Información del artículo
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy was introduced into the management of cancer patients 20 years ago. Most hospitals now currently use the technique as a routine diagnostic tool in patients with localized malignant melanoma. However, the technique is complex and numerous details need to be determined and assessed to provide reliable diagnostic and prognostic information. In addition, the introduction of immunohistochemical and molecular techniques in the last decade has extended the information provided by the study of sentinel lymph nodes and created valuable opportunities for investigating the pathogenesis of this type of cancer. The aim of this review is to offer the reader a detailed analysis of the most important studies in the literature and the factors that should currently be considered in determining the indication for sentinel lymph node biopsy, performing the procedure correctly, and interpreting the findings in patients with malignant melanoma.
Key words:
melanoma
prognosis
sentinel lymph node
Resumen
La biopsia del ganglio centinela (BGC) en el manejo del paciente oncológico fue introducida hace casi 20 años y actualmente es ya considerada, en la mayoría de los centros hospitalarios, como una herramienta de diagnóstico de rutina para los pacientes con melanoma maligno (MM) localizado. Sin embargo la técnica es compleja, con numerosos detalles a conocer y a evaluar, ya que de ellos depende su fiabilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica. Además, en la última década, y gracias a la aplicación de técnicas inmunohistoquímicas y moleculares, la información que podemos obtener del estudio del ganglio centinela es cada vez más amplia, ofreciendo un interesante campo para la investigación de la patogenia del cáncer. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo ofrecer al lector un detallado análisis de aquellos factores y series publicadas más importantes a tener en cuenta hoy en día para la correcta indicación, realización e interpretación de los resultados de la BGC en los pacientes con MM.
Palabras clave:
melanoma
pronóstico
ganglio centinela
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
J.A. Carlson, J.S. Ross, A. Slominski, G. Linette, J. Mysliborski, J. Hill, et al.
Molecular diagnostics in melanoma.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 52 (2005), pp. 743-775
[2.]
A. Breslow.
Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma.
Ann Surg, 172 (1970), pp. 902-908
[3.]
C.M. Balch, S. Soong, M.B. Atkins, A.C. Buzaid, N. Cascinelli, D.G. Coit, et al.
An evidence-based staging system for cutaneous melanoma.
CA Cancer J Clin, 54 (2004), pp. 131-149
[4.]
J.F. Thompson, H.M. Shaw, P. Hersey, R. Scoyler.
The history and future of melanoma staging.
J Surg Oncol, 86 (2004), pp. 224-235
[5.]
J.F. Thompson, J.R. Stretch, R.F. Uren, V.S. Ka, R. Scoyler.
Sentinel node biopsy for melanoma: where have we been and where are we going.
Ann Surg Oncol, 11 (2004), pp. 147S-151S
[6.]
A.J. Cochran, D. Elashoff, D.L. Morton, R. Elashoff.
Individualized prognosis for melanoma patients.
Hum Pathol, 31 (2000), pp. 327-331
[7.]
J.M. Baron, F. Abuzahra.
Evidence-based staging system for malignant melanoma: is new necessarily better? Letter.
Cancer, 364 (2004), pp. 395-396
[8.]
R.L. Barnhill, J. Katzen, A. Spatz, J. Fine, M. Berwick.
The importance of mitotic rate as a prognostic factor for localized cutaneous melanoma.
J Cutan Pathol, 32 (2005), pp. 268-273
[9.]
E. Nagore, V. Oliver, R. Botella, A. Insa, J.M. Fortea.
Factores pronósticos en el melanoma maligno cutáneo localizado: estudio de 639 pacientes.
Med Clin (Barc), 124 (2005), pp. 361-367
[10.]
S.R. Alonso, P. Ortiz, M. Pollán, B. Pérez-Gómez, L. Sánchez, M.J. Acuña, et al.
Progression in cutaneous malignant melanoma is associated with distinct expression profiles.
Am J Pathol, 164 (2004), pp. 193-203
[11.]
C.M. Balch, A.N. Houghton, A.J. Sober, S. Soong.
Cutaneous Melanoma.
4th ed., Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., (2003),
[12.]
T.M. Johnson, V.K. Sondak, C.K. Bichakjian, M.S. Sabel.
The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: evidence assessment.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 19-27
[13.]
M. Bittner, P. Meltxer, Y. Chen, Y. Jiang, E. Seftor, M. Hendrix, et al.
Molecular classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma by gene expression profiling.
