Case and Research Letters
Acquired Symmetric Facial Hyperpigmentation
Hiperpigmentación facial simétrica adquirida
M. González-Olivares
, L. Castillo-Fernández, B. Echeverría
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Servicio de Dermatología y Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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González-Olivares, L. Castillo-Fernández, B. Echeverría" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "González-Olivares" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mgonzalezo@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Castillo-Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Echeverría" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología y Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Hiperpigmentación facial simétrica adquirida" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 686 "Ancho" => 1800 "Tamanyo" => 241140 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B, Multiple, confluent macules measuring a few millimeters in diameter, forming a poorly-defined, bluish-gray macule of mottled appearance on the forehead and extending into both parietal regions.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermal melanocytoses are a broad group of congenital or acquired melanocytic lesions that share the histopathologic feature of dendritic melanocytes in the dermis, with variable degrees of pigmentation and with or without dermal melanophages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This group includes the mongolian spot, blue nevus, nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito, Hori nevus and other less frequent entities, known as atypical dermal melanocytoses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 35-year-old Nigerian woman who consulted for progressive asymptomatic facial hyperpigmentation that had started to develop on her forehead 2 years earlier. The only finding in her past medical history was systemic hypertension, for which she was on treatment with amlodipine. She described no temporal relationship between taking amlodipine or other drugs and onset of the hyperpigmentation, and she denied taking other drugs or applying topical products to the area. No treatment had been performed.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient, with skin phototype <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">V</span>, presented multiple confluent macules of a few millimeters in diameter on her forehead, also extending into both parietal regions, grouped so as to form a large, poorly defined, bluish-gray macule of mottled appearance. The macule was not infiltrated and no superficial desquamation was observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). No lesions were observed in the conjunctiva or on the oral mucosa.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biopsy revealed a proliferation of dendritic melanocytes in the mid dermis, with no atypia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), confirmed with Masson-Fontana stain. No nonmelanic pigment deposits were observed. All the findings were compatible with Hori nevus.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hori nevus, also known as ABNOM (acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules), is one of the most common acquired facial dermal melanocytoses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It was first described by Hori et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> in 1984. It usually affects Asian women in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Familial cases have been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Hori nevus presents as blue-gray-brown macules with a bilateral distribution on the forehead, frontoparietal regions, eyelids, cheeks, and nose. There is no associated ocular or mucosal involvement,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> although a case with mucosal involvement has recently been described. We consider that the clinical and pathologic findings of that case with mucosal involvement could correspond to a nevus of Ota.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The origin of this alteration is unknown. The etiology and pathogenesis of Hori nevus appear to require the presence of poorly melanized ectopic melanocytes in the dermis, by descent or migration from the epidermis or hair bulb (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dropping off</span>) or by disturbances of migration during embryologic development, and the activation of these cells by UV radiation, hormones, chronic inflammation, or other as yet undefined factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Diagnosis is mainly clinical. Histopathology reveals melanocytes in the mid and upper dermis, with no fibrosis or alterations of normal dermal structure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Ultrastructurally, these melanocytes are fully developed, with stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> melanosomes, and are surrounded by an extracellular sheath whose thickness increases over time, leading to lesion stability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main differential diagnoses are nevus of Ota, Riehl melanosis, ochronosis, and melasma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Nevus of Ota is differentiated by an earlier age at onset, a unilateral presentation, and mucosal involvement. Riehl melanosis and exogenous ochronosis are associated with a history of application of topical products prior to appearance of the lesions. In endogenous ochronosis, nonmelanic pigment is observed in the dermis. Melasma shares certain clinical characteristics, such as a female predominance, involvement typically of the malar region, and a common pathogenesis with increased expression of the SCF/c-kit pathway,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> but the bluish-gray color of Hori nevus is not observed,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7</span></a> and histopathologic findings are also different.