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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isotretinoin revolutionized the treatment of acne<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and has been used successfully in many other skin diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Its adverse effects&#44; which are fewer at low doses of the drug&#44; have been well described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Frequent side effects are muscle pain and elevated serum creatine kinase &#40;CK&#41; concentrations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> However&#44; few publications on an association of this drug and rhabdomyolysis have appeared&#46; We report the case of a patient who developed severe rhabdomyolysis while on a low-dose regimen of isotretinoin&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 30-year-old man with no remarkable medical history&#44; who was a fourth-year resident physician in dermatology&#44; self-prescribed oral isotretinoin at a dose of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk to treat seborrheic dermatitis refractory to topical agents&#46; He did not undergo any laboratory testing prior to starting treatment was not taking any other medications or using street drugs&#46; Three months later he developed myalgia and passed dark-colored urine after a 45-minute session of intense anaerobic exercise&#46; He was afebrile and had no other symptoms&#46; He went to the emergency department&#44; where tests showed a highly elevated serum CK concentration &#40;128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>084<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L &#91;reference&#44; 0&#8211;195<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&#93;&#41; and elevated liver enzymes &#40;aspartate aminotransferase&#44; 860<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L &#91;reference&#44; 0&#8211;35&#93;&#59; and alanine aminotransaminase&#44; 223<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L &#91;reference&#44; 0&#8211;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#93;&#41;&#46; Renal function&#44; plasma electrolytes&#44; and full blood count results were normal&#46; He was admitted&#44; isotretinoin suspended&#44; and intravenous fluids infused to force diuresis and urine alkalinization&#46; The CK concentration gradually fell and symptoms gradually improved&#46; Renal function never deteriorated&#44; and he was discharged after 8 days&#46; On follow-up he remained asymptomatic&#59; serum CK levels&#44; blood counts&#44; and thyroid function test results also remained normal&#46; He was advised not to resume taking isotretinoin&#46; Six months later he restarted regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise with no future incidents&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown and necrosis of striated muscle tissue&#44; usually after the muscle has been severely damaged&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Other causes included exposure to drugs and poisons&#44; infection&#44; muscle enzyme deficencies&#44; metabolic myopathies&#44; endocrine disorders&#44; electrolyte disturbances&#44; and central hyperthermia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Clinical features include muscle pain and weakness&#44; dark-colored urine&#44; and CK levels 5-fold higher than reference values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Complications&#44; among them renal insufficiency&#44; electrolyte imbalances and disseminated intravascular coagulation&#44; can be life-threatening&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Treatment involves life-support measures and intense hydration to prevent kidney failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isotretinoin has been used successfully to treat acne and is indicated for many skin diseases&#44; including hidradenitis suppurativa&#44; seborrheic dermatitis&#44; rosacea&#44; folliculitis decalvans&#44; and viral warts&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Myalgia is a common adverse effect that appears in more than 25&#37; of patients on high-dose regimens &#40;0&#46;7&#8211;1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#41;&#44; but only rarely must treatment be suspended if it develops&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Asymptomatic serum CK elevation during isotretinoin therapy&#44; which has been well documented&#44; is considered a benign self-limited event&#46; Only rarely does the concentration increase 5-fold&#46; CK monitoring during therapy is not recommended and changes do not justify interrupting treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> However&#44; some authors have reported an association between CK elevation and rhabdomyolysis&#44; particularly after intense physical exercise &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> and 1 case of fatal rhabdomyolysis related to isotretinoin has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> It seems reasonable to periodically check CK concentrations in patients on this drug if they practice sports and to warn them to avoid intense exercise&#46; Patients on statins and antipsychotic medications&#44; which are associated with rhabdomyolysis&#44; should also be followed and warned&#46; Moreover&#44; the physician should inquire about muscle and joint pain&#44; urine color&#44; and muscle weakness during medical visits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low-dose isotretinoin therapy has proven effective<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and is associated with a lower rate of side effects&#44; including myalgia&#44; than therapy at higher doses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Even so&#44; a case of rhabdomyolysis was described in an adolescent treated with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We identified no other toxins&#44; medications&#44; drugs&#44; or endocrine disorders that could explain our patient&#39;s symptoms&#46; He has remained asymptomatic since suspending isotretinoin and has been able to resume physical exercise&#46; We therefore think that this drug and intense exercise were responsible for the episode of acute muscle damage&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isotretinoin is a safe drug that is well tolerated&#44; but strict vigilance is needed when it is prescribed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> even at low doses&#46; Although testing prior to starting therapy would not have prevented the development of rhabdomyolysis in our patient&#44; it could lower the risk of complications such as hepatitis and severe dyslipidemia&#46; We think that patients on this drug should be warned to refrain from intense exercise and that physicians should watch for symptoms suggestive of rhabdomyolysis so that treatment can be started promptly&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comorbidity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Other Medications&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Isotretinoin Dose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Indication&#47;Time on Isotretinoin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rhabdomyolysis Trigger&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Serum CK Level&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical Outcome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Paulsrud et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> 2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;2 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Madera et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;6 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Phillips et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#44; F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;3 wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inci et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;2 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise &#40;soccer&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Kempeneers et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;2 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>763<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hartung et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diclofenac&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;3&#46;5 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diclofenac&#63; Physical exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Death &#40;ventricular fibrillation&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">G&#243;mez-Bernal et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;11 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise &#40;weight lifting&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">801<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Karaa et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vitamins&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Unspecified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;several mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise &#40;weight lifting&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">232<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Guttman-Yassky et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> 2003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;10 d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>503<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trauner et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> 1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dissecting cellulitis&#47;5 wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>053<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hodak et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> 1986&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acne&#47;4 wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">918<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#47;M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Seborrheic dermatitis&#47;3 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical exercise &#40;weight lifting&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>084<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No sequelae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of Case Reports of Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Isotretinoin Therapy&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;L&#46; L&#243;pez-Estebaranz"
                            1 => "P&#46; Herranz-Pinto"
                            2 => "B&#46; Dr&#233;no"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2016.10.001"
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                        "volumen" => "108"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27816123"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Dermatological indications for the use of isotretinoin beyond acne"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Forbat"
                            1 => "F&#46;R&#46; Ali"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Adverse effects of isotretinoin&#58; a retrospective review of 1743 patients started on isotretinoin"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "M&#46; Rademaker"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1440-0960.2010.00657.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Australas J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "248"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21198520"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Creatine phosphokinase values during isotretinoin treatment for acne"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "Y&#46; Kaymak"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03491.x"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "47"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377609"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical significance of markedly elevated serum creatine kinase levels in patients with acne on isotretinoin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Landau"
                            1 => "R&#46; Mesterman"
                            2 => "J&#46; Ophir"
                            3 => "B&#46; Mevorah"
                            4 => "J&#46; Alcalay"
                            5 => "A&#46; Harel"
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                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/000155501317140070"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Derm Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "81"
                        "paginaInicial" => "350"
                        "paginaFinal" => "352"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800143"
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                0 => array:2 [
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Información de la revista
Vol. 111. Núm. 4.
Páginas 333-335 (mayo 2020)
Vol. 111. Núm. 4.
Páginas 333-335 (mayo 2020)
Case and Research Letter
Open Access
Severe Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Low-Dose Isotretinoin Therapy
Rabdomiolisis grave asociada al tratamiento con bajas dosis de isotretinoína
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7883
D. Morgado-Carrasco
Autor para correspondencia
morgadodaniel8@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. del Rosario, X. Fustà-Novell, P. Giavedoni
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tablas (1)
Table 1. Summary of Case Reports of Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Isotretinoin Therapy.
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To the Editor:

