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all his fingernails and toenails were dystrophic&#44; discolored&#44; and thickened&#44; with massive subungual hyperkeratosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; Keratotic plaques and bullae following pressure distribution were found on the palms and soles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b&#41;&#44; and hyperkeratotic papules appeared over his thighs and trunk&#46; His tongue was thickened with fissures on the dorsal surface&#44; and leukokeratotic plaques were identified both on the tongue and in oral mucosa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Complementary studies</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KOH microscopy and culture of nail clippings and oral mucosa ruled out oral thrush and candidal or dermatophytic onychomycosis&#46; Genetic testing confirmed a mutation in the keratin 6a &#40;K6A L469P&#41; in both individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is your diagnosis&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient and his mother were diagnosed with Pachyonychia Congenita &#40;PC&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PC is a rare disorder of keratinization<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> described by Muller in 1904 and by Jadassohn and Lewandowsky in 1906&#46; The four main sites of disease involvement include &#40;a&#41; hypertrophic nail dystrophy characterized by yellow-brown thickening of the distal two thirds of the nails with subungual debris resulting in elevation and exaggerated curvature or premature termination of nail plate&#59; &#40;b&#41; painful palmoplantar keratoderma following pressure distribution or involving the entirety of the plantar surface&#44; hyperhidrosis of palms and soles&#44; and fissures at friction sites with occasional blistering and secondary infection&#59; &#40;c&#41; follicular keratoses on the trunk&#44; buttocks and extensor aspects of the extremities that resemble keratosis pilaris&#44; but may coalesce into thick&#44; verrucous plaques&#59; &#40;d&#41; oral leukokeratosis with no inherent malignant potential&#46; PC is also characterized in some cases by natal teeth and presence of pilosebaceous cysts &#40;including steatocystoma and vellus hair cysts&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Hoarseness due to laryngeal obstruction is very unusual with only a few cases reported&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is associated with a mutation in one of the five-keratin genes &#40;KRT6A&#44; KRT6B&#44; KRT6C&#44; KRT16&#44; KRT17&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> preventing normal filament aggregation&#44; and causing epidermolysis and compensatory hyperkeratosis at these sites&#46; The nail&#44; hair follicle&#44; tongue&#44; palm&#44; and sole are the main sites of constitutive expression of keratins 6&#44; 16&#44; and 17&#44; which corresponds to the distribution of lesions seen in PC&#46; The most commonly mutated gene is KRT6A &#40;&#8776;41&#8211;44&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by KRT16 &#40;&#8776;25&#8211;30&#37;&#41;&#44; KRT17 &#40;&#8776;17&#8211;24&#37;&#41;&#44; KRT6B &#40;&#8776;5&#8211;9&#37;&#41; and KRT6C &#40;&#8776;2&#8211;3&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It was historically divided into two types &#40;PC-1&#47;Jadassohn-Lewandowski and PC-2&#47;Jackson-Lawler&#41;&#59; however&#44; its classification is now based on genetic subtypes&#46; This disorder is predominantly inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable expression and a high degree of penetrance&#44; although genetic heterogeneity has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its diagnosis is based on clinical findings&#59; however&#44; genetic confirmation is necessary&#46; Toenail dystrophy is the earliest and most common clinical characteristic of PC in children&#44; which can be present at birth in nearly 40&#37; of PC-affected newborns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Genotyping is currently available at no cost on a research basis by registering in the International Pachyonychia Congenita Research Registry &#40;IPCRR&#44; <a href="http://www.pachyonychia.org/">www&#46;pachyonychia&#46;org</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of PC is notoriously difficult&#46; Treatment of manifestations must focus on grooming of nails and management of pain due to palmoplantar keratoderma&#44; which includes the use of emollients to reduce hyperkeratosis and strategies to limit frictions and trauma of the feet&#46; However&#44; there is no curative treatment for PC yet&#46; When thickened nails are not responsive to topical therapy&#44; extensive surgical removal of nail plate&#44; bed and matrix must be undertaken with subsequent skin grafting&#46; Oral retinoids have been effective for palmoplantar keratodermia in some cases of PC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and some cases successfully treated with botulinum toxin have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Moreover&#44; some studies point towards the possibility of neuropathic changes occurring in PC&#44; and therefore neuropathic pain medications could be beneficial in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In our case&#44; emollients and keratolytic agents were prescribed&#44; with good disease control&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case for Diagnosis
Thick Nails and White Tongue in a Fifteen-Year Old Male
Onicodistrofia y leucoqueratosis oral en un paciente varón de 15 años
A. Combalia
Autor para correspondencia
