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Vol. 100. Núm. S2.
Mirando hacia el futuro en Dermatología Extraordinario del Centenario. Parte II
Páginas 32-39 (diciembre 2009)
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Vol. 100. Núm. S2.
Mirando hacia el futuro en Dermatología Extraordinario del Centenario. Parte II
Páginas 32-39 (diciembre 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Looking Ahead in Dermatology: Skin and Allergy
Mirando hacia el futuro en dermatología: piel y alergia
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J. Ring
Autor para correspondencia
johannes.ring@lrz.tum.de

Correspondence: Department of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29. 80802 Munich. Germany.
, B. Belloni, H. Behrendt
Department of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein. ZAUM – Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt (Center for Allergy and Environment). Technische Universität München
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Abstract

The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased tremendously over the last decades. Clinically they comprise a spectrum of many different conditions caused by specific immunological hypersensitivity in response to a mostly apathogenic substance. Environmental factors such as lack of immune-stimulating contacts (infection, vaccination) and exposure to allergy-enhancing anthropogenic pollutants from tobacco smoke or traffic exhaust particles are suspected to be involved in the increase of allergies. Recently it has been shown that pollens are not only allergen carriers but also secrete highly active proinflammatory lipid mediators, pollen-associated lipid mediators (PALMs), which have proinflammatory and immuno-modulatory capacity that facilitates allergic sensitization of the skin and mucous membranes.

The skin is one of the most important organs where allergic reactions manifest. Many different morphological and physiopathological entities can be observed in the skin that represent all kinds of pathogenetic immune reactions from immediate-type allergy, urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, cytotoxic and immune complex reactions such as thrombocytopenic purpura or allergic leukocytoclastic vasculitis, exanthematous drug eruptions, granulomatous skin reactions to tattoos or fillers as well as a wide spectrum of dermatitis and eczema with allergic contact dermatitis being one of the most common occupational diseases in many countries.

Recent progress in pathophysiology has revealed a role of epidermal barrier function as well as immunodeviation in atopic eczema giving rise to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

The interdisciplinary character of allergy implies a close cooperation between different disciplines where dermatology plays a major role in the management of allergic diseases, covering diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive aspects.

Key words:
allergy
allergic skin disease
urticaria
angioedema
anaphylaxis
purpura
vasculitis
contact dermatitis
atopic eczema
drug eruptions
granulomatous reactions
Resumen

La prevalencia de las enfermedades alérgicas ha aumentado tremendamente en las últimas décadas. Clínicamente abarcan un espectro de diferentes entidades que están causadas por una hipersensibilidad inmunológica específica como respuesta a una sustancia, en general, no patógena. Se sospecha que el aumento de las alergias se debe a factores ambientales como la falta de contactos que estimulen el sistema inmunitario (infección, vacunas) y la exposición a contaminantes antropogénicos que intensifican las alergias como el humo del tabaco o las partículas de combustión. Recientemente se ha demostrado que los pólenes no son solo portadores de alérgenos, sino que también segregan mediadores lipídicos altamente proinflamatorios, mediadores lipídicos asociados al pólen (siglas en inglés PALM), que facilitan la sensibilización alérgica de la piel y las membrabas mucosas por su capacidad proinflamatoria e inmunomoduladora.

La piel es uno de los órganos más importantes donde se manifiestan las reacciones alérgicas. En la piel se pueden observar diferentes entidades morfológicas y fisiopatológicas que representan todos los tipos de reacciones inmunitarias patogénicas desde alergia inmediata, urticaria, angioedema, anafilaxia, reacciones citotóxicas y mediadas por inmunocomplejos como la púrpura trombocitopénica o la vasculitis leucocitoclástica, toxicodermias exantemáticas, reacciones cutáneas granulomatosas por tatuajes o rellenos así como un amplio espectro de dermatitis y eccema, siendo la dermatitis alérgica de contacto una de las enfermedades profesionales más frecuentes en muchos países.

Los recientes avances en la fisiopatología han revelado un rol de la función de la barrera epidérmica así como una desviación inmunitaria en el eccema atópico, lo que da lugar a nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

El carácter interdisciplinar de la alergia implica una estrecha colaboración entre diferentes disciplinas donde la dermatología tiene un papel principal tanto en el diagnóstico, el tratamiento como en la prevención de las enfermedades alérgicas.

Palabras clave:
alergia
enfermedad alérgica cutánea
urticaria
angioedema
anafilaxia
púrpura
vasculitis
dermatitis de contacto
eccema atópico
toxicodermias
reacciones granulomatosas
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