage.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 22 (2009), pp. 137-141
[77.]
S. Meeran, S. Akhtar, S. Katiyar.
Inhibition of UV-B-induced skin tumor development by drinking green tea polyphenols is mediated through DNA repair and subsequent inhibition of inflammation.
J Invest Dermatol, 129 (2009), pp. 1258-1270
[78.]
M. Moehrle, H. Dietrich, C. Patz, H. Häfner.
Sun protection by red wine?.
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 7 (2009), pp. 29-33
[79.]
M. Erden Inal, A. Kahraman.
The protective effect of flavonol quercetin against ultraviolet A induced oxidative stress in rats.
Toxicology, 154 (2000), pp. 21-29
[80.]
M. Erden Inal, A. Kahraman, T. Köken.
Beneficial effects of quercetin on oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet A.
Clin Exp Dermatol, 26 (2001), pp. 536-539
[81.]
S. González, M. Pathak.
Inhibition of ultraviolet-induced formation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, erythema and skin photosensitization by Polypodium leucotomos.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 12 (1996), pp. 45-56
[82.]
M. Middelkamp-Hup, M. Pathak, C. Parrado, T. García-Caballero, F. Rius-Díaz, T. Fitzpatrick, et al.
Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVAinduced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and damage of human skin.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 50 (2004), pp. 41-49
[83.]
M. Middelkamp-Hup, M. Pathak, C. Parrado, D. Goukassian, F. Rius-Díaz, M. Mihm, et al.
Oral Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases ultraviolet-induced damage of human skin.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 51 (2004), pp. 910-918
[84.]
J. Siscovick, T. Zapolanski, C. Magro, K. Carrington, S. Prograis, M. Nussbaum, et al.
Polypodium leucotomos inhibits ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 24 (2008), pp. 134-141
[85.]
C. Andrés-Lacueva, M. Monagas, N. Khan, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, M. Urpi-Sardá, J. Permanyer, et al.
Flavanol and flavonol contents of cocoa powder products: influence of the manufacturing process.
J Agric Food Chem, 56 (2008), pp. 3111-3117
[86.]
S. Williams, S. Tamburic, C. Lally.
Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light.
J Cosmet Dermatol, 8 (2009), pp. 169-173
[87.]
E. Abel, S. Hendrix, S. McNeeley, K. Johnson, C. Rosenberg, Y. Mossavar-Rahmani, et al.
Daily coffee consumption and prevalence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Caucasian women.
Eur J Cancer Prev, 16 (2007), pp. 446-452
[88.]
C. Kerzendorfer, M. O’Driscoll.
UV-B and caffeine: inhibiting the DNA damage response to protect against the adverse effects of UV-B.
J Invest Dermatol, 129 (2009), pp. 1611-1613
[89.]
L. Verschooten, S. Claerhout, A. Van Laethem, P. Agostinis, M. Garmyn.
New strategies of photoprotection.
Photochem Photobiol, 82 (2006), pp. 1016-1023
[90.]
L. Rhodes, S. O’Farrell, M. Jackson, P. Friedmann.
Dietary fish-oil supplementation in humans reduces UV-B-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid peroxidation.
J Invest Dermatol, 103 (1994), pp. 151-154
[91.]
B. Eberlein-König, J. Ring.
Relevance of vitamins C and E in cutaneous photoprotection.
J Cosmet Dermatol, 4 (2005), pp. 4-9
[92.]
A. Greul, J. Grundmann, F. Heinrich, I. Pfitzner, J. Bernhardt, A. Ambach, et al.
Photoprotection of UV-irradiated human skin: an antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins.
Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol, 15 (2002), pp. 307-315
[93.]
H. Cho, M. Lee, J. Lee, K. No, S. Park, H. Lee, et al.
Antiwrinkling effects of the mixture of vitamin C, vitamin E, pycnogenol and evening primrose oil, and molecular mechanisms on hairless mouse skin caused by chronic ultraviolet B irradiation.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 23 (2007), pp. 155-162
[94.]
B. Gilchrest, M. Eller, M. Yaar.
Telomere-mediated effects on melanogenesis and skin aging.
J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 14 (2009), pp. 25-31
[95.]
M. Spry, J. Vanover, T. Scott, O. Abona-Ama, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, et al.
Prolonged treatment of fair-skinned mice with topical forskolin causes persistent tanning and UV protection.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 22 (2009), pp. 219-229
[96.]
J. D’Orazio, T. Nobuhisa, R. Cui, M. Arya, M. Spry, K. Wakamatsu, et al.
Topical drug rescue strategy and skin protection based on the role of Mc1r in UV-induced tanning.
Nature, 443 (2006), pp. 340-344
[97.]
Z. Abdel-Malek, A. Ruwe, R. Kavanagh-Starner, et al.
alpha-MSH tripeptide analogs activate the melanocortin 1 receptor and reduce UV-induced DNA damage in human melanocytes. Pigment.
Cell Melanoma Res, 22 (2009), pp. 635-644
[98.]
J. Wikberg, F. Mutulis.
Targeting melanocortin receptors: an approach to treat weight disorders and sexual dysfunction.
Nat Rev Drug Discov, (2008), pp. 307-323
[99.]
J. Wikberg, R. Muceniece, I. Mandrika, P. Prusis, J. Lindblom, C. Post, et al.
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
Pharmacol Res, 42 (2000), pp. 393-420
[100.]
R. Dorr, K. Dvorakova, C. Brooks, R. Lines, N. Levine, K. Schram, et al.
Increased eumelanin expression and tanning is induced by a superpotent melanotropin [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH in humans.
Photochem Photobiol, 72 (2000), pp. 526-532
[101.]
J. Harms, S. Lautenschlager, C. Minder, E. Minder, J. Harms, S. Lautenschlager, C. Minder, E. Minder.
An alphamelanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue in erythropoietic protoporphyria.
N Engl J Med, 360 (2009), pp. 306-307
[102.]
M. Hadley, R. Dorr.
Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization.
Peptides, 27 (2006), pp. 921-930
[103.]
A. Cardones, J. Grichnik.
alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormoneinduced eruptive nevi.
Arch Dermatol, 145 (2009), pp. 441-444
[104.]
P. Cousen, G. Colver, I. Helbling.
Eruptive melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection.
Br J Dermatol, 161 (2009), pp. 707-708
[105.]
E. Langan, D. Ramlogan, L. Jamieson, L. Rhodes.
Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed “sun tan jab”.
BMJ, 338 (2009), pp. b277
[106.]
V. Del Marmol, T. Luger, N. Neumann, J. Ortonne.
Public health issues arising from sale of illegal and potentially unsafe ‘tanning chemicals’.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 22 (2009), pp. 648
[107.]
P. Schroeder, C. Calles, J. Krutmann.
Prevention of infrared-A radiation mediated detrimental effects in human skin.
Skin Therapy Lett, 14 (2009), pp. 4-5
[108.]
H. Lee, D. Lee, S. Cho, J. Chung.
Minimal heating dose: a novel biological unit to measure infrared irradiation.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 22 (2006), pp. 148-152
[109.]
R. Twombly.
New carcinogen list includes estrogen, UV radiation.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 95 (2003), pp. 185-186
Copyright © 2010. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología and Elsevier España, S.L.
