Case and Research Letter
Cutaneous Sarcoid with Livedoid Changes in a Patient with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Sarcoidosis cutánea con cambios livedoides en un paciente con tiroiditis de Hashimoto
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(b) Histological features showing sarcoidal granuloma, which are immunoreactive for TNF-α (c) and IL-17 (d) (original magnification: b; ×400, c; ×200, d; ×200).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "T. Yamamoto, H. Okabe" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Yamamoto" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." 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Yamamoto, H. Okabe" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Yamamoto" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "toyamade@fmu.ac.jp" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Okabe" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Hoshi General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Sarcoidosis cutánea con cambios livedoides en un paciente con tiroiditis de Hashimoto" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2145 "Ancho" => 2833 "Tamanyo" => 1030209 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Reddish plaques on the thigh along with livedoid changes. (b) Histological features showing sarcoidal granuloma, which are immunoreactive for TNF-α (c) and IL-17 (d) (original magnification: b; ×400, c; ×200, d; ×200).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Association of sarcoidosis and autoimmune thyroiditis is rare. We report a case of cutaneous sarcoid surrounded by livedo on the lower extremities in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 72-year-old female visited the Department of Dermatology of Hoshi General Hospital, complaining of asymptomatic reddish eruptions on the lower extremities which appeared six months previously. She had Hashimoto's thyroiditis for several years, but had been followed without medications. Physical examination showed multiple reddish, infiltrative round and irregular-shaped, up to 4-cm sized plaques on the anterior aspects of the bilateral thighs and lower legs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a). The erythematous plaques coalesced on the left thigh, and livedo was observed in the surroundings of the plaques on the thighs. Laboratory examination showed normal levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (13.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/L, normal: 7–25). Anti-thyroglobulin antibody showed high titers (86.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU/ml; normal <28), however, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroid stimulating hormone, free T3 and T4 levels were within normal ranges. Chest X-ray did not reveal bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography revealed a few lymph nodes within normal ranges and thyroid nodule. Ophthalmological examination denied uveitis. A tuberculin test revealed positive erythematous reaction sized 2-cm without induration. A skin biopsy taken from reddish plaque showed non-caseating granulomas with epithelioid cells throughout the dermis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b). Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Ziehl–Neelsen staining did not detect bacilli. Immunohistochemistry revealed a number of CD68-positive macrophages in the lesional skin. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) positive cells were also detected densely (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>c and d). Elastica van Gieson stain showed that multiple sarcoidal granulomas were located around the vessels, but without fibrinoid degeneration.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Autoimmune thyroiditis is sometimes seen in association with sarcoidosis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and to date, several cases of co-occurrence of sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis have been reported. Isernet et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> reported that 10 out of 348 patients with sarcoidosis had autoimmune thyroiditis, and sarcoidosis preceded autoimmune thyroiditis in 9 cases. The diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis was made when sarcoidosis was in remission. Papadopoulos et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> reported that 13 patients had thyroid autoimmunity (6 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 2 with Graves’ disease and 5 with isolated positive thyroid serology) among a series of 78 patients with sarcoidosis. Nakamura et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> found 7 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a series of 62 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Unfortunately, an open biopsy of thyroid nodule was not carried out to differentiate thyroid sarcoidosis in the present case. At present, sarcoidal lesions were not detected in other organs, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i.e.</span> lung or eyes. Moreover, a tuberculin test revealed positive reaction. Therefore, we consider that the patient developed cutaneous sarcoid only; however, we will carefully follow-up this patient whether symptoms of systemic sarcoidosis will appear in the future.