Isotretinoin revolutionized the treatment of acne1 and has been used successfully in many other skin diseases.2 Its adverse effects, which are fewer at low doses of the drug, have been well described.3 Frequent side effects are muscle pain and elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations.4,5 However, few publications on an association of this drug and rhabdomyolysis have appeared. We report the case of a patient who developed severe rhabdomyolysis while on a low-dose regimen of isotretinoin.

A 30-year-old man with no remarkable medical history, who was a fourth-year resident physician in dermatology, self-prescribed oral isotretinoin at a dose of 20mg/wk to treat seborrheic dermatitis refractory to topical agents. He did not undergo any laboratory testing prior to starting treatment was not taking any other medications or using street drugs. Three months later he developed myalgia and passed dark-colored urine after a 45-minute session of intense anaerobic exercise. He was afebrile and had no other symptoms. He went to the emergency department, where tests showed a highly elevated serum CK concentration (128084IU/L [reference, 0–195IU/L]) and elevated liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, 860U/L [reference, 0–35]; and alanine aminotransaminase, 223U/L [reference, 0–45U/L]). Renal function, plasma electrolytes, and full blood count results were normal. He was admitted, isotretinoin suspended, and intravenous fluids infused to force diuresis and urine alkalinization. The CK concentration gradually fell and symptoms gradually improved. Renal function never deteriorated, and he was discharged after 8 days. On follow-up he remained asymptomatic; serum CK levels, blood counts, and thyroid function test results also remained normal. He was advised not to resume taking isotretinoin. Six months later he restarted regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise with no future incidents.

