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1</a>&#44; A and B&#41;&#46; Important findings on the blood tests were secondary hyperparathyroidism with parathormone levels of 911<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#44; calcium 10&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL &#40;normal range&#44; 8&#46;2-10&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; and phosphorus&#44; 7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL &#40;normal range&#44; 2&#46;7-4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#46; Other additional tests&#44; including complete blood count&#44; general biochemistry&#44; coagulation&#44; serology for hepatitis B virus&#44; hepatitis C virus&#44; and human immunodeficiency virus&#44; hypercoagulability study&#44; autoimmunity&#44; microbiology culture&#44; and echocardiography were normal or negative&#46; Skin biopsy was compatible with calciphylaxis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After signing the informed consent&#44; the patient started off-label treatment with intralesional sodium thiosulfate 1&#47;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>molar&#44; injecting 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of the solution around the borders of the ulcers&#46; The only adverse effect was pain during the injection&#59; this improved when oral transmucosal fentanyl was administered prior to the injections&#46; After the first treatment&#44; the patient reported rapid pain relief that enabled the opioids to be withdrawn&#46; The treatment was repeated each month for 6 months&#44; achieving complete remission of all the skin ulcers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C and D&#41;&#46; Maintenance therapy was then administered with an intravenous sodium thiosulfate regimen after each hemodialysis session&#46; At 6 months the patient returned to outpatients with new lesions&#46; A further 3 monthly injections of sodium thiosulfate were therefore administered&#44; and remission of the lesions was once again achieved&#46; The patient now receives injections intermittently&#44; whenever new symptoms develop&#44; and overall control of the disease is good&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calciphylaxis is characterized by the appearance of very painful skin ulcers and necrosis&#44; mainly affecting patients with ESRD on hemodialysis&#44; with an estimated prevalence between 1&#37; and 4&#37; in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Mortality is high and is most commonly due to sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Cases of ischemia of internal organs have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Risk factors for the onset of calciphylaxis in patients with ESRD are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Calciphylaxis has been described in patients without uremia&#46; These cases are associated with primary hyperparathyroidism&#44; malignancy&#44; alcoholic liver disease&#44; and connective tissue diseases&#44; and are grouped under the name calcific nonuremic arteriolopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; calciphylaxis manifests as a livedo racemosa syndrome that progresses to retiform purpura and skin necrosis with the formation of very painful ulcers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> we describe the differential diagnosis and workup of this syndrome&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is mainly clinical&#46; Skin biopsy is the gold-standard test for the diagnosis of calciphylaxis&#44; although systematically performing biopsies when this disease is suspected is not recommended because of the risk of infection or poor wound healing&#46; Histopathology findings include calcification of the media of small arteries and arterioles&#44; intimal proliferation&#44; small-vessel thrombosis and endovascular fibrosis&#44; necrosis of the subcutaneous cellular tissue&#44; and panniculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> No laboratory alterations specific to this disease have been detected&#46; However&#44; the presence of an elevated calcium-phosphate product increases the sensitivity for its detection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the imaging studies&#44; ultrasound may show hyperechoic foci with a posterior acoustic shadow suggestive of calcifications&#46; Modified mammography can facilitate early diagnosis of calciphylaxis&#46; A bone scan can be useful to detect calcium deposits in the subcutaneous cellular tissue and thus help to define the extent of the disease and evaluate the response to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment protocols have not been standardized&#46; Treatment is based mainly on the use of bisphosphonates and intravenous sodium thiosulfate&#46; Sodium thiosulfate acts as an antioxidant and vasodilator&#44; producing rapid pain relief&#44; and as an intravascular and intraparenchymal chelator of calcium salts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Intravenous sodium thiosulfate is used at a dose of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg immediately after each hemodialysis session&#46; This treatment is considered innocuous and is inexpensive&#46; The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting&#44; rhinorrhea&#44; and headache&#46; The most serious adverse effect is metabolic acidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the scientific literature&#44; only Strazzula et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> have described the use of intralesional sodium thiosulfate in 4 patients with calciphylaxis&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although further studies are necessary to evaluate the therapeutic effect of intralesional sodium thiosulfate&#44; we would like to draw attention to certain aspects&#46; Intralesional treatment was very successful and led to rapid relief of the ischemic pain caused by calciphylaxis&#46; In our patient&#44; this intralesional treatment led to complete healing of the calciphylaxis-induced skin lesions&#44; an objective not achieved with intravenous administration&#46; We therefore consider that for cases that do not respond to standard intravenous treatment&#44; the adjuvant role of intralesional sodium thiosulfate should be evaluated&#46; The tolerance of the combined treatments was good&#44; and although pain was the main limitation&#44; it could be reduced by the previous administration of analgesia&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ossorio-Garc&#237;a L&#44; Jim&#233;nez-Gallo D&#44; Arjona-Aguilera C&#44; Linares-Barrios M&#46; Calcifilaxis tratada con tiosulfato s&#243;dico intralesional&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2016&#59;107&#58;360&#8211;363&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B&#44; Skin ulcers with necrotic slough on a background of livedo