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In 2011&#44; they proposed a new&#44; simpler classification that divided corticosteroids into 3 groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> Group 1 comprises those drugs that most commonly produce allergic reactions&#44; and group 3 those that have the lowest sensitizing capacity and produce the fewest cross-reactions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The authors also classified patients into 2 profiles depending on whether they were sensitized to 1 or more groups&#59; therefore&#44; patients with profile 1 only react to a single group and those with profile 2 react to several groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of the present study was to analyze the clinical and demographic characteristics of corticosteroid-sensitized patients followed at the skin allergy unit of our dermatology service during the last 11 years&#46; The secondary objectives were to compare these characteristics with those of the other study patients and to group patients according to the new classification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was performed in the Skin Allergy Unit of the Dermatology Department of Hospital General Universitario de Alicante&#44; Alicante&#44; Spain and took the form of a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with delayed-type sensitivity reactions to corticosteroids between January 2004 and December 2014&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study Population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included all study patients who underwent patch testing and were sensitized to a corticosteroid&#46; The clinical data recorded for each patient were age and sex&#44; profession&#44; history of atopy&#44; location of skin lesions&#44; and subsequent use of corticosteroids&#46; The results recorded from the patch tests were positivity to corticosteroids&#44; positivity to the patient&#39;s own commercially available creams&#44; and cosensitization to other allergens&#46; We used the MOAHLFA index to compare clinical data from these patients with those of the other patients on whom we performed skin tests during the study period&#46; The data were retrieved from the electronic database at the clinic&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Method and Patch Test Readings</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent patch testing with the standard series of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group &#40;GEIDAC&#41;&#44; which includes budesonide and tixocortol 21-pivalate as markers of allergy to corticosteroids&#46; Furthermore&#44; patients assessed from October 2008 onward &#40;20 patients in total&#41; also underwent patch testing with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; Budesonide was applied at 0&#46;01&#37; in petrolatum &#40;pet&#41;&#44; tixocortol 21-pivalate at 0&#46;1&#37; pet&#44; and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in 1&#37; alcohol &#40;all supplied by Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB&#41;&#46; Patients with positive results to one of these markers were assessed using a specific corticosteroid series &#40;Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB&#41;&#44; which&#44; in addition to the corticosteroids from our standard series&#44; included triamcinolone acetonide &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; dexamethasone 21-phosphate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; clobetasol 17-proprionate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; betamethasone 17-valerate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; and alclometasone 17&#44;21-diproprionate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#46; Many patients underwent testing with their own commercially available corticosteroid-containing cream or a cream that was available at the clinic&#46; The patches were prepared using adhesive Finn chamber strips &#40;SmartPractice&#41;&#44; which were stuck to the patient&#39;s back for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; Test results were read at 48 and 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours according to the criteria of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group &#40;&#43;&#44; &#43;&#43;&#44; and &#43;&#43;&#43;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using SPSS&#46; Qualitative variables were analyzed using the chi-square test&#46; When the conditions for application of the chi-square test were not met&#44; we used the Fisher exact test&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46; The results were analyzed&#44; interpreted&#44; and compared with those obtained from similar studies&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Clinical Characteristics of Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients and Comparison With Data From the Total Population Studied and With Data From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patch testing was performed on 2857 patients&#44; of whom 33 had a positive result to 1 or more corticosteroids &#40;sensitization rate of 1&#46;16&#37;&#41;&#46; The clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients&#44; those of the rest of the study population&#44; and those of patients from the series of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; It is noteworthy that the hands were less commonly involved in corticosteroid-allergic patients than in the rest of the study population and that as many as 7 of the 33 patients &#40;21&#46;2&#37;&#41; had generalized eczema&#46; No cases of occupational allergy were detected among the corticosteroid-allergic patients&#46; It is striking that only 9&#46;5&#37; of the corticosteroid-allergic patients had underlying atopic dermatitis&#44; in contrast with 37&#37; in the rest of the study population&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Result of Patch Testing in Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Testing with markers of corticosteroid allergy in our standard series yielded positive results in 33 patients&#46; The prevalence of allergy to budesonide was 87&#46;9&#37; &#40;29&#47;33&#41;&#44; that of tixocortol pivalate was 18&#46;2&#37; &#40;6&#47;33&#41;&#44; and that of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate was 45&#37; &#40;9&#47;20&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the distribution of positive results with the corticosteroids from the standard series&#46; Of note&#44; only 4 patients had a negative result for budesonide&#59; 3 were detected with tixocortol pivalate and 1 with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; The results for the specific corticosteroid series are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; The specific series made it possible to detect 14 patients who&#44; in addition to being allergic to group 1 corticosteroids&#44; were also allergic to those from group 2 or 3&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> shows the distribution of patients according to the new classification of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed patch testing with commercially available corticosteroid creams in 21&#47;33 patients &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; we observed no reactions in 13 of these patients &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41; after testing with a cream that contained a corticosteroid from the group to which the patient was allergic&#46; The clinical history revealed that after the diagnosis of corticosteroid allergy was made&#44; 5 patients had been prescribed a topical corticosteroid from the same group to which they were sensitized&#44; without ever having presented a reaction&#46; It also revealed that no reactions were recorded in a further 5 patients who had taken oral prednisone&#46; Only 1 patient &#40;allergic to corticosteroids from all 3 groups&#41; presented a generalized reaction after application