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2</a>&#41;&#44; which revealed an inflammatory dermal infiltrate consisting of abundant neutrophilic&#44; polymorphonuclear leukocytes with nuclear remnants in the superficial and perivascular portion&#46; We observed fibrinoid necrosis on the wall and thrombi in small vessels&#46; The blood workup was remarkable for microcytic anemia with increased C-reactive protein levels &#40;71&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41;&#44; anti-DNA 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;mL&#44; and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies &#40;ANCA&#41; 1&#58;640&#46; Urinalysis revealed the presence of cocaine&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cocaine-associated retiform purpura&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Clinical Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient remained under observation and received systemic corticosteroids in hospital for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; The lesions improved before disappearing some days later&#46; No new lesions appeared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Comment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cocaine is widely consumed&#44; and Spain has one of the highest consumption rates in the world&#46; The drug is often mixed with other substances to increase volume&#46; For many years&#44; the substances used have been mannitol and lactose&#44; local anesthetics&#44; and more active drugs such as paracetamol and caffeine&#46; Levamisole is widely used today and is frequently detected in cocaine throughout the world&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> reaching 70&#37; in the United States&#46; Levamisole is an antihelmintic and immunomodulatory drug that has been associated with the generation of antibodies such as antinuclear antibodies&#44; anti-La antibodies&#44; and ANCAs in patients with a specific immunogenetic profile&#46; It has also been associated with neutropenia and agranulocytosis&#46; It causes purpura on the skin&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> affecting mainly the ears&#44; as observed in children who receive the drug to treat nephrotic syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Histopathology reveals a mixed pattern of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and microvascular thrombosis that is very characteristic of levamisole&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis includes small vessel vasculitis&#44; septic vasculitis&#44; antiphospholipid syndrome&#44; cryoglobulinemia&#44; and necrosis induced by drugs such as ergotamine and cocaine&#46; 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joint pain&#44; and increased perinuclear ANCA titers who had consumed cocaine&#46; We suggest that her condition could have been caused by the levamisole used to adulterate the cocaine&#46; Our hypothesis is strengthened by clinical&#44; laboratory&#44; and histopathological findings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The definitive proof is detection of levamisole in serum or urine&#44; although this is difficult owing to the drug&#39;s short half-life&#44; which is only 5-6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; Cocaine&#44; on the other hand&#44; remains detectable in urine for 4 days&#46; Confirmation is also based on detection of anti-HNE antibodies&#44; although the test may not always available in clinical laboratories&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatologists should become familiarized with the clinical picture of cocaine-associated retiform purpura and be able to recognize this association in order to ensure cessation of the adulterated drug&#44; 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Vol. 106. Núm. 10.
Páginas 831-832 (diciembre 2015)
Visitas
7142
Vol. 106. Núm. 10.
Páginas 831-832 (diciembre 2015)
Case for Diagnosis
Acceso a texto completo
Retiform Purpura in Plaques
Placas purpúricas retiformes
Visitas
7142
G. Márquez Balbása,
Autor para correspondencia
40871gmb@comb.cat

Corresponding author.
, A. Vidallerb, F. Tresserra-Casasc, J. González-Castroa
a Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Quirón Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
b Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Quirón Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
c Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Quirón Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
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Patient History

We report the case of a 41-year-old woman with no history of interest who was admitted with lesions that had first appeared 24hours earlier. The lesions took the form of lividoid erythematous violaceous plaques that were retiform in appearance, with necrosis in the center in some cases. They were not painful on palpation and occurred successively on the arms, legs, and face (Fig. 1). The patient also reported pain in the wrists and hands. She was afebrile and denied having taken drugs or toxic substances or being bitten by insects.

Figure 1
(0.1MB).
Histopathology

We performed a skin biopsy (fig. 2), which revealed an inflammatory dermal infiltrate consisting of abundant neutrophilic, polymorphonuclear leukocytes with nuclear remnants in the superficial and perivascular portion. We observed fibrinoid necrosis on the wall and thrombi in small vessels. The blood workup was remarkable for microcytic anemia with increased C-reactive protein levels (71.4mg/L), anti-DNA 70IU/mL, and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) 1:640. Urinalysis revealed the presence of cocaine.

Figure 2.