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macrophages play an important role in sarcoidal granuloma formation <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> several cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Several recent studies have reported the effectiveness of TNF-α inhibition for sarcoidosis. Our studies showed a number of CD163-positive macrophages surrounding the degenerated collagen in the dermis. In addition, strong expression of IL-17 and TNF-α was detected in the lesional skin of sarcoidosis. TNF-α activates Th17 cells leading IL-17 production, and recent studies have shown that IL-17 was abundantly detected in sarcoidal lesions, suggesting that Th17 cells induce granuloma formation by suppressing regulatory T-cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Recent findings suggest an important etiologic role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propionibacterium acnes</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. acnes</span>) in sarcoidosis. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. acnes</span> induces IL-17 and interferon-γ,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and is thus implicated to play a pathogenic role in sarcoidosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> Th1/Th17 cytokines.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, livedo was seen around sarcoidal plaques on the bilateral thigh. To date, only a few cases have been presented with livedo in association with sarcoidosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a> A biopsy was taken from the sarcoidal plaque, but not from the surrounding livedo. However, histological examination showed granulomas around the vessels, which may induce livedo.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Protection of human subjects and animals in research</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2145 "Ancho" => 2833 "Tamanyo" => 1030209 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Reddish plaques on the thigh along with livedoid changes. (b) Histological features showing sarcoidal granuloma, which are immunoreactive for TNF-α (c) and IL-17 (d) (original magnification: b; ×400, c; ×200, d; ×200).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Autoimmune thyroid disorders" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Antonelli" 1 => "S.M. Ferrari" 2 => "A. Corrado" 3 => "A. Di Domenicantonio" 4 => "P. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| 2024 Octubre | 65 | 35 | 100 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 66 | 18 | 84 |
| 2024 Agosto | 85 | 42 | 127 |
| 2024 Julio | 70 | 25 | 95 |
| 2024 Junio | 68 | 32 | 100 |
| 2024 Mayo | 75 | 29 | 104 |
| 2024 Abril | 55 | 25 | 80 |
| 2024 Marzo | 60 | 15 | 75 |
| 2024 Febrero | 36 | 36 | 72 |
| 2024 Enero | 48 | 28 | 76 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 51 | 20 | 71 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 45 | 37 | 82 |
| 2023 Octubre | 43 | 15 | 58 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 50 | 28 | 78 |
| 2023 Agosto | 34 | 17 | 51 |
| 2023 Julio | 29 | 31 | 60 |
| 2023 Junio | 39 | 21 | 60 |
| 2023 Mayo | 48 | 19 | 67 |
| 2023 Abril | 29 | 21 | 50 |
| 2023 Marzo | 90 | 20 | 110 |
| 2023 Febrero | 54 | 24 | 78 |
| 2023 Enero | 22 | 31 | 53 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 38 | 37 | 75 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2022 Octubre | 20 | 16 | 36 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 24 | 28 | 52 |
| 2022 Agosto | 18 | 23 | 41 |
| 2022 Julio | 21 | 23 | 44 |
| 2022 Junio | 13 | 17 | 30 |
| 2022 Mayo | 24 | 27 | 51 |
| 2022 Abril | 26 | 20 | 46 |
| 2022 Marzo | 27 | 31 | 58 |
| 2022 Febrero | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2022 Enero | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 22 | 25 | 47 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 27 | 40 | 67 |
| 2021 Octubre | 30 | 54 | 84 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 19 | 40 | 59 |
| 2021 Agosto | 21 | 28 | 49 |
| 2021 Julio | 14 | 15 | 29 |
| 2021 Junio | 20 | 26 | 46 |
| 2021 Mayo | 22 | 27 | 49 |
| 2021 Abril | 41 | 52 | 93 |
| 2021 Marzo | 59 | 23 | 82 |
| 2021 Febrero | 28 | 23 | 51 |
| 2021 Enero | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 19 | 15 | 34 |
| 2020 Octubre | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2020 Agosto | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2020 Julio | 27 | 15 | 42 |
| 2020 Junio | 22 | 18 | 40 |
| 2020 Mayo | 12 | 11 | 23 |
| 2020 Abril | 20 | 18 | 38 |
| 2020 Marzo | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2020 Febrero | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2020 Enero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Agosto | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Julio | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 Junio | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Mayo | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2019 Abril | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2019 Febrero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 Octubre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Febrero | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2018 Enero | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2017 Octubre | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2017 Agosto | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2017 Julio | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2017 Junio | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2017 Mayo | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2017 Abril | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 2017 Marzo | 15 | 21 | 36 |
| 2017 Febrero | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2017 Enero | 6 | 16 | 22 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 41 | 27 | 68 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 15 | 10 | 25 |
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