of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide to treat a nasal polyp&#44; although no reaction was observed after inhalation of fluocinolone acetonide&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty patients &#40;90&#46;9&#37;&#41; were cosensitized to other allergens&#46; Of note&#44; 8 patients &#40;24&#46;2&#37;&#41; were allergic to fragrances&#46; This frequency was higher than that of the rest of the study population&#44; among whom 8&#46;3&#37; were sensitized to fragrances&#46; It is also noteworthy that 6 patients &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41; were cosensitized to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and 3 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41; to neomycin&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of sensitization to corticosteroids in the present study &#40;1&#46;16&#37;&#41; reflects that reported in other Spanish series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> including a similar study performed at our hospital between 2004 and 2007&#46; However&#44; these values are lower than those reported in studies from Europe &#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> the United States &#40;4&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Asia &#40;3&#46;29&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> probably because of the lower corticosteroid concentrations used in patch tests in Europe&#46; In addition&#44; compared with the rest of Europe&#44; it is possible that the corticosteroids used in Spain are less potent&#44; treatment is administered earlier&#44; or treatment schedules are shorter&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-allergic patients have specific demographic characteristics&#46; Thus&#44; in our series&#44; we did not find as high a percentage of women as in the rest of the population that underwent patch testing&#44; although the differences are not statistically significant&#46; Similarly&#44; we did not find as high a percentage of women as in other series &#40;51&#46;8&#37; compared with 76&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> We were surprised by the lower percentage of atopic dermatitis&#44; given that patients with this condition more frequently use aerosols with corticosteroids and apply topical corticosteroids to their skin&#46; These findings are not consistent with those of Baeck et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#8212;much larger than ours&#8212;in which 34&#37; of patients were atopic&#59; therefore&#44; it remains unclear whether atopy is a risk factor for developing corticosteroid allergy&#46; The distribution by anatomical site affected is also interesting&#44; since the allergy is usually generalized or diffuse&#44; mainly on the trunk&#44; and its presentation as hand eczema is much less common than in the rest of the study population&#46; We are unable to provide an explanation for this finding&#44; since hand eczema tends to be chronic&#44; with subsequent long-term use of corticosteroids&#46; It may be because the corticosteroids used &#40;clobetasol 17-propionate&#44; mometasone furoate&#41; are highly potent group 2 and 3 agents&#46; As expected&#44; we found no occupational cases&#44; since reporting of this condition is exceptional in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GEIDAC standard series only contains budesonide and tixocortol pivalate but not hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; In our series&#44; it is striking that most corticosteroid-allergic patients were detected with budesonide&#44; consistent with previous data from Spanish series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> In the United States&#44; however&#44; most patients were detected with tixocortol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; in Europe&#44; sensitization rates for budesonide&#44; tixocortol&#44; and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate seem to be similar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> We believe these discrepancies are due to factors such as national prescription habits and to the diagnostic tests used &#40;budesonide and tixocortol are applied in higher concentrations &#91;0&#46;1&#37; and 1&#37;&#44; respectively&#93; in the American standard series&#41;&#46; As for the usefulness of these substances as markers of corticosteroid allergy&#44; it is thought that 90&#37; of corticosteroid-allergic patients are detected with budesonide and tixocortol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> We do not think it is necessary to add hydrocortisone 17-butyrate to the GEIDAC standard series&#46; We did not detect allergy to group 2 or 3 corticosteroids separately&#44; since all the markers in the standard series are from group 1&#46; We believe that group 2 and 3 corticosteroids should be temporarily added to the standard series in order to determine the prevalence of allergy to the drugs they contain&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of the specific corticosteroid series and commercially available creams was extremely useful&#44; because it enabled us to detect 14 patients who were sensitized to drugs from groups 2 and 3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; We believe that the best approach would be to have a specific series that reflected the use of corticosteroids in a particular country&#46; We recommend patch testing with the patient&#39;s own commercially available corticosteroid-containing cream&#44; since we can then choose the corticosteroids the patient will be able to use&#46; It is not unusual for a patient to tolerate corticosteroids belonging to a group to which he&#47;she is&#44; in theory&#44; allergic&#46; Therefore&#44; even though the recent classification by Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> has made it possible to better reclassify corticosteroids according to their chemical structure and patients according to whether they are allergic to corticosteroids from 1 or more groups&#44; it is not ideal&#44; since many of the patients subsequently do not present reactions after using topical corticosteroids from the group they are sensitized to&#46; Similarly&#44; it does not seem useful to recommend inhaled or systemic corticosteroids&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-allergic patients are cosensitized to multiple allergens&#44; the most commonly involved being neomycin sulfate and ethylenediamine dihydrochloride&#46; Cosensitization has been attributed to the presence of these allergens in a single pharmaceutical cream&#46; In our series&#44; the high percentage of cosensitization with fragrances is noteworthy&#46; We do not know if this cosensitization is due to the presence of fragrances in topical treatments or to the use of perfumed products by patients with chronic eczema&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-induced allergic contact dermatitis represents a major restriction for the patient and a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the dermatologist&#46; At present&#44; the GEIDAC standard series has 2 good markers that serve to detect allergy to group 1 corticosteroids&#46; However&#44; these do not seem likely to be useful for detecting allergy to corticosteroids from other groups&#59; therefore&#44; our standard series should include&#44; at least temporarily&#44; representatives of groups 2 and 3&#46; Testing the specific corticosteroid series and the products of patients with positive results to any of the markers from the standard series is highly recommended&#44; since it provides information on the patient&#39;s sensitivity profile&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the many inconsistencies between real-life results for patch testing and patient tolerance to the various commercially available corticosteroid-containing creams complicate therapy and hamper recommendations&#46; In the meantime&#44; it seems prudent to advise corticosteroid-allergic patients to avoid corticosteroids from the group they are allergic to&#46; Furthermore&#44; it would be appropriate to perform patch testing or test with the drugs the patient is likely to use&#46; An alternative would be to use calcineurin inhibitors and reserve corticosteroids as the therapeutic option of last resort&#46; The use of oral corticosteroids should also be restricted&#44; especially in patients sensitized to corticosteroids from several groups&#44; although most of the patients in the present series did not experience problems after use&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Protection of Persons and Animals</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that this research did not involve experiments performed on humans or animals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Confidentiality of Data</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Right to Privacy and Informed Consent</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Dermatitis de contacto al&#233;rgica"