Nature, 406 (2000), pp. 536-540
[14.]
R.M. Cabanas.
An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma.
Cancer, 39 (1977), pp. 456-466
[15.]
E.A. Gould, T. Winship, P.H. Philbin, H.H. Kerr.
Observations on a «sentinel node» in cancer of the parotid.
Cancer, 13 (1960), pp. 77-78
[16.]
D.L. Morton, Dr. Wen, J.H. Wong, J.S. Economou, L.A. Cagle, F.K. Storm, et al.
Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma.
Arch Surg, 127 (1992), pp. 392-399
[17.]
D. Reintgen, C.W. Cruse, K. Wells, C. Berman, N. Fenske, F. Glass, et al.
The ordely progression of melanoma nodal metastases.
Ann Surg, 220 (1994), pp. 759-767
[18.]
J.F. Thompson, W.H. McCarthy, C.M. Bosch, C.J. O’Brien, M.J. Quinn, S. Paramaesvaran, et al.
Sentinel lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph node.
Melanoma Res, 5 (1995), pp. 255-260
[19.]
D.L. Morton, J.F. Thompson, R. Essner, R. Elashoff, S.L. Stern, O.E. Nieweg, et al.
Validation of the accuracy of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for earlystage melanoma. A multicenter trial.
Ann Surg, 230 (1999), pp. 453-465
[20.]
I.J. Bleiweiss.
Sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer after 10 years: rethinking basic principles.
Lancet Oncol, 7 (2006), pp. 686-692
[21.]
F.J. Civantos, F.L. Moffat, W.J. Goodwin.
Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for 106 head and neck lesions: contrasts between oral cavity and cutaneous malignancy.
Laryngoscope, 112 (2006), pp. 1-15
[22.]
S.P. Leong.
Selective sentinel lymphadenectomy for malignant melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
Cancer Treat Res, 127 (2005), pp. 39-76
[23.]
K.A. Thomas, J. Lechner, P. Shen, G.S. Waters, K.R. Geisinger, E.A. Levine.
Use of sentinel node mapping for cancer of the colon: “to map or not to map”.
Am Surg, 72 (2006), pp. 606-611
[24.]
N. Medalie, A.B. Ackerman.
Sentinel node biopsy has no benefit for patients whose primary cutaneous melanoma has metastasized to a lymph node and therefore should be abandoned now.
Br J Dermatol, 151 (2004), pp. 298-307
[25.]
J.M. Thomas, E.J. Patocskai.
The argument against sentinel node biopsy for malignant melanoma. Its use should be confined to patients in clinical trials.
Br Med J, 321 (2000), pp. 3-4
[26.]
R. Gutzmer, M. Al-Ghazal, H. Geerlings, A. Kapp.
Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma delays recurrence but does not change melanoma-related survival-a retrospective analysis of 673 patients.
Br J Dermatol, 153 (2005), pp. 1137-1141
[27.]
N. Cascinelli, A. Morabito, M. Santinami, R.M. MacKie, F. Belli.
Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 793-796
[28.]
U. Veronesi, J. Adamus, D.C. Bandiera, O. Brennhovd, E. Cáceres, N. Cascinelli, et al.
Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities.
Cancer, 49 (1982), pp. 2420-2430
[29.]
F.H. Sim, W.F. Taylor, D.J. Pritchard, E.H. Soule.
Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study.
Mayo Clin Proc, 62 (1986), pp. 697-705
[30.]
C.M. Balch, S.J. Soong, A.A. Bartolucci, M.M. Urist, C.P. Karakousis, T.J. Smith, et al.
Efficacy of an elective regional lymph node dissection of 1 to 4 mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age and younger.
Ann Surg, 224 (1996), pp. 255-263
[31.]
C. Paradelo, M. Fraile, C. Ferrándiz, A. Alastrué, X. Bigatà.
La linfogammagrafía en el estudio de los patrones de drenaje linfático en los pacientes con melanoma.
Med Clin (Barc), 113 (1999), pp. 281-284
[32.]
D.L. Morton, J.F. Thompson, A.J. Cochran, N. Mozzillo, R. Elashoff, R. Essner, et al.
Sentinel node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 1307-1317
[33.]
C. Ferrándiz.
Biopsia del ganglio centinela en el melanoma. Consideraciones para la selección de los pacientes.