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown and necrosis of striated muscle tissue, usually after the muscle has been severely damaged.6 Other causes included exposure to drugs and poisons, infection, muscle enzyme deficencies, metabolic myopathies, endocrine disorders, electrolyte disturbances, and central hyperthermia.6 Clinical features include muscle pain and weakness, dark-colored urine, and CK levels 5-fold higher than reference values.6 Complications, among them renal insufficiency, electrolyte imbalances and disseminated intravascular coagulation, can be life-threatening.6 Treatment involves life-support measures and intense hydration to prevent kidney failure.6

Isotretinoin has been used successfully to treat acne and is indicated for many skin diseases, including hidradenitis suppurativa, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, folliculitis decalvans, and viral warts, among others.2 Myalgia is a common adverse effect that appears in more than 25% of patients on high-dose regimens (0.7–1.0mg/kg/d), but only rarely must treatment be suspended if it develops.3 Asymptomatic serum CK elevation during isotretinoin therapy, which has been well documented, is considered a benign self-limited event. Only rarely does the concentration increase 5-fold. CK monitoring during therapy is not recommended and changes do not justify interrupting treatment.4,5 However, some authors have reported an association between CK elevation and rhabdomyolysis, particularly after intense physical exercise (Table 1),7,8 and 1 case of fatal rhabdomyolysis related to isotretinoin has been reported.9 It seems reasonable to periodically check CK concentrations in patients on this drug if they practice sports and to warn them to avoid intense exercise. Patients on statins and antipsychotic medications, which are associated with rhabdomyolysis, should also be followed and warned. Moreover, the physician should inquire about muscle and joint pain, urine color, and muscle weakness during medical visits.3

Table 1.

Summary of Case Reports of Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Isotretinoin Therapy.

Author and Year  Age, y/Sex  Comorbidity  Other Medications  Isotretinoin Dose  Indication/Time on Isotretinoin  Rhabdomyolysis Trigger  Serum CK Level  Clinical Outcome 
Paulsrud et al,7 2017  17/M  No  No  20mg/d  Acne/2 mo  Physical exercise  18800IU/L  No sequelae 
Madera et al,11 2016  18/M  No  No  40mg/d0.5mg/kg/d  Acne/6 mo  Physical exercise  39800IU/L  No sequelae 
Phillips et al,12 2015  33, F      1mg/kg/d  Acne/3 wk  Physical exercise  66000IU/L  No sequelae 
Inci et al,13 2015  19/M  No  No  60mg/d  Acne/2 mo  Physical exercise (soccer)  18500IU/L  No sequelae 
Kempeneers et al,14 2013  15/M  No  No  20mg/d  Acne/2 mo  Physical exercise  22763IU/L  No sequelae 
Hartung et al,9 2012  20/M  No  Diclofenac  40mg/d  Acne/3.5 mo  Diclofenac? Physical exercise  82100IU/L  Death (ventricular fibrillation) 
Gómez-Bernal et al,8 2011  16/M  No  No  0.4mg/kg/d  Acne/11 mo  Physical exercise (weight lifting)  801IU/L  No sequelae 
Karaa et al,15 2009  18/M  No  Vitamins  Unspecified  Acne/several mo  Physical exercise (weight lifting)  232000IU/L  No sequelae 
Guttman-Yassky et al,16 2003  23/M  No  No  0.5mg/kg/d  Acne/10 d  Physical exercise  35503IU/L  No sequelae 
Trauner et al,17 1999  49/M  No  No  1mg/kg/d  Dissecting cellulitis/5 wk  Unknown  11053IU/L  No sequelae 
Hodak et al,18 1986  16/M  No  No  0.5mg/kg/d  Acne/4 wk  Unknown  918IU/L  No sequelae 
Present case  30/M  No  No  20mg/wk  Seborrheic dermatitis/3 mo  Physical exercise (weight lifting)  128084IU/L  No sequelae 

Abbreviations: CK, creatine kinase; F, female; M, male.

Low-dose isotretinoin therapy has proven effective10 and is associated with a lower rate of side effects, including myalgia, than therapy at higher doses.3 Even so, a case of rhabdomyolysis was described in an adolescent treated with 20mg/d.7

We identified no other toxins, medications, drugs, or endocrine disorders that could explain our patient's symptoms. He has remained asymptomatic since suspending isotretinoin and has been able to resume physical exercise. We therefore think that this drug and intense exercise were responsible for the episode of acute muscle damage.

Isotretinoin is a safe drug that is well tolerated, but strict vigilance is needed when it is prescribed3 even at low doses. Although testing prior to starting therapy would not have prevented the development of rhabdomyolysis in our patient, it could lower the risk of complications such as hepatitis and severe dyslipidemia. We think that patients on this drug should be warned to refrain from intense exercise and that physicians should watch for symptoms suggestive of rhabdomyolysis so that treatment can be started promptly.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Please cite this article as: Morgado-Carrasco D, del Rosario A, Fustà-Novell X, Giavedoni P. Rabdomiolisis grave asociada al tratamiento con bajas dosis de isotretinoína. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111:333–335.

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