            1 => "Pruebas epicut&#225;neas"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroids can cause hypersensitivity reactions&#44; particularly delayed-type allergic reactions&#46; A new classification system for testing hypersensitivity to corticosteroids distributes the drugs into 3 groups according to molecular structure&#59; patients are classified according to whether they are allergic to agents in 1 or more of the groups&#46; We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of corticosteroid-allergic patients treated at our clinic and apply the new classification system to them&#59; we also compared these patients&#8217; characteristics to those of others treated at our clinic&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective study of cases of delayed-type corticosteroid hypersensitivity treated in the skin allergy clinic of a tertiary level hospital over an 11-year period&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We reviewed the records of 2857 patients&#44; finding 33 with at least one positive patch test result showing corticosteroid hypersensitivity&#46; Atopic dermatitis and hand involvement were less common in our corticosteroid-allergic patients&#46; All were allergic to a group 1 corticosteroid &#40;most often&#44; budesonide&#44; the culprit in 87&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Testing with a specific corticosteroid series revealed that 14 &#40;42&#46;4&#37;&#41; were also allergic to corticosteroids in group 2 and&#47;or group 3&#46; None were allergic exclusively to group 2 or group 3 agents&#46; Twenty-one patients were exposed to a corticosteroid cream from a group their patch test results indicated allergy to&#59; 13 of them &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41; did not develop a hypersensitivity reaction&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish standard series only contains group 1 corticosteroids&#46; In the interest of improving allergy management&#44; we recommend testing with a specific corticosteroid series and a patient&#39;s own creams whenever patch testing with a standard series reveals a hypersensitivity reaction to corticosteroids&#46;</p></span>"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los corticoides pueden producir reacciones de hipersensibilidad&#44; sobre todo retardadas&#46; Se ha propuesto una nueva clasificaci&#243;n para el estudio de la alergia a corticoides que los divide en 3 grupos seg&#250;n su estructura molecular y establece 2 perfiles de pacientes seg&#250;n est&#233;n sensibilizados a uno o varios grupos&#46; Los objetivos de este estudio son describir las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de nuestros pacientes al&#233;rgicos a corticoides&#44; compararlas con las del resto de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada y analizar su distribuci&#243;n seg&#250;n la nueva clasificaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo de 11 a&#241;os que incluye los casos de pacientes con reacciones de hipersensibilidad retardada a corticoides en la Unidad de Alergia Cut&#225;nea del Servicio de Dermatolog&#237;a de un hospital terciario&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiamos a 2&#46;857 pacientes&#44; de los cuales 33 presentaron uno o m&#225;s parches positivos a los corticoides&#46; Estos pacientes presentaron menos dermatitis at&#243;pica y menor afectaci&#243;n de las manos&#46; Todos fueron al&#233;rgicos a alg&#250;n corticoide del grupo 1 y la budesonida fue el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;87&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Con la bater&#237;a espec&#237;fica de corticoides observamos que 14 &#40;42&#44;4&#37;&#41; eran&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; al&#233;rgicos a corticoides del grupo 2 o 3&#46; Ninguno fue al&#233;rgico solo a corticoides del grupo 2 o 3&#46; El 61&#44;9&#37; &#40;13&#47;21&#41; de los pacientes que fueron testados con cremas con un corticoide del grupo al cual era al&#233;rgicos no present&#243; reacci&#243;n a aquellas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La bater&#237;a est&#225;ndar espa&#241;ola tiene solo marcadores para la alergia a corticoides del grupo 1&#46; Recomendamos aplicar una bater&#237;a espec&#237;fica de corticoides y los f&#225;rmacos propios si los marcadores son positivos para poder clasificarlos mejor y adecuar su manejo terap&#233;utico&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; Berbegal L&#44; DeLeon FJ&#44; Silvestre JF&#46; Estudio de sensibilizaci&#243;n a corticoides en una consulta de alergia cut&#225;nea&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;816&#8211;822&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:7 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of positive results with various corticosteroids from the modified standard series&#46; It is noteworthy that in 4 cases&#44; the result for budesonide was negative&#46; Of these 4 cases&#44; 1 had a positive result to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and the remaining 3 to tixocortol pivalate&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of patients according to the classification of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> All patients were sensitized to group 1 corticosteroids&#46; Sensitization was to group 1 only in 19 cases &#40;57&#46;6&#37;&#41; and to more than 1 group in 14 cases &#40;42&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; as follows&#58; 2 patients &#40;6&#46;1&#37;&#41; were sensitized to groups 1 and 2&#59; 8 patients &#40;24&#46;2&#37;&#41; were sensitized to groups 1 and 3&#59; and 4 patients &#40;12&#46;1&#37;&#41; were sensitized to groups 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient diagnosed with Hailey-Hailey disease sensitized to all 3 groups of corticosteroids&#46; The standard series revealed positive results for budesonide&#44; tixocortol pivalate&#44; and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; A reading at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours with the patients&#8217; own corticosteroids revealed the following results&#58; Adventan &#40;methylprednisolone&#41; &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; Elocom &#40;mometasone furoate&#41; &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; Clovate &#40;clobetasol propionate&#41; &#43;&#43;&#44; Diproderm &#40;betamethasone 17&#44;21-dipropionate&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diprogenta &#40;betamethasone&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fucibet &#40;fusidic acid and betamethasone valerate&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peitel &#40;prednicarbate&#41; &#43;&#43;&#46; With the corticosteroid series the results were as follows&#58; clobetasol propionate &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; dexamethasone 21-phosphate &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; betamethasone 17-valerate &#43;&#43;&#44; triamcinolone