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Complete blood count with differential&#44; erythrocyte sedimentation rate&#44; lactate dehydrogenase&#44; liver transaminases&#44; alkaline phosphatase&#44; bilirubin&#44; and creatinine were negative or within normal limits&#46; Chest and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging were normal&#46; She was treated with a 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg oral prednisone taper over six months which resulted in complete resolution of her skin lesions&#46; Follow up at 10 months from onset of disease demonstrated complete remission&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosai-Dorfman Disease &#40;RDD&#41; is a relatively rare histiocytic proliferation disorder that was first described in 1969&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Though RDD classically presents with bilateral massive lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms&#44; it typically has a benign clinical course and favorable prognosis&#46; In RDD&#44; 43&#37; of patients have involvement of other extranodal sites with skin being the most common site&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Though skin comprises 10&#37; of extranodal sites involved&#44; approximately 3&#37; are solely cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease &#40;CRDD&#41; without any nodal or other extranodal sites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> While incidence is reportedly low&#44; CRDD is more prevalent in middle-aged White and Asian women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The etiology of RDD is unclear although immunologic&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> viral&#44; and genetic causes including SLC29A3 mutations have been hypothesized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classic presentation of CRDD is a relatively asymptomatic self-involuting nodulo-plaque with surrounding satellite papules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; an evolving wide spectrum of clinical morphologic presentations have been reported&#46; The most common site involved is the face&#44; followed by thigh&#44; and trunk&#46; Recurrence has been reported to occur within 1 to 3&#46;5 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> To the best of our knowledge&#44; this will be the first description of RDD mimicking molluscum contagiosum&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathognomonic histologic finding of RDD is emperipolesis of intact lymphocytes by S100 and CD68 positive as well as CD1a and langerin negative pale histiocytes characterized also by vesicular nuclei and small nucleoli&#46; Of note&#44; emperipolesis entitles the presence of engulfing of intact hematologic cells&#44; as opposed to hemophagiocytosis which degrades engulfed cells&#44; by histiocytes or megakaryocytes&#46; The so called &#8220;Rosai-Dorfman cell&#8221; is a type of histiocyte characterized by empiropolesis of only haloed lymphocytes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These characteristic histiocytes can be abundant or inconspicuously scattered amidst other inflammatory cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Plasma cells are virtually present in all lesions of CRDD&#46; Polymorphonuclear cells&#44; namely eosinophils&#44; are frequently found in skin lesions&#46; Increased vascularity with plump endothelium&#44; with or without fibrosis&#44; are not uncommonly identified namely in long standing lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emperipolesis in cutaneous disorders has been traditionally related to RDD until recent descriptions of other disorders related to the so-called H syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This disorder is characterized by hyperpigmentation&#44; hypertrichosis&#44; hearing loss&#44; heart anomalies&#44; hepatosplenomegaly&#44; hypogonadism&#44; and hallux valgus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and is caused by a mutation in the SLC29A3 gene&#46; Many authors believe that syndromes associated with mutations in SLC29A3 including familial RDD and pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin-dependent diabetes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> in addition to H syndrome&#44; fall into the same spectrum of RDD&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recognition of the pleomorphic genetic and phenotypic presentations of SCL29A3-related diseases is important for diagnosis and for consideration in the histopathologic differential diagnosis of emperipolesis&#46; In addition to SCL29A3-related diseases&#44; IgG4-related diseases have also been shown to have some overlap with RDD as a subset of RDD has been found to contain increased numbers of IgG4-positive plasma cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; much controversy remains regarding this&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently there is no standard guideline for the management of CRDD&#46; The clinical course of CRDD is usually benign and self-limited&#46; Spontaneous resolution varies and ranges from months to several years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> A wide spectrum of therapeutic interventions including surgical excision&#44; cryotherapy&#44; radiotherapy&#44; lesional and systemic corticosteroids&#44; thalidomide&#44; methotrexate&#44; and even chemotherapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> have also been reported to be successful for resistant and&#47;or recurrent lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; we first present a case of CRDD with a peculiar eruption resembling molluscum contagiousum thus expanding the spectrum of the cutaneous clinical presentation of the disease and making CRDD another dermatologic masquerader&#46; The nonspecific clinical presentation along with the not infrequently inconspicuous finding of Rosai-Dorfman cells in skin samples and furthermore the typical spontaneous resolution may represent clinico-pathologic characteristics that lead to the tangible possibility of CRDD being underreported&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman cutánea: una nueva presentación clínica
Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease: A Novel Clinical Presentation
J.M. Condea,
Autor para correspondencia
docmoscoso@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A.Y. Kimb, R. de Miguelc, C.H. Nousaria
a Dermatology, Broward Health Medical Center/Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, EE.UU.
b Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, EE.UU.
c Celimar Central Clinic, West Bay, Islas Caimán
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Complete blood count with differential&#44; erythrocyte sedimentation rate&#44; lactate dehydrogenase&#44; liver transaminases&#44; alkaline phosphatase&#44; bilirubin&#44; and creatinine were negative or within normal limits&#46; Chest and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging were normal&#46; She was treated with a 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg oral prednisone taper over six months which resulted in complete resolution of her skin lesions&#46; Follow up at 10 months from onset of disease demonstrated complete remission&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosai-Dorfman Disease &#40;RDD&#41; is a relatively rare histiocytic proliferation disorder that was first described in 1969&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Though RDD classically presents with bilateral massive lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms&#44; it typically has a benign clinical course and favorable prognosis&#46; In RDD&#44; 43&#37; of patients have involvement of other extranodal sites with skin being the most common site&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Though skin comprises 10&#37; of extranodal sites involved&#44; approximately 3&#37; are solely cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease &#40;CRDD&#41; without any nodal or other extranodal sites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> While incidence is reportedly low&#44; CRDD is more prevalent in middle-aged White and Asian women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The etiology of RDD is unclear although immunologic&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> viral&#44; and genetic causes including SLC29A3 mutations have been hypothesized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classic presentation of CRDD is a relatively asymptomatic self-involuting nodulo-plaque with surrounding satellite papules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; an evolving wide spectrum of clinical morphologic presentations have been reported&#46; The most common site involved is the face&#44; followed by thigh&#44; and trunk&#46; Recurrence has been reported to occur within 1 to 3&#46;5 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> To the best of our knowledge&#44; this will be the first description of RDD mimicking molluscum contagiosum&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathognomonic histologic finding of RDD is emperipolesis of intact lymphocytes by S100 and CD68 positive as well as CD1a and langerin negative pale histiocytes characterized also by vesicular nuclei and small nucleoli&#46; Of note&#44; emperipolesis entitles the presence of engulfing of intact hematologic cells&#44; as opposed to hemophagiocytosis which degrades engulfed cells&#44; by histiocytes or megakaryocytes&#46; The so called &#8220;Rosai-Dorfman cell&#8221; is a type of histiocyte characterized by empiropolesis of only haloed lymphocytes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These characteristic histiocytes can be abundant or inconspicuously scattered amidst other inflammatory cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Plasma cells are virtually present in all lesions of CRDD&#46; Polymorphonuclear cells&#44; namely eosinophils&#44; are frequently found in skin lesions&#46; Increased vascularity with plump endothelium&#44; with or without fibrosis&#44; are not uncommonly identified namely in long standing lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emperipolesis in cutaneous disorders has been traditionally related to RDD until recent descriptions of other disorders related to the so-called H syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This disorder is characterized by hyperpigmentation&#44; hypertrichosis&#44; hearing loss&#44; heart anomalies&#44; hepatosplenomegaly&#44; hypogonadism&#44; and hallux valgus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and is caused by a mutation in the SLC29A3 gene&#46; Many authors believe that syndromes associated with mutations in SLC29A3 including familial RDD and pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin-dependent diabetes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> in addition to H syndrome&#44; fall into the same spectrum of RDD&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recognition of the pleomorphic genetic and phenotypic presentations of SCL29A3-related diseases is important for diagnosis and for consideration in the histopathologic differential diagnosis of emperipolesis&#46; In addition to SCL29A3-related diseases&#44; IgG4-related diseases have also been shown to have some overlap with RDD as a subset of RDD has been found to contain increased numbers of IgG4-positive plasma cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; much controversy remains regarding this&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently there is no standard guideline for the management of CRDD&#46; The clinical course of CRDD is usually benign and self-limited&#46; Spontaneous resolution varies and ranges from months to several years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> A wide spectrum of therapeutic interventions including surgical excision&#44; cryotherapy&#44; radiotherapy&#44; lesional and systemic corticosteroids&#44; thalidomide&#44; methotrexate&#44; and even chemotherapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> have also been reported to be successful for resistant and&#47;or recurrent lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; we first present a case of CRDD with a peculiar eruption resembling molluscum contagiousum thus expanding the spectrum of the cutaneous clinical presentation of the disease and making CRDD another dermatologic masquerader&#46; The nonspecific clinical presentation along with the not infrequently inconspicuous finding of Rosai-Dorfman cells in skin samples and furthermore the typical spontaneous resolution may represent clinico-pathologic characteristics that lead to the tangible possibility of CRDD being underreported&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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