racemosa and retiform purpura secondary to calciphylaxis&#46; C and D&#44; Healing of the calciphylaxis-induced ulcers after treatment with intralesional sodium thiosulfate&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Biopsy showing calcification of the media of blood vessels in the subcutaneous cellular tissue&#46; Hematoxylin and eosin&#44; original magnification &#215;200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hyperparathyroidism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Calcium-phosphate product<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vitamin D treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Systemic hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Treatment with warfarin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Protein S or C deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Immunosuppression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Liver disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypoalbuminemia&#47;weight loss&#47;malnutrition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Congestive heart failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Arteriovenous fistula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; ANA&#44; antinuclear antibodies&#59; ANCA&#44; antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies&#59; ENA&#44; extractable nuclear antigen&#59; MPA&#44; microscopic polyangiitis&#59; PAN&#44; polyarteritis nodosum&#59; SLE&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Additional Tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Antiphospholipid syndrome</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IgG and&#47;or IgM phospholipid antibodies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Arterial or venous thrombosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IgG and&#47;or IgM &#946;2 glycoprotein <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>antibodies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Recurrent abortions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lupus anticoagulant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> cryoglobulinemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Monoclonal peak and&#47;or markedly elevated cryoglobulins in serum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B-cell lymphoproliferative disease&#46; Predominant manifestations are of occlusive vascular disease &#40;livedo racemosa&#47;retiform purpura&#41; vs vasculitis &#40;palpable purpura&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Autoimmune diseases with vasculitis &#40;PAN&#44; MPA&#44; SLE&#44; rheumatoid arthritis&#44; Churg-Strauss syndrome&#44; Wegener granulomatosis&#41;&#46;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ANA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diagnostic criteria of the autoimmune disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Anti-DNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Anti-ENA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ANCA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Thrombophilias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thrombophilia studies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Past personal or family history of thrombotic phenomena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thrombocytopenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Purpura fulminans usually secondary to sepsis&#46; May also be associated with trauma or obstetric complications&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Prolonged coagulation times&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peripheral blood smear &#40;schistocytes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Elevation of fibrinogen degradation products and D-dimer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atrial myxoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Echocardiography&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benign tumor arising in the endothelial cells and frequently localized in the left atrium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pharmacological &#40;propylthiouracil&#44; cocaine&#44; levamisole&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Detection of atypical ANCA in the standard ANCA assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Medical history&#46; Consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole is associated with the presence of purpura especially in the earlobes and elastase-type atypical ANCA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sickle cell anemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Peripheral blood smear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Homozygous S hemoglobinopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Coumarin-induced skin necrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Protein S and C deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warfarin consumption in the previous 3 to 10 days&#46; Predominance in obese women in body areas with more subcutaneous cellular tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Livedoid vascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hyalinization on histology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Predominantly affects the malleolar area&#46; Atrophic scars with telangiectasias and marginal pigmentation &#40;white atrophy&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sneddon syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neurologic disturbances&#44; livedo reticularis&#44; and thrombotic phenomena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol emboli</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol crystals on histology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">History of catheterization&#44; angioplasty&#44; or angioradiology&#44; or after starting anticoagulant or thrombolytic treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Primary hyperoxaluria</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Birefringent crystals on histology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Autosomal recessive hereditary disease that produces an increase in the body concentration of calcium oxalate&#44; with the consequent precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals in the joints&#44; kidneys &#40;nephrolithiasis&#41;&#44; heart&#44; eyes&#44; and skin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lucio phenomenon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suspected leprosy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reactive form of untreated diffuse lepromatous leprosy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Calcific uremic arteriolopathy in end stage renal disease&#58; Pathophysiology and management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Yerram"