acetonide &#43;&#43;&#44; and alclometasone dipropionate &#43;&#43;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nonmethylated nonhalogenated molecules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Halogenated molecules &#40;except&#42;&#41; with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cis</span>-ketal or diol structure in C16&#47;C17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Halogenated methylated molecules in C16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to budesonide and group A and group D2 of the classification of Coopman et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to group B of the classification of Coopman et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to group C and group D1 of the classification of Coopman et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx1"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx2"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx3"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BudesonideCloprednolCortisone acetateDichlorisone acetateDifluprednateFludrocortisone acetateFluorometholoneFluprednisolone acetateHydrocortisoneHydrocortisone aceponateHydrocortisone acetateHydrocortisone 17-butyrateHydrocortisone 21-butyrateHydrocortisone hemisuccinateIsofluprednone acetateMazipredoneMedrysoneMethylprednisolone acetateMethylprednisolone aceponateMethylprednisolone hemisuccinatePrednicarbatePrednisolonePrednisolone caproatePrednisolone pivalatePrednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoatePrednisolone succinatePrednisoneTixocortol pivalate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TriamcinoloneAmcinonideDesonide&#42;FluchloronideFlumoxonideFlunisolideFluocinolone acetonideFluocinonideHalcinonide&#42;Triamcinolone acetonideTriamcinolone benetonideTriamcinolone diacetateTriamcinolone hexacetonide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alclometasone dipropionateBeclomethasone dipropionateBetamethasoneBetamethasone 17-valerateBetamethasone dipropionateBetamethasone sodium phosphateClobetasol propionateClobetasone butyrateDesoximetasoneDexamethasoneDexamethasone acetateDexamethasone sodium phosphateDiflucortolone valerateDiflorasone diacetateFlumethasone pivalateFluocortin butylFluocortoloneFluocortolone caprylateFluocortolone pivalateFluocortolone acetateFluprednidene acetateHalometasoneMeprednisoneFluticasone propionateMometasone furoate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab957292.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of Corticosteroids According to Baeck et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients Allergic to Corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Remaining Patients Studied&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;824&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">315&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Men&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;166&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Occupational dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hand involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Limb involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;210&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Face involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;648&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;979&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab957289.png"
              ]
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          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Value not specified in the article&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients Sensitized to Corticosteroids in our Series&#44; of the Other Patients Studied Using Patch Testing in our Department&#44; and of Patients From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Using the MOAHLFA Index&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patch Tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Budesonide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tixocortol pivalate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Corticosteroid Hypersensitivity Studies in a Skin Allergy Unit
Estudio de sensibilización a corticoides en una consulta de alergia cutánea
L. Berbegal
Autor para correspondencia
lauraberbegal@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, F.J. DeLeon, J.F. Silvestre
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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    "titulo" => "Corticosteroid Hypersensitivity Studies in a Skin Allergy Unit"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of positive results with various corticosteroids from the modified standard series&#46; It is noteworthy that in 4 cases&#44; the result for budesonide was negative&#46; Of these 4 cases&#44; 1 had a positive result to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and the remaining 3 to tixocortol pivalate&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroids are widely used in dermatology&#46; They were introduced as topical agents in 1952&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and&#44; although they have proven very efficacious&#44; they are not free from adverse effects&#46; Despite their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties&#44; corticosteroids can also behave&#8212;albeit paradoxically&#8212;as allergens and cause mainly delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-induced allergic contact dermatitis is increasingly common&#44; and prevalence ranges from 0&#46;2&#37; to 5&#37;&#46; Attempts have been made to classify corticosteroids into groups in order to better define sensitization to them&#46; In 1989&#44; corticosteroids were classified into 4 groups&#44; namely&#44; A&#44; B&#44; C&#44; and D&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> which in 2000 was subdivided into D1 and D2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> depending on chemical structure and cross-reactivity patterns&#46; The drugs with the greatest sensitizing capacity were in groups A and D2&#46; Subsequently&#44; it was observed that cross-reactions were occasionally not as predicted or expected according to the classification&#44; which was then modified&#46; In 2009&#44; Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> studied molecular models of corticosteroids and patch test results from 315 corticosteroid-sensitized patients&#46; In 2011&#44; they proposed a new&#44; simpler classification that divided corticosteroids into 3 groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> Group 1 comprises those drugs that most commonly produce allergic reactions&#44; and group 3 those that have the lowest sensitizing capacity and produce the fewest cross-reactions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The authors also classified patients into 2 profiles depending on whether they were sensitized to 1 or more groups&#59; therefore&#44; patients with profile 1 only react to a single group and those with profile 2 react to several groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of the present study was to analyze the clinical and demographic characteristics of corticosteroid-sensitized patients followed at the skin allergy unit of our dermatology service during the last 11 years&#46; The secondary objectives were to compare these characteristics with those of the other study patients and to group patients according to the new classification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was performed in the Skin Allergy Unit of the Dermatology Department of Hospital General Universitario de Alicante&#44; Alicante&#44; Spain and took the form of a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with delayed-type sensitivity reactions to corticosteroids between January 2004 and December 2014&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study Population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included all study patients