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1</a>A and B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin ultrasound &#40;MyLab 25 Gold&#59; Esaote SpA&#44; Genoa&#44; Italy&#41; in B mode using an 18-MHz probe revealed the presence in the subdermis of 2 well-delimited&#44; rounded&#44; hypoechoic&#47;anechoic structures with posterior reinforcement and lateral acoustic shadowing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; Color Doppler mode revealed an increase in perilesional flow &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; There was no evidence of involvement of adjacent muscle or bone&#46; Suspecting simple cysts&#44; the lesions were excised and samples sent for pathologic examination and culture&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed the presence of granulomas with a necrotic center and associated tortuous hyphae&#44; which were visualized by periodic acid-Schiff and silver staining &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Lesion culture was positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species&#44; and polymerase chain reaction sequencing confirmed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span>&#46; Based on these findings&#44; a diagnosis of fungal infection with secondary granulomatous reaction was established&#46; Analysis of disease progression ruled out local invasion and associated systemic infection&#46; Following consultation with the infection service it was decided not to administer specific systemic treatment&#44; and complete excision of the lesions was selected as a curative treatment&#46; After 8 months of follow-up the patient remains asymptomatic without lesion recurrence&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mycetoma is a disease typical of tropical and subtropical regions&#44; where it constitutes a major health problem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a locally destructive&#44; chronic&#44; slowly progressing and often painless infection of the skin&#44; subcutaneous tissue&#44; aponeurosis&#44; muscle&#44; and bone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> that is difficult to diagnose and treat&#46; It is usually caused by traumatic implantation of fungi &#40;eumycetoma&#41; or bacteria &#40;actinomycetoma&#41;&#46; Eumycetoma caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species is rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> is a dimorphic fungus that forms chlamydospores and causes an infection in humans known as fusariosis&#46; It is found in contaminated soil and water&#44; and is usually inoculated into the skin of farmers or construction workers&#44; or after accidental trauma&#46; Infection of the face is unusual&#59; the most commonly affected areas are the feet and&#47;or hands&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Diagnosis is based on identification of the causative organism&#46; This can be facilitated by the use of biopsy and&#47;or ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ultrasound image of subcutaneous eumycetoma can resemble that of a simple cyst with peripheral hypervascularization&#44; and may reveal the presence in the cyst interior of multiple hyperechoic granules&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> which can facilitate differential diagnosis with actinomycetoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The so-called dot-in-circle sign&#44; a central hyperechoic focus &#40;dot&#41; within a hypoechoic area &#40;circle&#41;&#44; is a very specific ultrasound marker of eumycetoma in soft tissue and bone&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> although the presence of this sign is reported in very few cases in the literature&#46; This finding has also been described in nuclear magnetic resonance images&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patient&#44; skin ultrasound revealed the presence of cyst-like nodules with rich peripheral vascularization&#44; but not the dot-in-circle sign&#44; which could have helped establish diagnosis&#46; It is important to include subcutaneous eumycetoma in the differential diagnosis of lesions of cystic appearance in immunocompromised patients&#44; and to remember that skin ultrasound is a useful tool for distinguishing this lesion type from other skin lesions&#46; In our patient&#44; fungal inoculation may have occurred due to trauma&#44; despite the patient&#39;s claims to the contrary&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Ultrasound Assessment of a Subcutaneous Eumycetoma of the Eyebrow in an Immunocompromised Patient
Evaluación ecográfica de un eumicetoma subcutáneo ciliar en una paciente inmunodeprimida
A. Combalia
Autor para correspondencia
andreacombalia@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, P. Giavedoni, R. Pigem, J.M. Mascaró Jr