                            1 => "K&#46; Chaudhary"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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Case and Research Letters
Intralesional Sodium Thiosulfate to Treat Calciphylaxis
Calcifilaxis tratada con tiosulfato sódico intralesional
L. Ossorio-García
Autor para correspondencia
, D. Jiménez-Gallo, C. Arjona-Aguilera, M. Linares-Barrios
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
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    "titulo" => "Intralesional Sodium Thiosulfate to Treat Calciphylaxis"
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        "titulo" => "Calcifilaxis tratada con tiosulfato s&#243;dico intralesional"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B&#44; Skin ulcers with necrotic slough on a background of livedo racemosa and retiform purpura secondary to calciphylaxis&#46; C and D&#44; Healing of the calciphylaxis-induced ulcers after treatment with intralesional sodium thiosulfate&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calciphylaxis or calcifying uremic arteriopathy is characterized by calcification of the media of the small arteries and arterioles of the skin&#44; provoking cutaneous ischemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 45-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease &#40;ESRD&#41; secondary to glomerulonephritis and on hemodialysis since 2008&#44; consulted for a 10-month history of multiple&#44; intensely painful ulcers on both lower limbs&#59; the pain was resistant to opioids&#46; She had previously undergone kidney transplant with subsequent rejection&#46; Physical examination of the lower limbs revealed multiple skin ulcers&#44; some with necrotic slough&#44; on a background of livedo racemosa and retiform purpura&#46; The largest ulcer measured approximately 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; A and B&#41;&#46; Important findings on the blood tests were secondary hyperparathyroidism with parathormone levels of 911<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#44; calcium 10&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL &#40;normal range&#44; 8&#46;2-10&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; and phosphorus&#44; 7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL &#40;normal range&#44; 2&#46;7-4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#46; Other additional tests&#44; including complete blood count&#44; general biochemistry&#44; coagulation&#44; serology for hepatitis B virus&#44; hepatitis C virus&#44; and human immunodeficiency virus&#44; hypercoagulability study&#44; autoimmunity&#44; microbiology culture&#44; and echocardiography were normal or negative&#46; Skin biopsy was compatible with calciphylaxis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After signing the informed consent&#44; the patient started off-label treatment with intralesional sodium thiosulfate 1&#47;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>molar&#44; injecting 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of the solution around the borders of the ulcers&#46; The only adverse effect was pain during the injection&#59; this improved when oral transmucosal fentanyl was administered prior to the injections&#46; After the first treatment&#44; the patient reported rapid pain relief that enabled the opioids to be withdrawn&#46; The treatment was repeated each month for 6 months&#44; achieving complete remission of all the skin ulcers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C and D&#41;&#46; Maintenance therapy was then administered with an intravenous sodium thiosulfate regimen after each hemodialysis session&#46; At 6 months the patient returned to outpatients with new lesions&#46; A further 3 monthly injections of sodium thiosulfate were therefore administered&#44; and remission of the lesions was once again achieved&#46; The patient now receives injections intermittently&#44; whenever new symptoms develop&#44; and overall control of the disease is good&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calciphylaxis is characterized by the appearance of very painful skin ulcers and necrosis&#44; mainly affecting patients with ESRD on hemodialysis&#44; with an estimated prevalence between 1&#37; and 4&#37; in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Mortality is high and is most commonly due to sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Cases of ischemia of internal organs have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Risk factors for the onset of calciphylaxis in patients with ESRD are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Calciphylaxis has been described in patients without uremia&#46; These cases are associated with primary hyperparathyroidism&#44; malignancy&#44; alcoholic liver disease&#44; and connective tissue diseases&#44; and are grouped under the name calcific nonuremic arteriolopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; calciphylaxis manifests as a livedo racemosa syndrome that progresses to retiform purpura and skin necrosis with the formation of very painful ulcers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> we describe the differential diagnosis and workup of this syndrome&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis is mainly clinical&#46; Skin biopsy is the gold-standard test for the diagnosis of calciphylaxis&#44; although systematically performing biopsies when this disease is suspected is not recommended because of the risk of infection or poor wound healing&#46; Histopathology findings include calcification of the media of small arteries and arterioles&#44; intimal proliferation&#44; small-vessel thrombosis and endovascular fibrosis&#44; necrosis of the subcutaneous cellular tissue&#44; and panniculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> No laboratory alterations specific to this disease have been detected&#46; However&#44; the presence of an elevated calcium-phosphate product increases the sensitivity for its detection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the imaging studies&#44; ultrasound may show hyperechoic foci with a posterior acoustic shadow suggestive of calcifications&#46; Modified mammography can facilitate early diagnosis of calciphylaxis&#46; A bone scan can be useful to detect calcium deposits in the subcutaneous cellular tissue and thus help to define the extent of the disease and evaluate the response to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment protocols have not been standardized&#46; Treatment is based mainly on the use of bisphosphonates and intravenous sodium thiosulfate&#46; Sodium thiosulfate acts as an antioxidant and vasodilator&#44; producing rapid pain relief&#44; and as an intravascular and intraparenchymal chelator of calcium salts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Intravenous sodium thiosulfate is used at a dose of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg immediately