who underwent patch testing and were sensitized to a corticosteroid&#46; The clinical data recorded for each patient were age and sex&#44; profession&#44; history of atopy&#44; location of skin lesions&#44; and subsequent use of corticosteroids&#46; The results recorded from the patch tests were positivity to corticosteroids&#44; positivity to the patient&#39;s own commercially available creams&#44; and cosensitization to other allergens&#46; We used the MOAHLFA index to compare clinical data from these patients with those of the other patients on whom we performed skin tests during the study period&#46; The data were retrieved from the electronic database at the clinic&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Method and Patch Test Readings</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent patch testing with the standard series of the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group &#40;GEIDAC&#41;&#44; which includes budesonide and tixocortol 21-pivalate as markers of allergy to corticosteroids&#46; Furthermore&#44; patients assessed from October 2008 onward &#40;20 patients in total&#41; also underwent patch testing with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; Budesonide was applied at 0&#46;01&#37; in petrolatum &#40;pet&#41;&#44; tixocortol 21-pivalate at 0&#46;1&#37; pet&#44; and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in 1&#37; alcohol &#40;all supplied by Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB&#41;&#46; Patients with positive results to one of these markers were assessed using a specific corticosteroid series &#40;Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB&#41;&#44; which&#44; in addition to the corticosteroids from our standard series&#44; included triamcinolone acetonide &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; dexamethasone 21-phosphate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; clobetasol 17-proprionate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; betamethasone 17-valerate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#44; and alclometasone 17&#44;21-diproprionate &#40;1&#46;0&#37; pet&#41;&#46; Many patients underwent testing with their own commercially available corticosteroid-containing cream or a cream that was available at the clinic&#46; The patches were prepared using adhesive Finn chamber strips &#40;SmartPractice&#41;&#44; which were stuck to the patient&#39;s back for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; Test results were read at 48 and 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours according to the criteria of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group &#40;&#43;&#44; &#43;&#43;&#44; and &#43;&#43;&#43;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using SPSS&#46; Qualitative variables were analyzed using the chi-square test&#46; When the conditions for application of the chi-square test were not met&#44; we used the Fisher exact test&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46; The results were analyzed&#44; interpreted&#44; and compared with those obtained from similar studies&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Clinical Characteristics of Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients and Comparison With Data From the Total Population Studied and With Data From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patch testing was performed on 2857 patients&#44; of whom 33 had a positive result to 1 or more corticosteroids &#40;sensitization rate of 1&#46;16&#37;&#41;&#46; The clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients&#44; those of the rest of the study population&#44; and those of patients from the series of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; It is noteworthy that the hands were less commonly involved in corticosteroid-allergic patients than in the rest of the study population and that as many as 7 of the 33 patients &#40;21&#46;2&#37;&#41; had generalized eczema&#46; No cases of occupational allergy were detected among the corticosteroid-allergic patients&#46; It is striking that only 9&#46;5&#37; of the corticosteroid-allergic patients had underlying atopic dermatitis&#44; in contrast with 37&#37; in the rest of the study population&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Result of Patch Testing in Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Testing with markers of corticosteroid allergy in our standard series yielded positive results in 33 patients&#46; The prevalence of allergy to budesonide was 87&#46;9&#37; &#40;29&#47;33&#41;&#44; that of tixocortol pivalate was 18&#46;2&#37; &#40;6&#47;33&#41;&#44; and that of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate was 45&#37; &#40;9&#47;20&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the distribution of positive results with the corticosteroids from the standard series&#46; Of note&#44; only 4 patients had a negative result for budesonide&#59; 3 were detected with tixocortol pivalate and 1 with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; The results for the specific corticosteroid series are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; The specific series made it possible to detect 14 patients who&#44; in addition to being allergic to group 1 corticosteroids&#44; were also allergic to those from group 2 or 3&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> shows the distribution of patients according to the new classification of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed patch testing with commercially available corticosteroid creams in 21&#47;33 patients &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; we observed no reactions in 13 of these patients &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41; after testing with a cream that contained a corticosteroid from the group to which the patient was allergic&#46; The clinical history revealed that after the diagnosis of corticosteroid allergy was made&#44; 5 patients had been prescribed a topical corticosteroid from the same group to which they were sensitized&#44; without ever having presented a reaction&#46; It also revealed that no reactions were recorded in a further 5 patients who had taken oral prednisone&#46; Only 1 patient &#40;allergic to corticosteroids from all 3 groups&#41; presented a generalized reaction after application of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide to treat a nasal polyp&#44; although no reaction was observed after inhalation of fluocinolone acetonide&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty patients &#40;90&#46;9&#37;&#41; were cosensitized to other allergens&#46; Of note&#44; 8 patients &#40;24&#46;2&#37;&#41; were allergic to fragrances&#46; This frequency was higher than that of the rest of the study population&#44; among whom 8&#46;3&#37; were sensitized to fragrances&#46; It is also noteworthy that 6 patients &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41; were cosensitized to ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and 3 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41; to neomycin&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of sensitization to corticosteroids in the present study &#40;1&#46;16&#37;&#41; reflects that reported in other Spanish series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> including a similar study performed at our hospital between 2004 and 2007&#46; However&#44; these values are lower than those reported in studies from Europe &#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> the United States &#40;4&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Asia &#40;3&#46;29&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> probably because of the lower corticosteroid concentrations used in patch tests in Europe&#46; In addition&#44; compared with the rest of Europe&#44; it is possible that the corticosteroids used in Spain are less potent&#44; treatment is administered earlier&#44; or treatment schedules