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Histopathologic studies with healthy controls, the reported findings characteristic of melasma are increased melanin deposits in the epidermis, with normal or increased presence of epidermal melanocytes, which can appear larger than usual, with prominent dendrites, sometimes associated with an increase in the number of melanophages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Based on these findings, although melasma has been subclassified into epidermal and dermal, it is likely that the purely dermal forms are actually Hori nevus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to treatment, some authors report improvement with various Q-switched (QS) lasers (QS yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser [1064<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm], QS alexandrite laser [755<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm], and QS ruby laser [694<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm]), though results are variable and a transitory residual hyperpigmentation is the norm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,10–13</span></a> To reduce this residual hyperpigmentation combined treatments with QS laser and bleaching agents, dermabrasion, or carbon dioxide laser have been used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,12</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, Hori nevus is a cause of acquired facial hyperpigmentation that should be considered in daily clinical practice.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: González-Olivares M. Hiperpigmentación facial simétrica adquirida. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016;107:355–357.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 686 "Ancho" => 1800 "Tamanyo" => 241140 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A and B, Multiple, confluent macules measuring a few millimeters in diameter, forming a poorly-defined, bluish-gray macule of mottled appearance on the forehead and extending into both parietal regions.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 726 "Ancho" => 1800 "Tamanyo" => 437804 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proliferation of dendritic melanocytes in the mid dermis, with no atypia: A, Hematoxylin and eosin, original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20. B, Hematoxylin and eosin, original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori nevus): Etiologic and therapeutic considerations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.M. Park" 1 => "H. Tsao" 2 => "S. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2024 Octubre | 68 | 51 | 119 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 81 | 44 | 125 |
| 2024 Agosto | 103 | 69 | 172 |
| 2024 Julio | 67 | 35 | 102 |
| 2024 Junio | 85 | 37 | 122 |
| 2024 Mayo | 63 | 35 | 98 |
| 2024 Abril | 68 | 37 | 105 |
| 2024 Marzo | 72 | 32 | 104 |
| 2024 Febrero | 60 | 33 | 93 |
| 2024 Enero | 52 | 31 | 83 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 70 | 17 | 87 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 69 | 37 | 106 |
| 2023 Octubre | 76 | 30 | 106 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 80 | 33 | 113 |
| 2023 Agosto | 28 | 12 | 40 |
| 2023 Julio | 45 | 33 | 78 |
| 2023 Junio | 56 | 31 | 87 |
| 2023 Mayo | 41 | 27 | 68 |
| 2023 Abril | 68 | 29 | 97 |
| 2023 Marzo | 42 | 26 | 68 |
| 2023 Febrero | 51 | 29 | 80 |
| 2023 Enero | 33 | 30 | 63 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 47 | 32 | 79 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 26 | 31 | 57 |
| 2022 Octubre | 33 | 23 | 56 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 28 | 44 | 72 |
| 2022 Agosto | 25 | 56 | 81 |
| 2022 Julio | 18 | 55 | 73 |
| 2022 Junio | 19 | 36 | 55 |
| 2022 Mayo | 37 | 31 | 68 |
| 2022 Abril | 50 | 27 | 77 |
| 2022 Marzo | 67 | 38 | 105 |
| 2022 Febrero | 46 | 31 | 77 |
| 2022 Enero | 48 | 50 | 98 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 48 | 26 | 74 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 63 | 36 | 99 |
| 2021 Octubre | 51 | 48 | 99 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 53 | 39 | 92 |
| 2021 Agosto | 43 | 38 | 81 |
| 2021 Julio | 38 | 42 | 80 |
| 2021 Junio | 64 | 34 | 98 |
| 2021 Mayo | 36 | 35 | 71 |
| 2021 Abril | 70 | 51 | 121 |
| 2021 Marzo | 59 | 28 | 87 |
| 2021 Febrero | 79 | 17 | 96 |
| 2021 Enero | 50 | 18 | 68 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 28 | 8 | 36 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2020 Octubre | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 40 | 9 | 49 |
| 2020 Agosto | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2020 Julio | 32 | 16 | 48 |
| 2020 Junio | 41 | 24 | 65 |
| 2020 Mayo | 29 | 11 | 40 |
| 2020 Abril | 28 | 22 | 50 |
| 2020 Marzo | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2020 Febrero | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2020 Enero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Agosto | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Julio | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Junio | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Mayo | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2019 Abril | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2019 Marzo | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2019 Febrero | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 Enero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Octubre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Febrero | 39 | 1 | 40 |
| 2018 Enero | 42 | 4 | 46 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 61 | 4 | 65 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2017 Octubre | 26 | 5 | 31 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| 2017 Agosto | 23 | 5 | 28 |
| 2017 Julio | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2017 Junio | 53 | 6 | 59 |
| 2017 Mayo | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2017 Abril | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2017 Marzo | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2017 Febrero | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2017 Enero | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 18 | 15 | 33 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 21 | 16 | 37 |
| 2016 Octubre | 19 | 19 | 38 |
| 2016 Mayo | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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