after each hemodialysis session&#46; This treatment is considered innocuous and is inexpensive&#46; The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting&#44; rhinorrhea&#44; and headache&#46; The most serious adverse effect is metabolic acidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the scientific literature&#44; only Strazzula et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> have described the use of intralesional sodium thiosulfate in 4 patients with calciphylaxis&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although further studies are necessary to evaluate the therapeutic effect of intralesional sodium thiosulfate&#44; we would like to draw attention to certain aspects&#46; Intralesional treatment was very successful and led to rapid relief of the ischemic pain caused by calciphylaxis&#46; In our patient&#44; this intralesional treatment led to complete healing of the calciphylaxis-induced skin lesions&#44; an objective not achieved with intravenous administration&#46; We therefore consider that for cases that do not respond to standard intravenous treatment&#44; the adjuvant role of intralesional sodium thiosulfate should be evaluated&#46; The tolerance of the combined treatments was good&#44; and although pain was the main limitation&#44; it could be reduced by the previous administration of analgesia&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ossorio-Garc&#237;a L&#44; Jim&#233;nez-Gallo D&#44; Arjona-Aguilera C&#44; Linares-Barrios M&#46; Calcifilaxis tratada con tiosulfato s&#243;dico intralesional&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2016&#59;107&#58;360&#8211;363&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Arterial or venous thrombosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IgG and&#47;or IgM &#946;2 glycoprotein <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>antibodies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Recurrent abortions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lupus anticoagulant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> cryoglobulinemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Monoclonal peak and&#47;or markedly elevated cryoglobulins in serum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">B-cell lymphoproliferative disease&#46; Predominant manifestations are of occlusive vascular disease &#40;livedo racemosa&#47;retiform purpura&#41; vs vasculitis &#40;palpable purpura&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Autoimmune diseases with vasculitis &#40;PAN&#44; MPA&#44; SLE&#44; rheumatoid arthritis&#44; Churg-Strauss syndrome&#44; Wegener granulomatosis&#41;&#46;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ANA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diagnostic criteria of the autoimmune disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Anti-DNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Anti-ENA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ANCA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Thrombophilias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thrombophilia studies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Past personal or family history of thrombotic phenomena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thrombocytopenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Purpura fulminans usually secondary to sepsis&#46; May also be associated with trauma or obstetric complications&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Prolonged coagulation times&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peripheral blood smear &#40;schistocytes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Elevation of fibrinogen degradation products and D-dimer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atrial myxoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Echocardiography&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Benign tumor arising in the endothelial cells and frequently localized in the left atrium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pharmacological &#40;propylthiouracil&#44; cocaine&#44; levamisole&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Detection of atypical ANCA in the standard ANCA assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Medical history&#46; Consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole is associated with the presence of purpura especially in the earlobes and elastase-type atypical ANCA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sickle cell anemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Peripheral blood smear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Homozygous S hemoglobinopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Coumarin-induced skin necrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Protein S and C deficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warfarin consumption in the previous 3 to 10 days&#46; Predominance in obese women in body areas with more subcutaneous cellular tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Livedoid vascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hyalinization on histology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Predominantly affects the malleolar area&#46; Atrophic scars with telangiectasias and marginal pigmentation &#40;white atrophy&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sneddon syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neurologic disturbances&#44; livedo reticularis&#44; and thrombotic phenomena&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol emboli</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cholesterol crystals on histology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">History of catheterization&#44; angioplasty&#44; or angioradiology&#44; or after starting anticoagulant or thrombolytic treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Primary hyperoxaluria</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Skin biopsy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Birefringent crystals on histology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Autosomal recessive hereditary disease that produces an increase in the body concentration of calcium oxalate&#44; with the consequent precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals in the joints&#44; kidneys &#40;nephrolithiasis&#41;&#44; heart&#44; eyes&#44; and skin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lucio phenomenon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Suspected leprosy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reactive form of untreated diffuse lepromatous leprosy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Investigation and Differential Diagnosis of Patients With Suspected Calciphylaxis&#46;</p>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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