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showed a hypoechoic&#44; structurally asymmetric lesion with a well-defined border in the dermis and hypodermis&#46; Doppler color imaging showed slight peripheral hypervascularization&#46; Because these findings were consistent with a possible diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis&#44; we decided to perform strain elastography&#46; The results of the elastogram showed a mean intralesional stiffness of 44&#46;9&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The corresponding strain ratio was 0&#46;79 and the elasticity score was 2 &#40;of a total of 5&#41;&#46; Histopathologic examination ruled out the tentative diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis and showed features consistent with an abscessed retention cyst&#46; The patient was prescribed oral antibiotics&#44; which led to full resolution of the lesion&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 45-year-old woman presented with a nodular lesion on the neck measuring approximately 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm at its widest diameter&#46; Four years earlier&#44; she had undergone surgery to excise a stage T4b superficial spreading melanoma on her right cheek&#46; The staging study showed no evidence of local recurrence or distant spread&#46; Cutaneous ultrasound with an 18-MHz linear probe showed an irregular&#44; hypoechoic structure in the hypodermis&#46; Color Doppler imaging revealed intense intralesional hypervascularization&#46; Although this is a nonspecific finding&#44; it is suggestive of malignancy&#46; According to the strain elastogram&#44; there was a mean stiffness of 84&#46;6&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The strain ratio was 2&#46;21 and the elasticity score was 3&#46; Unlike in the previous case &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#44; excision of the lesion and subsequent histopathologic examination with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of ultrasound imaging for dermatologic applications has led to considerable improvements in the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and monitoring of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in recent years&#46; Ultrasound is a very important tool for the investigation of melanoma as it can assess tumor thickness and vascularization and rule out subcutaneous and lymph node metastases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Cutaneous ultrasound can provide key diagnostic information in such cases and also in cases where there is a strong suspicion of melanoma metastasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Irregular hypoechoic nodules with more intense acoustic shadowing in the subcutaneous tissue are highly suggestive of malignancy&#46; These nodules typically have an oval&#44; lobulated&#44; or on occasions&#44; potato-shaped appearance&#46; The above findings&#44; however&#44; are nonspecific and can give rise to false negatives&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elastography can help when ultrasound does not provide the full diagnostic picture&#46; It has been used to assess liver&#44; breast&#44; and thyroid tissue&#44; but its use in dermatology is relatively new&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> When tissue is subject to pressure applied either mechanically or through an ultrasound beam&#44; it deforms before generally returning to its original shape&#46; Resistance to deformation is a reflection of the hardness or stiffness of a tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Elastography systems can be classified as strain imaging &#40;based on tissue deformation calculations&#41; or shear wave imaging &#40;based on the characterization of shear wave speed&#41;&#46; The 2 main measures used in elastography are stiffness of the target lesion in relation to that of the adjacent parenchyma &#40;strain ratio&#41; and percentage of tissue hardness or stiffness within a lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On analyzing the use of elastography for the diagnosis of primary tumors and lymph node metastases in patients with malignant melanoma&#44; Hinz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that elastography combined with ultrasound had greater sensitivity for the detection of lymph node metastases than ultrasound alone&#46; For the elastography study&#44; they correlated findings with patterns of different degrees of elasticity&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; elastography showed evident differences between the 2 lesions &#40;for both strain ratio and percentage of intralesional stiffness&#41;&#44; and in addition&#44; the technique was more sensitive than B-mode and Doppler color ultrasound&#44; supporting the findings of Hinz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Based on the Tsukaba Elasticity Score system&#44; the first lesion&#44; with an elasticity score of 2&#44; had a greater likelihood of being benign than the second lesion &#40;score of 3&#41;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we have provided comparative data from an elastography study of 2 cutaneous lesions in patients with a high risk of malignancy&#46; The differences observed suggest that elastography could provide key diagnostic information when clinical examination and skin ultrasound findings are inconclusive&#46; With the current technology&#44; however&#44; histopathologic confirmation is still required&#46; More studies are needed to determine whether elastography could become a key diagnostic tool for dermatologists&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Vilas-Sueiro A&#44; Alfageme-Rold&#225;n F&#44; N&#225;jera P&#44; Roust&#225;n G&#46; Experiencia de elastograf&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> en 2 casos de lesiones subcut&#225;neas sospechosas de malignidad&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2018&#59;109&#58;274&#8211;276&#46;</p>"
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Case and Research Letters
Our Experience With Strain Elastography in 2 Cases of Suspected Malignant Subcutaneous Lesions
Experiencia de elastografía strain en 2 casos de lesiones subcutáneas sospechosas de malignidad
A. Vilas-Sueiroa,
Autor para correspondencia
avilassueiro@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, F. Alfageme-Roldánb, P. Nájerac, G. Roustánb
a Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, A Coruña, España
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
c Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The appearance of subcutaneous lesions in patients with a history of malignancy nearly always raises diagnostic uncertainty&#46; We present 2 such cases in which ultrasound elastography showed significant differences between one lesion and the other&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 55-year-old woman presented with a mildly painful subcutaneous lesion in the periumbilical region that had been present for 10 days&#46; Approximately 4 months earlier&#44; she had been diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis&#46; The neoplastic cells analyzed in the different locations were consistent with adenocarcinoma&#46; Considering the patient&#39;s history and the possibility that the mass could be a cutaneous metastasis&#44; we decided to perform an ultrasound examination prior to histologic evaluation&#46; The ultrasound image&#44; captured with a variable-frequency linear probe &#40;8-18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#41;&#44; showed a hypoechoic&#44; structurally asymmetric lesion with a well-defined border in the dermis and hypodermis&#46; Doppler color imaging showed slight peripheral hypervascularization&#46; Because these findings were consistent with a possible diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis&#44; we decided to perform strain elastography&#46; The results of the elastogram showed a mean intralesional stiffness of 44&#46;9&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The corresponding strain ratio was 0&#46;79 and the elasticity score was 2 &#40;of a total of 5&#41;&#46; Histopathologic examination ruled out the tentative diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis and showed features consistent with an abscessed retention cyst&#46; The patient was prescribed oral antibiotics&#44; which led to full resolution of the lesion&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 45-year-old woman presented with a nodular lesion on the neck measuring approximately 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm at its widest diameter&#46; Four years earlier&#44; she had undergone surgery to excise a stage T4b superficial spreading melanoma on her right cheek&#46; The staging study showed no evidence of local recurrence or distant spread&#46; Cutaneous ultrasound with an 18-MHz linear probe showed an irregular&#44; hypoechoic structure in the hypodermis&#46; Color Doppler imaging revealed intense intralesional hypervascularization&#46; Although this is a nonspecific finding&#44; it is suggestive of malignancy&#46; According to the strain elastogram&#44; there was a mean stiffness of 84&#46;6&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The strain ratio was 2&#46;21 and the elasticity score was 3&#46; Unlike in the previous case &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#44; excision of the lesion and subsequent histopathologic examination with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of ultrasound imaging for dermatologic applications has led to considerable improvements in the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and monitoring of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in recent years&#46; Ultrasound is a very important tool for the investigation of melanoma as it can assess tumor thickness and vascularization and rule out subcutaneous and lymph node metastases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Cutaneous ultrasound can provide key diagnostic information in such cases and also in cases where there is a strong suspicion of melanoma metastasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Irregular hypoechoic nodules with more intense acoustic shadowing in the subcutaneous tissue are highly suggestive of malignancy&#46; These nodules typically have an oval&#44; lobulated&#44; or on occasions&#44; potato-shaped appearance&#46; The above findings&#44; however&#44; are nonspecific and can give rise to false negatives&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elastography can help when ultrasound does not provide the full diagnostic picture&#46; It has been used to assess liver&#44; breast&#44; and thyroid tissue&#44; but its use in dermatology is relatively new&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> When tissue is subject to pressure applied either mechanically or through an ultrasound beam&#44; it deforms before generally returning to its original shape&#46; Resistance to deformation is a reflection of the hardness or stiffness of a tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Elastography systems can be classified as strain imaging &#40;based on tissue deformation calculations&#41; or shear wave imaging &#40;based on the characterization of shear wave speed&#41;&#46; The 2 main measures used in elastography are stiffness of the target lesion in relation to that of the adjacent parenchyma &#40;strain ratio&#41; and percentage of tissue hardness or stiffness within a lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On analyzing the use of elastography for the diagnosis of primary tumors and lymph node metastases in patients with malignant melanoma&#44; Hinz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that elastography combined with ultrasound had greater sensitivity for the detection of lymph node metastases than ultrasound alone&#46; For the elastography study&#44; they correlated findings with patterns of different degrees of elasticity&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; elastography showed evident differences between the 2 lesions &#40;for both strain ratio and percentage of intralesional stiffness&#41;&#44; and in addition&#44; the technique was more sensitive than B-mode and Doppler color ultrasound&#44; supporting the findings of Hinz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Based on the Tsukaba Elasticity Score system&#44; the first lesion&#44; with an elasticity score of 2&#44; had a greater likelihood of being benign than the second lesion &#40;score of 3&#41;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we have provided comparative data from an elastography study of 2 cutaneous lesions in patients with a high risk of malignancy&#46; The differences observed suggest that elastography could provide key diagnostic information when clinical examination and skin ultrasound findings are inconclusive&#46; With the current technology&#44; however&#44; histopathologic confirmation is still required&#46; More studies are needed to determine whether elastography could become a key diagnostic tool for dermatologists&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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