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1</a>A&#41;&#46; Under a dermoscope the lesion appeared pinkish-orange in color&#46; Hemorrhagic areas and a well-defined collar were visible on the periphery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Pathology revealed a hyperkeratotic epidermis without atypia and with hemorrhagic areas in the stratum corneum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; A proliferation of spindle cells in intersecting bundles surrounded thick-walled small-caliber vessels&#59; no endothelial atypia was evident &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; The cells &#8212; especially those closest to vessels &#8212; were positive for actin and h-caldesmon&#59; 10&#37; stained positive for Ki-67 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiology of myopericytoma is unknown&#44; but cases have been reported in association with injuries&#44; compromised immunity&#44; and Epstein-Barr virus infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myopericytomas usually present as well-defined nodules less than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter&#46; They are slow-growing masses that are usually located on the upper extremities&#44; head&#44; or neck but may appear at any site&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensitivity of images obtained by magnetic resonance or ultrasound&#44; for example&#44; is low&#46; Histology shows myopericytomas to be well-circumscribed&#44; unencapsulated&#44; and composed of oval myoid-appearing cells&#46; Atypia and mitotic activity are absent&#46; An eosinophilic or amphophilic cytoplasm usually surrounds the vessels&#46; Immunohistochemistry detects positive staining for smooth-muscle actin and h-Caldesmon&#59; findings are usually negative for desmin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five histologic patterns have been described in myopericytoma&#44; as follows&#44; possibly corresponding to different stages of development&#58; 1&#41; a vascular pattern&#59; 2&#41; a glomus tumor-like pattern&#59; 3&#41; a nodular or cellular pattern&#44; as in our case&#59; 4&#41; a multinodular or biphasic appearance&#59; and 5&#41; a piloleiomyoma-like pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Also described is a malignant variant with cellular pleomorphism&#44; high mitotic activity and atypia&#44; areas of necrosis&#44; and an aggressive clinical course that can lead to metastasis and death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis mainly considers the possibility of myofibromatosis&#44; in which cells like those of myofibroblasts are found but grouped together and separated by collagen bundles&#46; Glomus tumors must also be ruled out&#46; These unencapsulated masses consist of nodules surrounded by connective tissue&#46; Finally&#44; angioleiomyomas must be considered&#46; These tumors are usually well defined by a fibrous capsule of variable thickness consisting mainly of smooth muscle bundles lying among blood vessels in a fascicular pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found a single reference for dermoscopic findings in myopericytoma&#46; Mentioned were the presence of branching vessels on the surface&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The hemorrhagic areas we observed under the dermoscope were related to extravasated blood cells in the dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; The unstructured orange-colored area corresponded to hemosiderin deposits&#46; Tumor cells by themselves apparently do not give rise to a particular dermoscopic pattern&#46; The clinical&#8211;dermoscopic differential diagnosis in our case would require consideration of other distal subungual lesions of the digits&#44; such as subungual exostosis&#44; which is characterized by areas of vascular ectasia&#44; hyperkeratosis&#44; onycholysis&#44; and ulceration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Other such lesions are palmar&#8211;plantar warts&#44; in which unstructured brownish-yellow and reddish-black globules corresponding to thrombosed vessels can be observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> These findings recall those we have described for this case of myopericytoma&#46; Tungiasis may also present in a distal digital location&#44; although the observation of a brownish circular area with a black dot in the center&#44; which corresponds to the posterior part of the parasite&#39;s abdomen&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> makes this infestation difficult to confuse with a myopericytoma&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recurrence rate after surgery&#44; even when excision is incomplete&#44; is less than 4&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and surgery is therefore the treatment of choice&#46; Our case is consistent with this decision&#44; given that no recurrence was observed after a year of follow-up even though the deep margin was still affected after excision&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; in this new case of myopericytoma&#44; a rare tumor associated with a history of trauma&#44; the finger remained free of recurrence a year after incomplete excision&#46; We have also described the dermoscopic appearance of the lesion&#46; The only other reference to dermoscopic features we found in the literature differed from the ones we saw&#46; More cases of myopericytoma should be reported and should include the appearance of these lesions under a dermoscope so that the characteristic patterns can be established&#46;</p></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Distal Digital Myopericytoma: A Dermoscopic Case Study
Miopericitoma digital distal: estudio dermatoscópico de un caso
J. Boix-Vilanovaa,
Autor para correspondencia
