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&#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Erythematous-violaceous reticulated macules with a vascular appearance were observed on the rest of the thigh&#46; The local temperature was lower in the affected areas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathology workup &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41; revealed a perivascular and periadnexal dermal lymphocytic infiltrate beneath a normal epidermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#44; as well as venulitis in the deep reticular dermis and hypodermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; No signs of panniculitis were observed&#46; Alcian-blue staining did not reveal mucin deposits&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the laboratory work-up were normal &#40;negative for autoimmunity&#44; cold agglutinins&#44; cryoglobulins&#44; and serology&#41;&#46; Capillaroscopy performed on the hands revealed normal findings&#44; as did Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">What is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cold-associated perniosis of the thighs &#40;CAPT&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was recommended to wear looser clothing and prescribed medium-potency topical corticosteroids&#46; The lesions had improved at the 1-month check-up&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Comment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CAPT is the term proposed in 2016 by Ferrara and Cerroni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> to describe a condition for which no consensus had been reached and that had been reported with various names&#58; equestrian panniculitis&#44; equestrian-type perniosis&#44; or equestrian-type chilblains&#46; Diagnosis is based on previous exposure to cold&#44; cutaneous lesions on the side of the thighs&#44; and a compatible history&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The usual clinical picture of CAPT does not differ significantly from that originally described in 1980 by Beacham et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> under the name of equestrian cold panniculitis&#46; It is characterized by the presence of infiltrated erythematous-violaceous plaques that may be pruritic or painful&#46; The plaques are found mainly on the outer part of the upper thigh and are not accompanied by other abnormalities&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">equestrian</span> was replaced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cold-associated</span>&#46; Other causes have been identified&#44; for example&#44; riding a bicycle&#44; occupational exposure to humid environments&#44; toboganning&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> wearing jeans with a low waistband&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and application of icepacks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">perniosis</span> is now preferred to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">panniculitis</span> because signs of panniculitis were not observed in many of the cases analyzed&#46; The most common finding is a perivascular and periadnexal lymphocytic infiltrate in the superficial and deep dermis&#46; Other findings include mucin deposits in the dermis and inflammation of small- and medium-caliber venules&#46; Some cases also present lymphocytic lobular panniculitis&#44; which is probably an advanced stage of deep venulitis&#46; Histology makes it possible to differentiate the condition from other conditions in which cold leads to necrosis of hypodermal fat&#44; such as Haxthausen disease or panniculitis caused by sucking ice cream&#59; the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cold-induced panniculitis</span> should be reserved for these conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> Furthermore&#44; cases of cold-induced dermatosis have been reported in horseback riders or persons who have applied cold locally in order to treat low back pain&#46; This can take the form of panniculitis and chilblains &#40;perniosis&#41;&#44; which&#44; in histologic terms&#44; resemble lupus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outer part of the upper thigh is the most common location&#44; for several reasons&#46; The area is more exposed to cold&#44; thus leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood viscosity&#46; In addition&#44; it is exposed to tight clothes that place continuous pressure on the area and reduce blood flow in the subcutaneous fat&#46; Moreover&#44; the area is characterized by abundant adipose tissue&#44; which isolates blood vessels and makes them more susceptible to the effects of cold&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is based on recommending loose clothing&#46; Topical corticosteroids can also be applied&#46; Vasodilators are not useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The condition usually resolves without scarring after a few weeks&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case for Diagnosis
Painful Nodules on the Thighs
Nódulos dolorosos en muslos
R. Conejeroa,
Autor para correspondencia
rconejero@salud.aragon.es

Corresponding author.
, Á. Rivera-Rodríguezb, M. Arac
a Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain
b Departamento de Dermatología del Hospital de Alcañiz, Teruel, Spain
c Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
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&#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Erythematous-violaceous reticulated macules with a vascular appearance were observed on the rest of the thigh&#46; The local temperature was lower in the affected areas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathology workup &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41; revealed a perivascular and periadnexal dermal lymphocytic infiltrate beneath a normal epidermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#44; as well as venulitis in the deep reticular dermis and hypodermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; No signs of panniculitis were observed&#46; Alcian-blue staining did not reveal mucin deposits&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the laboratory work-up were normal &#40;negative for autoimmunity&#44; cold agglutinins&#44; cryoglobulins&#44; and serology&#41;&#46; Capillaroscopy performed on the hands revealed normal findings&#44; as did Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">What is Your Diagnosis&#63;</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cold-associated perniosis of the thighs &#40;CAPT&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was recommended to wear looser clothing and prescribed medium-potency topical corticosteroids&#46; The lesions had improved at the 1-month check-up&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Comment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CAPT is the term proposed in 2016 by Ferrara and Cerroni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> to describe a condition for which no consensus had been reached and that had been reported with various names&#58; equestrian panniculitis&#44; equestrian-type perniosis&#44; or equestrian-type chilblains&#46; Diagnosis is based on previous exposure to cold&#44; cutaneous lesions on the side of the thighs&#44; and a compatible history&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The usual clinical picture of CAPT does not differ significantly from that originally described in 1980 by Beacham et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> under the name of equestrian cold panniculitis&#46; It is characterized by the presence of infiltrated erythematous-violaceous plaques that may be pruritic or painful&#46; The plaques are found mainly on the outer part of the upper thigh and are not accompanied by other abnormalities&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">equestrian</span> was replaced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cold-associated</span>&#46; Other causes have been identified&#44; for example&#44; riding a bicycle&#44; occupational exposure to humid environments&#44; toboganning&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> wearing jeans with a low waistband&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and application of icepacks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">perniosis</span> is now preferred to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">panniculitis</span> because signs of panniculitis were not observed in many of the cases analyzed&#46; The most common finding is a perivascular and periadnexal lymphocytic infiltrate in the superficial and deep dermis&#46; Other findings include mucin deposits in the dermis and inflammation of small- and medium-caliber venules&#46; Some cases also present lymphocytic lobular panniculitis&#44; which is probably an advanced stage of deep venulitis&#46; Histology makes it possible to differentiate the condition from other conditions in which cold leads to necrosis of hypodermal fat&#44; such as Haxthausen disease or panniculitis caused by sucking ice cream&#59; the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cold-induced panniculitis</span> should be reserved for these conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> Furthermore&#44; cases of cold-induced dermatosis have been reported in horseback riders or persons who have applied cold locally in order to treat low back pain&#46; This can take the form of panniculitis and chilblains &#40;perniosis&#41;&#44; which&#44; in histologic terms&#44; resemble lupus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outer part of the upper thigh is the most common location&#44; for several reasons&#46; The area is more exposed to cold&#44; thus leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood viscosity&#46; In addition&#44; it is exposed to tight clothes that place continuous pressure on the area and reduce blood flow in the subcutaneous fat&#46; Moreover&#44; the area is characterized by abundant adipose tissue&#44; which isolates blood vessels and makes them more susceptible to the effects of cold&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is based on recommending loose clothing&#46; Topical corticosteroids can also be applied&#46; Vasodilators are not useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The condition usually resolves without scarring after a few weeks&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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