andreacombalia@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, X. Fustà-Novell, T. Estrach
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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all his fingernails and toenails were dystrophic&#44; discolored&#44; and thickened&#44; with massive subungual hyperkeratosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; Keratotic plaques and bullae following pressure distribution were found on the palms and soles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b&#41;&#44; and hyperkeratotic papules appeared over his thighs and trunk&#46; His tongue was thickened with fissures on the dorsal surface&#44; and leukokeratotic plaques were identified both on the tongue and in oral mucosa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Complementary studies</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KOH microscopy and culture of nail clippings and oral mucosa ruled out oral thrush and candidal or dermatophytic onychomycosis&#46; Genetic testing confirmed a mutation in the keratin 6a &#40;K6A L469P&#41; in both individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is your diagnosis&#63;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient and his mother were diagnosed with Pachyonychia Congenita &#40;PC&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PC is a rare disorder of keratinization<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> described by Muller in 1904 and by Jadassohn and Lewandowsky in 1906&#46; The four main sites of disease involvement include &#40;a&#41; hypertrophic nail dystrophy characterized by yellow-brown thickening of the distal two thirds of the nails with subungual debris resulting in elevation and exaggerated curvature or premature termination of nail plate&#59; &#40;b&#41; painful palmoplantar keratoderma following pressure distribution or involving the entirety of the plantar surface&#44; hyperhidrosis of palms and soles&#44; and fissures at friction sites with occasional blistering and secondary infection&#59; &#40;c&#41; follicular keratoses on the trunk&#44; buttocks and extensor aspects of the extremities that resemble keratosis pilaris&#44; but may coalesce into thick&#44; verrucous plaques&#59; &#40;d&#41; oral leukokeratosis with no inherent malignant potential&#46; PC is also characterized in some cases by natal teeth and presence of pilosebaceous cysts &#40;including steatocystoma and vellus hair cysts&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Hoarseness due to laryngeal obstruction is very unusual with only a few cases reported&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is associated with a mutation in one of the five-keratin genes &#40;KRT6A&#44; KRT6B&#44; KRT6C&#44; KRT16&#44; KRT17&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> preventing normal filament aggregation&#44; and causing epidermolysis and compensatory hyperkeratosis at these sites&#46; The nail&#44; hair follicle&#44; tongue&#44; palm&#44; and sole are the main sites of constitutive expression of keratins 6&#44; 16&#44; and 17&#44; which corresponds to the distribution of lesions seen in PC&#46; The most commonly mutated gene is KRT6A &#40;&#8776;41&#8211;44&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by KRT16 &#40;&#8776;25&#8211;30&#37;&#41;&#44; KRT17 &#40;&#8776;17&#8211;24&#37;&#41;&#44; KRT6B &#40;&#8776;5&#8211;9&#37;&#41; and KRT6C &#40;&#8776;2&#8211;3&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It was historically divided into two types &#40;PC-1&#47;Jadassohn-Lewandowski and PC-2&#47;Jackson-Lawler&#41;&#59; however&#44; its classification is now based on genetic subtypes&#46; This disorder is predominantly inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable expression and a high degree of penetrance&#44; although genetic heterogeneity has been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its diagnosis is based on clinical findings&#59; however&#44; genetic confirmation is necessary&#46; Toenail dystrophy is the earliest and most common clinical characteristic of PC in children&#44; which can be present at birth in nearly 40&#37; of PC-affected newborns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Genotyping is currently available at no cost on a research basis by registering in the International Pachyonychia Congenita Research Registry &#40;IPCRR&#44; <a href="http://www.pachyonychia.org/">www&#46;pachyonychia&#46;org</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of PC is notoriously difficult&#46; Treatment of manifestations must focus on grooming of nails and management of pain due to palmoplantar keratoderma&#44; which includes the use of emollients to reduce hyperkeratosis and strategies to limit frictions and trauma of the feet&#46; However&#44; there is no curative treatment for PC yet&#46; When thickened nails are not responsive to topical therapy&#44; extensive surgical removal of nail plate&#44; bed and matrix must be undertaken with subsequent skin grafting&#46; Oral retinoids have been effective for palmoplantar keratodermia in some cases of PC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and some cases successfully treated with botulinum toxin have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Moreover&#44; some studies point towards the possibility of neuropathic changes occurring in PC&#44; and therefore neuropathic pain medications could be beneficial in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In our case&#44; emollients and keratolytic agents were prescribed&#44; with good disease control&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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