julian.boix@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, L.J. del Pozo Hernandoa, H. Rodrigo Larab, O. Corral-Magañaa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myopericytomas are classified as benign pericytic &#40;perivascular&#41; soft-tissue tumors by the World Health Organization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Fewer than 200 cases of this rare tumor have been described in the literature&#44; and fewer than 30 on the hands have been reported&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient was a 48-year-old man with no relevant medical history who consulted us for a lesion that had appeared 9 months earlier on the pulp of the third finger of his right hand&#46; He attributed it to an injury&#46; Examination showed a hyperkeratotic lesion measuring 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; Under a dermoscope the lesion appeared pinkish-orange in color&#46; Hemorrhagic areas and a well-defined collar were visible on the periphery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Pathology revealed a hyperkeratotic epidermis without atypia and with hemorrhagic areas in the stratum corneum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; A proliferation of spindle cells in intersecting bundles surrounded thick-walled small-caliber vessels&#59; no endothelial atypia was evident &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; The cells &#8212; especially those closest to vessels &#8212; were positive for actin and h-caldesmon&#59; 10&#37; stained positive for Ki-67 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiology of myopericytoma is unknown&#44; but cases have been reported in association with injuries&#44; compromised immunity&#44; and Epstein-Barr virus infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myopericytomas usually present as well-defined nodules less than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter&#46; They are slow-growing masses that are usually located on the upper extremities&#44; head&#44; or neck but may appear at any site&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensitivity of images obtained by magnetic resonance or ultrasound&#44; for example&#44; is low&#46; Histology shows myopericytomas to be well-circumscribed&#44; unencapsulated&#44; and composed of oval myoid-appearing cells&#46; Atypia and mitotic activity are absent&#46; An eosinophilic or amphophilic cytoplasm usually surrounds the vessels&#46; Immunohistochemistry detects positive staining for smooth-muscle actin and h-Caldesmon&#59; findings are usually negative for desmin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five histologic patterns have been described in myopericytoma&#44; as follows&#44; possibly corresponding to different stages of development&#58; 1&#41; a vascular pattern&#59; 2&#41; a glomus tumor-like pattern&#59; 3&#41; a nodular or cellular pattern&#44; as in our case&#59; 4&#41; a multinodular or biphasic appearance&#59; and 5&#41; a piloleiomyoma-like pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Also described is a malignant variant with cellular pleomorphism&#44; high mitotic activity and atypia&#44; areas of necrosis&#44; and an aggressive clinical course that can lead to metastasis and death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis mainly considers the possibility of myofibromatosis&#44; in which cells like those of myofibroblasts are found but grouped together and separated by collagen bundles&#46; Glomus tumors must also be ruled out&#46; These unencapsulated masses consist of nodules surrounded by connective tissue&#46; Finally&#44; angioleiomyomas must be considered&#46; These tumors are usually well defined by a fibrous capsule of variable thickness consisting mainly of smooth muscle bundles lying among blood vessels in a fascicular pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found a single reference for dermoscopic findings in myopericytoma&#46; Mentioned were the presence of branching vessels on the surface&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The hemorrhagic areas we observed under the dermoscope were related to extravasated blood cells in the dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; The unstructured orange-colored area corresponded to hemosiderin deposits&#46; Tumor cells by themselves apparently do not give rise to a particular dermoscopic pattern&#46; The clinical&#8211;dermoscopic differential diagnosis in our case would require consideration of other distal subungual lesions of the digits&#44; such as subungual exostosis&#44; which is characterized by areas of vascular ectasia&#44; hyperkeratosis&#44; onycholysis&#44; and ulceration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Other such lesions are palmar&#8211;plantar warts&#44; in which unstructured brownish-yellow and reddish-black globules corresponding to thrombosed vessels can be observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> These findings recall those we have described for this case of myopericytoma&#46; Tungiasis may also present in a distal digital location&#44; although the observation of a brownish circular area with a black dot in the center&#44; which corresponds to the posterior part of the parasite&#39;s abdomen&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> makes this infestation difficult to confuse with a myopericytoma&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recurrence rate after surgery&#44; even when excision is incomplete&#44; is less than 4&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and surgery is therefore the treatment of choice&#46; Our case is consistent with this decision&#44; given that no recurrence was observed after a year of follow-up even though the deep margin was still affected after excision&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; in this new case of myopericytoma&#44; a rare tumor associated with a history of trauma&#44; the finger remained free of recurrence a year after incomplete excision&#46; We have also described the dermoscopic appearance of the lesion&#46; The only other reference to dermoscopic features we found in the literature differed from the ones we saw&#46; More cases of myopericytoma should be reported and should include the appearance of these lesions under a dermoscope so that the characteristic patterns can be established&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemistry staining positive for A&#41; caldesmon &#40;&#215;40&#41;&#44; B&#41; actin &#40;&#215;40&#41;&#44; C&#41; CD31 &#40;&#215;20&#41;&#44; and D&#41; CD34 &#40;&#215;40&#41;&#46; C and D also show myoid cells arranged concentrically around endothelial cells&#46;</p>"
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