Med Clin (Barc), 120 (2003), pp. 737-738
[34.]
V.S. Yee, J.F. Thompson, J.G. McKinnon, R.A. Scolyer, L.X. Li, W.H. McCarthy, et al.
Outcome in 846 cutaneous melanoma patients from a single center after a negative sentinel node biopsy.
Ann Surg Oncol, 12 (2005), pp. 429-439
[35.]
J. Guitart, L. Lowe, L. Piepkorn, V.G. Prieto, M.S. Rabkin, S.G. Ronan, et al.
Histological characteristics of metastasizing thin melanomas: a case-control study of 43 cases.
Arch Dermatol, 138 (2002), pp. 603-608
[36.]
C. Urso, L. Borgnoni, C. Saieva, G. Ferrara, G. Tinacci, B. Begliomini, et al.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with “atypical Spitz tumors”. A report on 12 cases.
Hum Pathol, 37 (2006), pp. 816-823
[37.]
J.F. Thompson, P. Niewind, R.F. Uren, C.M. Bosch, R. Howman-Giles, B.C. Vrouenraets, et al.
Single-dose isotope injection for both preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative sentinel lymph node identification in melanoma patients.
Melanoma Res, 7 (1997), pp. 500-506
[38.]
K.M. McMasters, R.D. Noyes, D.S. Reintgen, J.S. Goydos, P.D. Beitsch, B.S. Davidson, et al.
Lessons learned from the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial.
J Surg Oncol, 86 (2004), pp. 212-223
[39.]
H.N. Abrahansen, S.J. Hamilton-Dutoit, J. Larsen, T. Steiniche.
Sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma:extended histopathologic evaluation improves diagnostic precision.
Cancer, 100 (2004), pp. 1683-1691
[40.]
A.C. Van Akkooi, J.H. Wilt, C. Verhoef, W.J. Graveland, A.N. van Geel, M. Kliffen, et al.
High positive sentinel node identification rate by EORTC melanoma group protocol. Prognostic indicators of metastatic patterns after sentinel node biopsy in melanoma.
Eur J Cancer, 42 (2006), pp. 372-380
[41.]
P.J. Bostick, D.L. Morton, R.R. Turner, K.T. Huynh, H.J. Wang, R. Elashoff, et al.
Prognostic significance of occult metastases detected by sentinel lymphadenectomy and reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction in early-stage melanoma patients.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 3238-3244
[42.]
M.G. Cook, M.A. Green, A. Anderson, A.M. Eggermont, D.J. Ruiter, A. Spatz, et al.
The development of optimal pathological assessment of sentinel lymph nodes for melanoma.
J Pathol, 200 (2003), pp. 314-319
[43.]
W. Li, A. Stall, S.C. Shivers, J. Lin, F. Haddad, J. Messina, et al.
Clinical relevance of molecular staging for melanoma: comparison of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with melanoma.
Ann Surg, 231 (2000), pp. 795-803
[44.]
H. Starz, B.R. Balda, K.U. Kramer, H. Buchels, H. Wang.
A micromorphometry-based concept for routine classification of sentinel lymph node metastases and its clinical relevance for patients with melanoma.
Cancer, 91 (2001), pp. 2110-2120
[45.]
D. Rimoldi, R. Lemoine, A.M. Kurt, S. Salvi, M. Berset, M. Matter, et al.
Detection of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients: direct comparison of multimarker molecular and immunopathological methods.
Melanoma Res, 13 (2003), pp. 511-520
[46.]
K. Spanknebel, D.G. Coit, S.C. Bieglick, M. Gonen, J. Rosai, D.S. Klimstra.
Characterization of micrometastatic disease in melanoma sentinel lymph nodes by enhanced pathology.
Am J Surg Pathol, 29 (2005), pp. 305-317
[47.]
A.A. Roberts, A.J. Cochran.
Pathologic analysis of sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma patients: current and future trends.
J Surg Oncol, 85 (2004), pp. 152-161
[48.]
A.J. Cochran, D.R. Wen, D.L. Morton.
Occult tumour cells in the lymph nodes of patients with pathological stage I malignant melanoma: an immunohistological study.
Am J Surg Pathol, 12 (1988), pp. 612-618
[49.]
C. Mangas, M.T. Fernández-Figueras, J.M. Carrascosa, X. Soria, C. Paradelo, C. Ferrandiz, et al.
A tattoo reaction in a sentinel lymph node from a patient with melanoma.