are shorter&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-allergic patients have specific demographic characteristics&#46; Thus&#44; in our series&#44; we did not find as high a percentage of women as in the rest of the population that underwent patch testing&#44; although the differences are not statistically significant&#46; Similarly&#44; we did not find as high a percentage of women as in other series &#40;51&#46;8&#37; compared with 76&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> We were surprised by the lower percentage of atopic dermatitis&#44; given that patients with this condition more frequently use aerosols with corticosteroids and apply topical corticosteroids to their skin&#46; These findings are not consistent with those of Baeck et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#8212;much larger than ours&#8212;in which 34&#37; of patients were atopic&#59; therefore&#44; it remains unclear whether atopy is a risk factor for developing corticosteroid allergy&#46; The distribution by anatomical site affected is also interesting&#44; since the allergy is usually generalized or diffuse&#44; mainly on the trunk&#44; and its presentation as hand eczema is much less common than in the rest of the study population&#46; We are unable to provide an explanation for this finding&#44; since hand eczema tends to be chronic&#44; with subsequent long-term use of corticosteroids&#46; It may be because the corticosteroids used &#40;clobetasol 17-propionate&#44; mometasone furoate&#41; are highly potent group 2 and 3 agents&#46; As expected&#44; we found no occupational cases&#44; since reporting of this condition is exceptional in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GEIDAC standard series only contains budesonide and tixocortol pivalate but not hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; In our series&#44; it is striking that most corticosteroid-allergic patients were detected with budesonide&#44; consistent with previous data from Spanish series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> In the United States&#44; however&#44; most patients were detected with tixocortol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; in Europe&#44; sensitization rates for budesonide&#44; tixocortol&#44; and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate seem to be similar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> We believe these discrepancies are due to factors such as national prescription habits and to the diagnostic tests used &#40;budesonide and tixocortol are applied in higher concentrations &#91;0&#46;1&#37; and 1&#37;&#44; respectively&#93; in the American standard series&#41;&#46; As for the usefulness of these substances as markers of corticosteroid allergy&#44; it is thought that 90&#37; of corticosteroid-allergic patients are detected with budesonide and tixocortol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> We do not think it is necessary to add hydrocortisone 17-butyrate to the GEIDAC standard series&#46; We did not detect allergy to group 2 or 3 corticosteroids separately&#44; since all the markers in the standard series are from group 1&#46; We believe that group 2 and 3 corticosteroids should be temporarily added to the standard series in order to determine the prevalence of allergy to the drugs they contain&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of the specific corticosteroid series and commercially available creams was extremely useful&#44; because it enabled us to detect 14 patients who were sensitized to drugs from groups 2 and 3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; We believe that the best approach would be to have a specific series that reflected the use of corticosteroids in a particular country&#46; We recommend patch testing with the patient&#39;s own commercially available corticosteroid-containing cream&#44; since we can then choose the corticosteroids the patient will be able to use&#46; It is not unusual for a patient to tolerate corticosteroids belonging to a group to which he&#47;she is&#44; in theory&#44; allergic&#46; Therefore&#44; even though the recent classification by Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> has made it possible to better reclassify corticosteroids according to their chemical structure and patients according to whether they are allergic to corticosteroids from 1 or more groups&#44; it is not ideal&#44; since many of the patients subsequently do not present reactions after using topical corticosteroids from the group they are sensitized to&#46; Similarly&#44; it does not seem useful to recommend inhaled or systemic corticosteroids&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-allergic patients are cosensitized to multiple allergens&#44; the most commonly involved being neomycin sulfate and ethylenediamine dihydrochloride&#46; Cosensitization has been attributed to the presence of these allergens in a single pharmaceutical cream&#46; In our series&#44; the high percentage of cosensitization with fragrances is noteworthy&#46; We do not know if this cosensitization is due to the presence of fragrances in topical treatments or to the use of perfumed products by patients with chronic eczema&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroid-induced allergic contact dermatitis represents a major restriction for the patient and a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the dermatologist&#46; At present&#44; the GEIDAC standard series has 2 good markers that serve to detect allergy to group 1 corticosteroids&#46; However&#44; these do not seem likely to be useful for detecting allergy to corticosteroids from other groups&#59; therefore&#44; our standard series should include&#44; at least temporarily&#44; representatives of groups 2 and 3&#46; Testing the specific corticosteroid series and the products of patients with positive results to any of the markers from the standard series is highly recommended&#44; since it provides information on the patient&#39;s sensitivity profile&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the many inconsistencies between real-life results for patch testing and patient tolerance to the various commercially available corticosteroid-containing creams complicate therapy and hamper recommendations&#46; In the meantime&#44; it seems prudent to advise corticosteroid-allergic patients to avoid corticosteroids from the group they are allergic to&#46; Furthermore&#44; it would be appropriate to perform patch testing or test with the drugs the patient is likely to use&#46; An alternative would be to use calcineurin inhibitors and reserve corticosteroids as the therapeutic option of last resort&#46; The use of oral corticosteroids should also be restricted&#44; especially in patients sensitized to corticosteroids from several groups&#44; although most of the patients in the present series did not experience problems after use&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Protection of Persons and Animals</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that this research did not involve experiments performed on humans or animals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Confidentiality of Data</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Right to Privacy and Informed Consent</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Introduction"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Material and methods"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602111"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres586247"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602112"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Material and Methods"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study Design"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Study Population"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Method and Patch Test Readings"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Clinical Characteristics of Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients and Comparison With Data From the Total Population Studied and With Data From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Result of Patch Testing in Corticosteroid-Sensitized Patients"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Protection of Persons and Animals"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of Data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Right to Privacy and Informed Consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack197183"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-07-12"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602111"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Allergic contact dermatitis"