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; Granulomas and multinucleated giant cells &#40;hematoxylin-eosin&#44; original magnification &#215;200&#41;&#46; White arrow indicates one of the multinucleated giant cells&#46; B&#44; Tortuous hyphae &#40;periodic acid-Schiff&#44; original magnification &#215;400&#41;&#46; White arrow indicates one of the hyphae&#46; C&#44; Tortuous hyphae &#40;silver staining&#44; original magnification &#215;200&#41;&#46; White arrow indicates one of the hyphae&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 74-year-old Spanish woman who had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure&#44; had undergone a kidney transplant in 2013 due to chronic renal failure secondary to diabetes&#44; and was receiving immunosuppressant treatment with tacrolimus &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; everolimus &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; and prednisone &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; was seen in the Dermatology Department for asymptomatic lesions on the right eyebrow that had appeared 2 months earlier and had grown progressively&#46; The patient reported no history of trauma in the affected area&#46; Physical examination revealed 2 painless nodules on the right eyebrow of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter that were the same color as the neighboring skin and showed no signs of associated phlogosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A and B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin ultrasound &#40;MyLab 25 Gold&#59; Esaote SpA&#44; Genoa&#44; Italy&#41; in B mode using an 18-MHz probe revealed the presence in the subdermis of 2 well-delimited&#44; rounded&#44; hypoechoic&#47;anechoic structures with posterior reinforcement and lateral acoustic shadowing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; Color Doppler mode revealed an increase in perilesional flow &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41;&#46; There was no evidence of involvement of adjacent muscle or bone&#46; Suspecting simple cysts&#44; the lesions were excised and samples sent for pathologic examination and culture&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed the presence of granulomas with a necrotic center and associated tortuous hyphae&#44; which were visualized by periodic acid-Schiff and silver staining &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Lesion culture was positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species&#44; and polymerase chain reaction sequencing confirmed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium solani</span>&#46; Based on these findings&#44; a diagnosis of fungal infection with secondary granulomatous reaction was established&#46; Analysis of disease progression ruled out local invasion and associated systemic infection&#46; Following consultation with the infection service it was decided not to administer specific systemic treatment&#44; and complete excision of the lesions was selected as a curative treatment&#46; After 8 months of follow-up the patient remains asymptomatic without lesion recurrence&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mycetoma is a disease typical of tropical and subtropical regions&#44; where it constitutes a major health problem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a locally destructive&#44; chronic&#44; slowly progressing and often painless infection of the skin&#44; subcutaneous tissue&#44; aponeurosis&#44; muscle&#44; and bone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> that is difficult to diagnose and treat&#46; It is usually caused by traumatic implantation of fungi &#40;eumycetoma&#41; or bacteria &#40;actinomycetoma&#41;&#46; Eumycetoma caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> species is rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; solani</span> is a dimorphic fungus that forms chlamydospores and causes an infection in humans known as fusariosis&#46; It is found in contaminated soil and water&#44; and is usually inoculated into the skin of farmers or construction workers&#44; or after accidental trauma&#46; Infection of the face is unusual&#59; the most commonly affected areas are the feet and&#47;or hands&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Diagnosis is based on identification of the causative organism&#46; This can be facilitated by the use of biopsy and&#47;or ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ultrasound image of subcutaneous eumycetoma can resemble that of a simple cyst with peripheral hypervascularization&#44; and may reveal the presence in the cyst interior of multiple hyperechoic granules&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> which can facilitate differential diagnosis with actinomycetoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The so-called dot-in-circle sign&#44; a central hyperechoic focus &#40;dot&#41; within a hypoechoic area &#40;circle&#41;&#44; is a very specific ultrasound marker of eumycetoma in soft tissue and bone&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> although the presence of this sign is reported in very few cases in the literature&#46; This finding has also been described in nuclear magnetic resonance images&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patient&#44; skin ultrasound revealed the presence of cyst-like nodules with rich peripheral vascularization&#44; but not the dot-in-circle sign&#44; which could have helped establish diagnosis&#46; It is important to include subcutaneous eumycetoma in the differential diagnosis of lesions of cystic appearance in immunocompromised patients&#44; and to remember that skin ultrasound is a useful tool for distinguishing this lesion type from other skin lesions&#46; In our patient&#44; fungal inoculation may have occurred due to trauma&#44; despite the patient&#39;s claims to the contrary&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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