Case and Research Letter
DermaComp: A Pharmaceutical Compounding iPhone® Application for Dermatologists Designing Personalized Topical Medications
Dermacomp: aplicación para iPhone® para el diseño de medicamentos tópicos individualizados dirigido a dermatólogos
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Abarca Lachén, Y. Gilaberte" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Abarca Lachén" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "edgarabarcalachen@hotmail.com" 1 => "eabarca@usj.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Gilaberte" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Aragónes de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dermacomp: aplicación para iPhone<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> para el diseño de medicamentos tópicos individualizados dirigido a dermatólogos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1309 "Ancho" => 1501 "Tamanyo" => 253213 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermacomp screenshots relating to: (A) active ingredients and dose ranges and (B) lesion site.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smartphone applications (apps) are of particular interest to dermatologists, and some 229 already exist in the categories of general dermatology, self-surveillance/diagnosis, disease guides, patient education, sun protection, calculators, teledermatology, dermoscopy, etc.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> All of these apps are potentially very useful, although the use that dermatologists and patients make of them has not yet been studied.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The design and preparation of personalized medication solutions or compounds requires training and practice on the part of both the dermatologist and the pharmacist. The dermatologist must specify the quantity and quality of the active ingredients and the most appropriate excipients depending on the characteristics of the patient's skin disease. The pharmacist must prepare the medication using the best available technique.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To aid clinicians in this task, we have developed Dermacomp, an iPhone application that helps the dermatologist to create a customized medication using a quick, easy, and intuitive process that facilitates the design of the formula. Dermacomp also does the following: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1)</span> improves the exchange of information between the dermatologist and the compounding pharmacist, including a large amount of information not normally found in traditional compounding prescriptions (such as, for example, patient characteristics, site of application, and vehicle type); <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2)</span> achieves better therapeutic results because it adapts the drug to the specific needs of each patient; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3)</span> displays the most appropriate active ingredients and vehicles for each disease and site, increasing the safety of dosing ranges and optimizing consultation time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermacomp was designed to run on devices using the iOS operating system (version 7 or higher) and is optimized for iPhone 4, 5, and 6. The scientific content was created by a dermatologist and a compounding pharmacist, and the app was developed using the Objective-C object-oriented language and Apple Xcode development tools. Management and storage of data is handled with Apple Frameworks and version control with the GIT system. Finally, the app was validated on several Apple devices.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the dermatologist opens Dermacomp, the app displays a list of the 5 skin disorders for which compounded medications are most often used: psoriasis, alopecia, oral and genital mucosal disorders, rosacea, and seborrheic dermatitis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). Once the appropriate disorder has been selected, the user only has to complete 6 rapid and intuitive steps:</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Step 1</span>. Introduce patient characteristics, including age, drug allergies or adverse reactions and, in the case of a woman, pregnancy status, Based on this information, the app will exclude any active ingredients or vehicles unsuitable for the patient and adjust maximum concentration levels, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Step 2.</span> Mark the site of the lesion(s) on a graphic representation of a human figure (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Step 3.</span> Depending on the diagnosis selected, the app asks the dermatologist to specify either the type of skin disease to be treated (in the case of alopecias or mucosal disorders, for example) or the characteristics of the lesion (in the case of a psoriatic lesion, for example, which can be more or less hyperkeratotic).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Step 4.</span> In this step the dermatologist has 2 options:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To choose from 1 or 2 predefined formulas designed for each disorder, which take into account the site and lesion type. This is a good option for specialists who do not have enough experience in the design and prescription of customized medications. These preset options do not, however, take into account the patient's age, intolerance, or pregnancy status.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To design a suitable medication using the app's decision-making algorithm. In this case, the app displays the active ingredients that can be used in the formula depending on the disease specified (except those excluded in step 1 by the age and intolerance criteria or the patient's pregnancy status). Possible incompatibilities between active ingredients were also taken into account and exhaustively assessed in the design of this app. The app can accept up to 6 active ingredients. For each ingredient the dermatologist must choose the desired concentration within a predefined range.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Step 5.</span> Specify frequency of application, duration of treatment, and the percentage of body surface area affected.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Step 6.</span> Vehicle selection, which is determined by the criteria established by the prescriber in the earlier steps. In this way, the app greatly reduces the range of possibilities for the dermatologist so that the decision is guided to a large extent by the ideal choice of vehicle.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The application then proposes 2 formulas and the possible vehicles, which are compatible with the criteria entered throughout the 6 previous steps.