Dermatol Surg, 33 (2007), pp. 766-767
[50.]
D. Fontaine, W. Parkhill, W. Greer, N. Walsh.
Nevus cells in lymph nodes.
Am J Dermatopathol, 24 (2002), pp. 1-5
[51.]
K. Carson, D.R. Wen, P.X. Li, A.M. Lana, C. Bailly, D.L. Morton, et al.
Nodal nevi and cutaneous melanomas.
Am J Surg Pathol, 20 (1996), pp. 834-840
[52.]
J.B. Holt, O.P. Saguenza, E.A. Levine, P. Shen, S. Bergman, K.R. Geisinger, et al.
Nodal melanocytic nevi in sentinel lymph nodes.
Am J Clin Pathol, 121 (2004), pp. 58-63
[53.]
G. Cserni.
A model of determining the optimum histology of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer.
J Clin Pathol, 57 (2004), pp. 467-471
[54.]
G.W. Carlson, D.R. Murray, R.H. Lyles, C.A. Staley, A. Hestley, C. Cohen.
The amount of metastatic melanoma in a sentinel lymph node: does it have prognostic significance?.
Ann Surg Oncol, 10 (2003), pp. 575-581
[55.]
A.J. Cochran, A.A. Roberts.
Optimized assessment of sentinel lymph nodes for metastatic melanoma: implications for regional surgery and overall treatment planning.
Ann Surg Oncol, 11 (2004), pp. 156S-161S
[56.]
R.J. Vuylsteke, P.J. Borgstein, P.A. van Leeuwen, H.A. Gietema, B.G. Molenkamp, M.G. Statius Muller, et al.
Sentinel lymph node tumor load: an independent predictor of additional lymph node involvement and survival in melanoma.
Ann Surg Oncol, 12 (2005), pp. 440-448
[57.]
B. Smith, P. Selby, J. Southgate, K. Pittman, C. Bradley, G.E. Blair, et al.
Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction.
Lancet, 338 (1991), pp. 1227-1229
[58.]
X. Wang, R. Heller, N. vanVoorhis, F. Glass, N. Fenske, C. Berman, et al.
Detection of submicroscopic lymph node metastases with polymerase chain reaction in patients with malignant melanoma.
Ann Surg, 220 (1994), pp. 768-774
[59.]
H.J. Blaheta, U. Ellwanger, B. Schittek, K. Sotlar, E. MacZey, H. Breuninger, et al.
Examination of regional lymph nodes by sentinel node biopsy and molecular analysis provides new staging facilities in primary cutaneous melanoma.
J Invest Dermatol, 114 (2000), pp. 637-642
[60.]
J.S. Goydos, K.N. Patel, W.J. Shih, S.E. Lu, A.P. Yudd, J.S. Kempf, et al.
Patterns of recurrence in patients with melanoma and histological negative but RT-PCR-positive sentinel lymph nodes.
J Am Coll Surg, 196 (2003), pp. 196-204
[61.]
U.S. Kammula, R. Ghossein, S. Bhattacharya, D.G. Coit.
Serial follow-up and the prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-staged sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients.
J Clin Oncol, 22 (2004), pp. 3989-3996
[62.]
C.T. Kuo, D.S. Hoon, H. Takeuchi, R. Turner, H.J. Wang, D.L. Morton, et al.
Prediction of disease outcome in melanoma patients by molecular analysis of paraffin-embedded sentinel lymph nodes.
J Clin Oncol, 21 (2003), pp. 3566-3572
[63.]
C. Mangas, J.M. Hilari, C. Paradelo, J. Rex, M.T. Fernández-Figueras, M. Fraile, et al.
Prognostic significance of molecular staging study of sentinel lymph nodes by RTPCR for tyrosinase in melanoma patients.
Ann Surg Oncol, 13 (2006), pp. 910-918
[64.]
D. Ribuffo, A. Gardilone, M. Vonella, S. Chiummariello, E. Cigna, N. Haliassos, et al.
Prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-negative sentinel nodes in malignant melanoma.
Ann Surg Oncol, 10 (2003), pp. 396-402
[65.]
C.R. Scoggins, M.I. Ross, D.S. Reintgen, R.D. Noyes, J.S. Goydos, P.D. Beitsch, et al.