A, Hematoxylin-eosin ×10. B and C, Hematoxylin-eosin ×20.

(0.1MB).

What is your diagnosis?

Diagnosis

Cocaine-associated retiform purpura.

Clinical Course and Treatment

The patient remained under observation and received systemic corticosteroids in hospital for 48hours. The lesions improved before disappearing some days later. No new lesions appeared.

Comment

Cocaine is widely consumed, and Spain has one of the highest consumption rates in the world. The drug is often mixed with other substances to increase volume. For many years, the substances used have been mannitol and lactose, local anesthetics, and more active drugs such as paracetamol and caffeine. Levamisole is widely used today and is frequently detected in cocaine throughout the world,1 reaching 70% in the United States. Levamisole is an antihelmintic and immunomodulatory drug that has been associated with the generation of antibodies such as antinuclear antibodies, anti-La antibodies, and ANCAs in patients with a specific immunogenetic profile. It has also been associated with neutropenia and agranulocytosis. It causes purpura on the skin,1–3 affecting mainly the ears, as observed in children who receive the drug to treat nephrotic syndrome.1 Histopathology reveals a mixed pattern of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and microvascular thrombosis that is very characteristic of levamisole.4

The differential diagnosis includes small vessel vasculitis, septic vasculitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, and necrosis induced by drugs such as ergotamine and cocaine. Wegener granulomatosis (WG) deserves special attention.3,5 A positive cytoplasmic ANCA titer is a highly specific marker of WG.3 There are several reports of patients with midline destructive lesions, together with cutaneous vasculopathy and positive cytoplasmic ANCA titers, which are initially thought to be WG but are eventually associated with consumption of cocaine. Anti-4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) antibodies, a subtype of ANCA, could help to distinguish between both conditions. High anti-HNE titers would point to an association between the clinical findings and consumption of cocaine.4

We report the case of a woman with retiform skin lesions, joint pain, and increased perinuclear ANCA titers who had consumed cocaine. We suggest that her condition could have been caused by the levamisole used to adulterate the cocaine. Our hypothesis is strengthened by clinical, laboratory, and histopathological findings.6 The definitive proof is detection of levamisole in serum or urine, although this is difficult owing to the drug's short half-life, which is only 5-6hours. Cocaine, on the other hand, remains detectable in urine for 4 days. Confirmation is also based on detection of anti-HNE antibodies, although the test may not always available in clinical laboratories.

Dermatologists should become familiarized with the clinical picture of cocaine-associated retiform purpura and be able to recognize this association in order to ensure cessation of the adulterated drug, which is key to satisfactory resolution of the process.

References
[1]
J.M. Waller, J.D. Feramisco, L. Alberta-Wszolek, T.H. McCalmont, L.P. Fox.
Cocaine-associated retiform purpura and neutropenia: Is levamisole the culprit?.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 63 (2010), pp. 530-535
[2]
S.K. Bhinder, V. Majithia.
Cocaine use and its rheumatic manifestations: A case report and discussion.
Clin Rheumatol, 26 (2007), pp. 1192-1194
[3]
O. Wiesner, K.A. Russell, A.S. Lee, D.E. Jenne, M. Trimarchi, G. Gregorini, et al.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies reacting with human neutrophil elastase as a diagnostic marker for cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions but not autoimmune vasculitis.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 2954-2965
[4]
N.M. Wash, P.J. Green, R.W. Burlingame, S. Pasternak, J.G. Hanly.
Cocaine-related retiform purpura: Evidence to incriminate the adulterant, levamisole.
J Cutan Pathol, 37 (2010), pp. 1212-1219
[5]
Y. Salas-Espíndola, A. Peniche-Castellanos, I. López-Gehrke, P. Mercadilo-Pérez.
Vasculitis leucocitoclástica asociada a consumo de cocaína.
Actas Dermosfiliogr, 102 (2011), pp. 82-836
[6]
G. Sais, A. Vidaller, A. Jucglà, O. Servitje, E. Condom, J. Peyri.
Prognostic factors in leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
Arch Dermatol, 134 (1998), pp. 309-315

Please cite this article as: Márquez Balbás G, Vidaller A, Tresserra-Casas F, González-Castro J. lacas purpúricas retiformes. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:831–832.

Copyright © 2014. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
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