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The app was tested in a pilot study under conditions of normal use in clinical practice by 8 dermatologists with training and experience in compounding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> After using the app, each dermatologist assessed it using a specifically designed questionnaire made up of 4 blocks of questions on the following topics: content, navigation, design, and usefulness. All the respondents reported that the content and services offered by Dermacomp were useful in their everyday clinical practice, and 72% thought that the app could improve their ability to prescribe personalized medications. Moreover, 43% considered that the final formulation proposed by the app was complete and included all the necessary information; in response to a question asking for possible improvements they said that the app should also provide price and dosage information (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatologists can consult all the features of the app and download it to a mobile from the website <a href="http://www.dermacomp.com/">www.dermacomp.com</a>.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Dermacomp app was financed by the Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), a body that manages research activities within the health service of the Autonomous Community of Aragon. However, in terms of content the app is totally independent and the IACS did not intervene in any way in the process of its development.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Abarca Lachén E, Gilaberte Y. Dermacomp: aplicación para iPhone<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> para el diseño de medicamentos tópicos individualizados dirigido a dermatólogos. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016;107:622–624.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1309 "Ancho" => 1501 "Tamanyo" => 253213 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermacomp screenshots relating to: (A) active ingredients and dose ranges and (B) lesion site.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Block \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Content \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- The graphic representations of the different sites are sufficiently clear and descriptive. (100%)<br>- The app includes all the pharmacological groups and active ingredients needed to ensure correct prescription. (86%)<br>- Handling of treatment regimens is clear and simple. (57%)<br>- The way the vehicle is selected works well. (100%)<br>- The final formulation suggested by the app is complete and includes all the necessary information. (43%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Navigation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- Navigation from screen to screen is simple and intuitive (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Design \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- The app is well designed. (100%)<br>- The order of the contents is appropriate. (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Usefulness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- The content and services provided by this app are useful in my daily clinical practice. (100%)<br>- This application could improve the prescription of customized medications. (72%)<br>- This tool is much more useful or considerably more useful than the other tools designed to aid the prescription of compounded medications. (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1393477.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main Results From the Assessment Questionnaire.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mobile applications in dermatology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.C. Brewer" 1 => "D.C. Endly" 2 => "J. Henley" 3 => "M. Amir" 4 => "B.P. Sampson" 5 => "J.F. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 9 | 11 | 20 |
| 2024 Octubre | 71 | 65 | 136 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 75 | 40 | 115 |
| 2024 Agosto | 93 | 99 | 192 |
| 2024 Julio | 83 | 34 | 117 |
| 2024 Junio | 85 | 27 | 112 |
| 2024 Mayo | 80 | 28 | 108 |
| 2024 Abril | 62 | 19 | 81 |
| 2024 Marzo | 79 | 29 | 108 |
| 2024 Febrero | 50 | 29 | 79 |
| 2024 Enero | 52 | 32 | 84 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 45 | 18 | 63 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 51 | 21 | 72 |
| 2023 Octubre | 47 | 15 | 62 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 46 | 28 | 74 |
| 2023 Agosto | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2023 Julio | 67 | 29 | 96 |
| 2023 Junio | 48 | 21 | 69 |
| 2023 Mayo | 44 | 22 | 66 |
| 2023 Abril | 39 | 16 | 55 |
| 2023 Marzo | 49 | 24 | 73 |
| 2023 Febrero | 39 | 20 | 59 |
| 2023 Enero | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 40 | 27 | 67 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 23 | 25 | 48 |
| 2022 Octubre | 32 | 22 | 54 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 34 | 33 | 67 |
| 2022 Agosto | 52 | 29 | 81 |
| 2022 Julio | 55 | 25 | 80 |
| 2022 Junio | 35 | 39 | 74 |
| 2022 Mayo | 68 | 30 | 98 |
| 2022 Abril | 45 | 26 | 71 |
| 2022 Marzo | 57 | 36 | 93 |
| 2022 Febrero | 36 | 21 | 57 |
| 2022 Enero | 62 | 44 | 106 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 43 | 35 | 78 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 44 | 40 | 84 |
| 2021 Octubre | 39 | 33 | 72 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 28 | 39 | 67 |
| 2021 Agosto | 25 | 19 | 44 |
| 2021 Julio | 16 | 18 | 34 |
| 2021 Junio | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2021 Mayo | 38 | 31 | 69 |
| 2021 Abril | 118 | 45 | 163 |
| 2021 Marzo | 76 | 20 | 96 |
| 2021 Febrero | 73 | 23 | 96 |
| 2021 Enero | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 27 | 22 | 49 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 27 | 22 | 49 |
| 2020 Octubre | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 32 | 12 | 44 |
| 2020 Agosto | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2020 Julio | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2020 Junio | 25 | 28 | 53 |
| 2020 Mayo | 25 | 25 | 50 |
| 2020 Abril | 32 | 18 | 50 |
| 2020 Marzo | 52 | 13 | 65 |
| 2020 Febrero | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2020 Enero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Agosto | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Julio | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2019 Junio | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Mayo | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2019 Abril | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2019 Marzo | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2019 Febrero | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 Enero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Octubre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Febrero | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2018 Enero | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 42 | 13 | 55 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 25 | 6 | 31 |
| 2017 Octubre | 39 | 6 | 45 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2017 Agosto | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2017 Julio | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2017 Junio | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2017 Mayo | 25 | 8 | 33 |
| 2017 Abril | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2017 Marzo | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| 2017 Febrero | 21 | 7 | 28 |
| 2017 Enero | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 29 | 20 | 49 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 35 | 14 | 49 |
| 2016 Octubre | 27 | 19 | 46 |
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