Prospective multi-institutional study of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for molecular staging of melanoma.
J Clin Oncol, 24 (2006), pp. 2849-2857
[66.]
T. Giese, M. Engstner, U. Mansmann, W. Hartschuh, B. Arden.
Quantification of melanoma micrometastases in sentinel nodes using real-time RT-PCR.
J Invest Dermatol, 124 (2005), pp. 633-637
[67.]
S.C. Shivers, X. Wang, W. Li, E. Joseph, J. Messina, L.F. Glass, et al.
Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome.
JAMA, 280 (1998), pp. 1410-1415
[68.]
H. Takeuchi, D.L. Morton, C. Kuo, R.R. Turner, D. Elashoff, R. Elashoff, et al.
Prognostic significance of molecular upstaging of paraffin-embedded sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma patients.
J Clin Oncol, 22 (2004), pp. 2671-2680
[69.]
J. Ulrich, B. Bonnekoh, R. Bockelmann, M. Schön, M.P. Schön, R. Steinke, et al.
Prognostic significance of detecting micrometastases by tyrosinase RT/PCR in sentinel lymph node biopsies: lessons from 322 consecutive melanoma patients.
Eur J Cancer, 40 (2004), pp. 2812-2819
[70.]
S. Mocellin, D.S. Hoon, P. Pilati, C.R. Rossi, D. Nitti.
Sentinel lymph node molecular ultrastaging in patients with melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognosis.
J Clin Oncol, 25 (2007), pp. 1588-1595
[71.]
Y. Kawakami, S. Eliyahu, C. Delgado.
Cloning of the gene coding for a shared human melanoma antigen recognized by autologous T cells infiltrating into tumor.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91 (1994), pp. 3315-3319
[72.]
D.S. Reintgen, J.W. Jakub, S. Pendas, G. Swor, R. Giuliano, S. Shivers.
The staging of malignant melanoma and the Florida Melanoma Trial.
Ann Surg Oncol, 11 (2004), pp. 186S-191S
[73.]
T. Godfrey, A. Kelly.
Development of quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays for measuring gene expression.
Methods Mol Biology, 291 (2005), pp. 423-445
[74.]
V. Davids, S.H. Kidson, G.S. Hanekom.
Melanoma patient staging: histopathological versus molecular evaluation of the sentinel node.
Melanoma Res, 13 (2003), pp. 313-324
[75.]
P.I. Haigh, A. Lucci, R.R. Turner, P.J. Bostick, D.L. Krasne, S.L. Stern, et al.
Carbon dye histologically confirms the identity of sentinel lymph nodes in cutaneous melanoma.
Cancer, 92 (2001), pp. 535-541
[76.]
R.A. Scolyer, J.F. Thompson, L.X. Li, A. Beavis, M. Dawson, P. Doble, et al.
Failure to remove true sentinel nodes can cause failure of the sentinel node biopsy technique: evidence from antimony concentrations in false-negative sentinel nodes from melanoma patients.
Ann Surg Oncol, 11 (2004), pp. 174S-178S
[77.]
J.E. Gershenwald, M.I. Colome, J.E. Lee, P.F. Mansfield, C. Tseng, J.J. Lee, et al.
Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma.
J Clin Oncol, 16 (1998), pp. 2253-2260
[78.]
B.M. Clary, M.S. Brady, J.J. Lewis, D.G. Coit.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: review of a large single-institutional experience with an emphasis on recurrence.
Ann Surg, 233 (2001), pp. 250-258
[79.]
D.L. Morton, A.J. Cochran.
The case for lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in the management of primary melanoma.
Br J Dermatol, 151 (2004), pp. 308-319
[80.]
I.J. Fidler.
The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the “seed and soil” hypothesis revisited.
Nat Rev Cancer, 3 (2003), pp. 1-6
[81.]
A. Pizarro, P. Redondo.
Melanoma dissemination and the usefulness of sentinel lymph node: a reappraisal.
Skin Cancer, 19 (2004), pp. 221-230
[82.]
S. Paget.
The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast.
Lancet, 1 (1889), pp. 571-573
[83.]
T.M. Pawlik, M.I. Ross, M.M. Johnson, C.W. Schacherer, D.M. McClain, P.F. Mansfield, et al.
Predictors and natural history of in-transit melanoma after sentinel lymphadenectomy.
Ann Surg Oncol, 12 (2005), pp. 587-596
[84.]