            1 => "Patch tests"
            2 => "Standard series"
            3 => "Corticosteroids"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec602112"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Dermatitis de contacto al&#233;rgica"
            1 => "Pruebas epicut&#225;neas"
            2 => "Bater&#237;a est&#225;ndar"
            3 => "Corticoides"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroids can cause hypersensitivity reactions&#44; particularly delayed-type allergic reactions&#46; A new classification system for testing hypersensitivity to corticosteroids distributes the drugs into 3 groups according to molecular structure&#59; patients are classified according to whether they are allergic to agents in 1 or more of the groups&#46; We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of corticosteroid-allergic patients treated at our clinic and apply the new classification system to them&#59; we also compared these patients&#8217; characteristics to those of others treated at our clinic&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective study of cases of delayed-type corticosteroid hypersensitivity treated in the skin allergy clinic of a tertiary level hospital over an 11-year period&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We reviewed the records of 2857 patients&#44; finding 33 with at least one positive patch test result showing corticosteroid hypersensitivity&#46; Atopic dermatitis and hand involvement were less common in our corticosteroid-allergic patients&#46; All were allergic to a group 1 corticosteroid &#40;most often&#44; budesonide&#44; the culprit in 87&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Testing with a specific corticosteroid series revealed that 14 &#40;42&#46;4&#37;&#41; were also allergic to corticosteroids in group 2 and&#47;or group 3&#46; None were allergic exclusively to group 2 or group 3 agents&#46; Twenty-one patients were exposed to a corticosteroid cream from a group their patch test results indicated allergy to&#59; 13 of them &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41; did not develop a hypersensitivity reaction&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish standard series only contains group 1 corticosteroids&#46; In the interest of improving allergy management&#44; we recommend testing with a specific corticosteroid series and a patient&#39;s own creams whenever patch testing with a standard series reveals a hypersensitivity reaction to corticosteroids&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los corticoides pueden producir reacciones de hipersensibilidad&#44; sobre todo retardadas&#46; Se ha propuesto una nueva clasificaci&#243;n para el estudio de la alergia a corticoides que los divide en 3 grupos seg&#250;n su estructura molecular y establece 2 perfiles de pacientes seg&#250;n est&#233;n sensibilizados a uno o varios grupos&#46; Los objetivos de este estudio son describir las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de nuestros pacientes al&#233;rgicos a corticoides&#44; compararlas con las del resto de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada y analizar su distribuci&#243;n seg&#250;n la nueva clasificaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo de 11 a&#241;os que incluye los casos de pacientes con reacciones de hipersensibilidad retardada a corticoides en la Unidad de Alergia Cut&#225;nea del Servicio de Dermatolog&#237;a de un hospital terciario&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiamos a 2&#46;857 pacientes&#44; de los cuales 33 presentaron uno o m&#225;s parches positivos a los corticoides&#46; Estos pacientes presentaron menos dermatitis at&#243;pica y menor afectaci&#243;n de las manos&#46; Todos fueron al&#233;rgicos a alg&#250;n corticoide del grupo 1 y la budesonida fue el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;87&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Con la bater&#237;a espec&#237;fica de corticoides observamos que 14 &#40;42&#44;4&#37;&#41; eran&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; al&#233;rgicos a corticoides del grupo 2 o 3&#46; Ninguno fue al&#233;rgico solo a corticoides del grupo 2 o 3&#46; El 61&#44;9&#37; &#40;13&#47;21&#41; de los pacientes que fueron testados con cremas con un corticoide del grupo al cual era al&#233;rgicos no present&#243; reacci&#243;n a aquellas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La bater&#237;a est&#225;ndar espa&#241;ola tiene solo marcadores para la alergia a corticoides del grupo 1&#46; Recomendamos aplicar una bater&#237;a espec&#237;fica de corticoides y los f&#225;rmacos propios si los marcadores son positivos para poder clasificarlos mejor y adecuar su manejo terap&#233;utico&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; Berbegal L&#44; DeLeon FJ&#44; Silvestre JF&#46; Estudio de sensibilizaci&#243;n a corticoides en una consulta de alergia cut&#225;nea&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;816&#8211;822&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of positive results with various corticosteroids from the modified standard series&#46; It is noteworthy that in 4 cases&#44; the result for budesonide was negative&#46; Of these 4 cases&#44; 1 had a positive result to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and the remaining 3 to tixocortol pivalate&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of patients according to the classification of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> All patients were sensitized to group 1 corticosteroids&#46; Sensitization was to group 1 only in 19 cases &#40;57&#46;6&#37;&#41; and to more than 1 group in 14 cases &#40;42&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; as follows&#58; 2 patients &#40;6&#46;1&#37;&#41; were sensitized to groups 1 and 2&#59; 8 patients &#40;24&#46;2&#37;&#41; were sensitized to groups 1 and 3&#59; and 4 patients &#40;12&#46;1&#37;&#41; were sensitized to groups 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient diagnosed with Hailey-Hailey disease sensitized to all 3 groups of corticosteroids&#46; The standard series revealed positive results for budesonide&#44; tixocortol pivalate&#44; and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate&#46; A reading at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours with the patients&#8217; own corticosteroids revealed the following results&#58; Adventan &#40;methylprednisolone&#41; &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; Elocom &#40;mometasone furoate&#41; &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; Clovate &#40;clobetasol propionate&#41; &#43;&#43;&#44; Diproderm &#40;betamethasone 17&#44;21-dipropionate&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diprogenta &#40;betamethasone&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fucibet &#40;fusidic acid and betamethasone valerate&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peitel &#40;prednicarbate&#41; &#43;&#43;&#46; With the corticosteroid series the results were as follows&#58; clobetasol propionate &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; dexamethasone 21-phosphate &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; betamethasone 17-valerate &#43;&#43;&#44; triamcinolone acetonide &#43;&#43;&#44; and alclometasone dipropionate &#43;&#43;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nonmethylated nonhalogenated molecules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Halogenated molecules &#40;except&#42;&#41; with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cis</span>-ketal or diol structure in C16&#47;C17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Halogenated methylated molecules in C16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to budesonide and group A and group D2 of the classification of Coopman et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to group B of the classification of Coopman et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Correspond to group C and group D1 of the classification of Coopman et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx1"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx2"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx3"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BudesonideCloprednolCortisone acetateDichlorisone acetateDifluprednateFludrocortisone acetateFluorometholoneFluprednisolone acetateHydrocortisoneHydrocortisone aceponateHydrocortisone acetateHydrocortisone 17-butyrateHydrocortisone 21-butyrateHydrocortisone hemisuccinateIsofluprednone acetateMazipredoneMedrysoneMethylprednisolone acetateMethylprednisolone aceponateMethylprednisolone hemisuccinatePrednicarbatePrednisolonePrednisolone caproatePrednisolone pivalatePrednisolone sodium metasulfobenzoatePrednisolone succinatePrednisoneTixocortol pivalate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">TriamcinoloneAmcinonideDesonide&#42;FluchloronideFlumoxonideFlunisolideFluocinolone acetonideFluocinonideHalcinonide&#42;Triamcinolone acetonideTriamcinolone benetonideTriamcinolone diacetateTriamcinolone hexacetonide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alclometasone dipropionateBeclomethasone dipropionateBetamethasoneBetamethasone 17-valerateBetamethasone dipropionateBetamethasone sodium phosphateClobetasol propionateClobetasone butyrateDesoximetasoneDexamethasoneDexamethasone acetateDexamethasone sodium phosphateDiflucortolone valerateDiflorasone diacetateFlumethasone pivalateFluocortin butylFluocortoloneFluocortolone caprylateFluocortolone pivalateFluocortolone acetateFluprednidene acetateHalometasoneMeprednisoneFluticasone propionateMometasone furoate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of Corticosteroids According to Baeck et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients Allergic to Corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Remaining Patients Studied&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;824&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">315&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Men&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;166&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Occupational dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hand involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Limb involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;210&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Face involvement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;648&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;979&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Value not specified in the article&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p>"
            ]
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        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients Sensitized to Corticosteroids in our Series&#44; of the Other Patients Studied Using Patch Testing in our Department&#44; and of Patients From the Series of Baeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Using the MOAHLFA Index&#46;</p>"
        ]
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;2 &#40;6&#47;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;9&#47;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Percentage in the total number of patients who underwent patch tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;02 &#40;29&#47;2&#46;857&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;21 &#40;6&#47;2&#46;857&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;56 &#40;9&#47;1596&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of Positive Results With Markers of Allergy to Corticosteroids From the Standard Series&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Corticosteroids From the Specific Series&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of Positive Results&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triamcinolone acetonide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dexamethasone 21-phosphate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Clobetasol 17-propionate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Betamethasone 17-valerate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alclometasone 17&#44;21-dipropionate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of Positive Results With the Corticosteroids Studied in the Specific Series in Patients With Allergic Contact Dermatitis to the Corticosteroids in Our Series&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;B&#46; Sulzberger"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "link" => array:1 [
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              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "W&#46;M&#46; Sams"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hypersensitivity to hydrocortisone"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                          ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14410918"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contact eccema caused by hydrocortisone"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "volumen" => "10"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13806005"
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                        ]
                      ]
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            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Untoward effects following local hydrocortisone injection"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "P&#46;H&#46; Kendall"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Phys Med"
                        "fecha" => "1958"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13521644"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "New insights about delayed allergic hypersensitivity to corticosteroids"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Baeck"
                            1 => "A&#46; Goossens"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "G Ital Dermatol Venereol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "147"
                        "paginaInicial" => "65"
                        "paginaFinal" => "69"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370569"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Identification of cross-reaction patterns in allergic contact dermatitis from topical corticosteroids"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Coopman"
                            1 => "H&#46; Degreef"
                            2 => "A&#46; Dooms-Goossens"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "121"
                        "paginaInicial" => "27"
                        "paginaFinal" => "34"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2757954"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Contact allergy to corticosteroids"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Matura"
                            1 => "A&#46; Goossens"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "698"
                        "paginaFinal" => "704"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10955694"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
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