D.V. Van Poll, J.F. Thompson, M.H. Colman, J.G. McKinnon, R.P. Saw, J.R. Stretch, et al.
A sentinel node biopsy does not increase the incidence of in-transit metastasis in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma.
Ann Surg Oncol, 12 (2005), pp. 597-608
[85.]
R. Essner, A. Conforti, M.C. Kelley, L. Wanek, S. Stern, E. Glass, et al.
Efficacy of lymphatic mapping, sentinel lymphadenectomy, and selective complete lymph node dissection as a therapeutic procedure for early-stage melanoma.
Ann Surg Oncol, 6 (1999), pp. 442-449
[86.]
M.A. Gadd, A.B. Cosimi, J. Yu, L.M. Duncan, L. Yu, T.J. Flotte, et al.
Outcome of patients with melanoma and histologically negative sentinel lymph nodes.
Arch Surg, 134 (1999), pp. 381-387
[87.]
M.G. Statius Muller, P.A. van Leeuwen, E.S. de Lange-de Klerk, P.J. van Diest, R. Pijpers, C.C. Ferwerda, et al.
The sentinel lymph node status is an important factor for predicting clinical outcome in patients with stage I or II cutaneous melanoma.
Cancer, 91 (2001), pp. 2401-2408
[88.]
L. Jansen, O.E. Niegew, J.L. Peterse, C.A. Hoefnagel, R.A. Olmos, B.B. Kroon.
Reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging melanoma.
Br J Surg, 87 (2000), pp. 484-489
[89.]
S.P. Harlow, D.N. Krag, T. Ashikaga, C.A. Hoefnagel, R.A. Olmos, B.B. Kroon.
Gamma probe guided biopsy of the sentinel node in malignant melanoma: a multicentre study.
Melanoma Res, 11 (2001), pp. 45-55
[90.]
M.H. Doting, H.J. Hoekstra, J.T. Plukker, D.A. Piers, P.L. Jager, A.T. Tiebosch, et al.
Is sentinel node biopsy beneficial in melanoma patients? A report on 200 patients with cutaneous melanoma.
Eur J Surg Oncol, 28 (2002), pp. 673-678
[91.]
C. Chao, S.L. Wong, M.I. Ross, D.S. Reintgen, R.D. Noyes, P.B. Cerrito, et al.
Patterns of early recurrence after sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma.
Am J Surg, 184 (2002), pp. 520-524
[92.]
S. Vidal-Sicart, F. Pons, S. Puig, M. Ortega, A. Vilalta, F. Martín, et al.
Identification of the sentinel lymph node in patients with malignant melanoma: what are the reasons for mistakes?.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 30 (2003), pp. 362-366
[93.]
D.L. Morton, D.S. Hoon, A.J. Cochran, R.R. Turner, R. Essner, H. Takeuchi, et al.
Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early stage melanoma: therapeutic utility and implications of nodal microanatomy and molecular staging for improving the accuracy of detection of nodal metastases.
Ann Surg, 238 (2003), pp. 538-549
[94.]
Z.I. Nowecki, P. Rutkowski, A. Nasierowska-Guttmejer, W. Ruka.
Survival analysis and clinicopathological factors associated with false-negative sentinel lymph node biopsy findings in patients with cutaneous melanoma.
Ann Surg Oncol, 13 (2006), pp. 1655-1663
[95.]
D.R. Berk, D.L. Johnson, A. Uzieblo, M. Kiernan, S.M. Swetter.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma: the Stanford experience, 1997-2004.
Arch Dermatol, 14 (2005), pp. 1016-1022
[96.]
J. Rex, C. Paradelo, C. Mangas, J.M. Hilari, M.T. Fernández-Figueras, M. Fraile, et al.
Single-institution experience in the management of patients with clinical stage I and II cutaneous melanoma: results of sentinel lymph node biopsy in 240 cases.
Dermatol Surg, 31 (2005), pp. 1385-1393
[97.]
J.D. Wagner, J. Ranieri, D.Z. Evdokimow, T. Logan, T.Y. Chiang, C.S. Johnson, et al.
Patterns of initial recurrence and prognosis after sentinel lymph node biopsy and selective lymphadenectomy for melanoma.
Plast Reconstr Surg, 112 (2003), pp. 486-497
Copyright © 2008. Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología and Elsevier España, S.L.
