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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Daily measurements of natural light intensity between 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m</span>&#46; to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46; &#40;Watts&#47;m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41; over the course of a year in A&#41; Portuguese and B&#41; Spanish cities&#46; Shown are daily means by month &#40;Meteonorm data 1986&#8211;2005&#41;&#46; The colored horizontal lines show the intensity levels reported in a European trail of daylight-mediated PDT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Red refers to the lowest intensity&#44; 44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; orange&#44; the highest&#44; 601<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; and green&#44; the mean&#44; 267<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actinic keratoses &#40;AKs&#41; are very common skin lesions that appear in areas that have received long-term exposure to UV radiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They are considered precancerous by some authors and in situ squamous cell carcinomas by others&#46; The prevalence in adults over the age of 45 years in Spain is estimated to be 28&#46;6&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 27&#46;2&#37;&#8211;30&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Treatment is considered imperative because a certain percentage of these lesions&#8212;ranging from 0&#46;60&#37; in the first year to 2&#46;57&#37; over 4 years&#8212;will progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a result of progress in clinical practice in recent years&#44; supported by an abundance of published data&#44; photodynamic therapy &#40;PDT&#41; has become one of the established treatments for AK &#40;evidence level&#44; A&#46;1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition to the demonstrated efficacy of this therapy&#44; it has been associated with few adverse effects and good cosmetic results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> One of the main disadvantages of conventional PDT&#44; however&#44; is intense pain during exposure to the light source&#46; Pain has even occasionally been associated with raised blood pressure&#44; and analgesia&#44; local anesthesia&#44; nerve blocks&#44; or sedation have been necessary for some patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> Another issue is the required level of preparation&#58; a PDT-specific lamp must be used and the staff will need to receive special training&#46; In conventional PDT&#44; the photosensitizer&#8212;either aminolevulinic acid or methyl aminolevulinate &#40;MAL&#41;&#8212;must be applied and kept covered &#40;occlusion&#41; for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours to incubate before the area is exposed to an appropriate light source that delivers between 37 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Therefore&#44; daylight PDT is simpler than the conventional method and causes fewer adverse effects&#46; In particular&#44; there is less pain&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daylight PDT with MAL &#40;Metvix&#59; Galderma&#44; Paris&#44; France&#41; has proven to be as effective as the conventional modality but it is better tolerated and more efficient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> Natural daylight is the source of irradiation&#46; The photodynamic effect is continuous&#44; since the active metabolite of MAL&#44; protoporphyrin IX &#40;PpIX&#41;&#44; is activated by daylight exposure as it is produced&#46; Since PpIX does not accumulate in the skin&#44; the procedure is less painful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first European consensus paper on the use of daylight PDT&#44; published in 2011&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> summarized the results of 4 phase-3 randomized clinical trials supporting the modality&#39;s efficacy in treating AK&#46; The reported complete response rates at 3 months are similar &#40;79&#37; for daylight PDT vs 71&#37; for the conventional modality&#41;&#46; Pain is reported to be nearly absent &#40;scores of 2 vs 6&#46;7&#44; respectively&#44; on a scale of 0 to 10&#41;&#44; and both patients and clinicians consider the daylight modality to be more convenient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; since that paper appeared several other studies and 2 clinical trials<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> of interest have been published&#46; The most important one to date is an Australian multicenter randomized noninferiority trial that showed that daylight PDT is similarly effective to conventional PDT for treating mainly mild AKs&#59; the 3-month complete response rates were 89&#37; vs 93&#37; for the 2 modalities&#44; respectively &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; &#8211;6&#46;8&#37; to &#8211;0&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The natural light source was also better tolerated during exposure&#44; and the response was maintained over the 6-months of follow-up in 96&#37; of the lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A similar multicenter trial conducted in 5 countries in northern and southern Europe also found no significant differences in the response rates of mild to moderate AK treated with conventional &#40;75&#37;&#41; or daylight-PDT &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Moreover&#44; response in that study was not influenced by weather conditions &#40;sunny&#44; cloudy&#44; or partly cloudy&#41; on the day of treatment&#46; Pain scores were significantly lower with the new PDT modality than with the conventional method &#40;0&#46;7 vs 4&#46;4&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; Other trials in different locations &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; Brazil&#44; Italy&#44; Spain&#41;&#44; or in which aminolevulinic acid was the photosensitizer&#44; have reported similar results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;25</span></a> A finding that is consistent across these trials is the lower rate of adverse effects&#44; particularly pain&#44; with daylight PDT&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the light of evidence from these new trials&#44; and given the considerable advantages of this new approach for both the patient and the dermatologist&#44; a new European consensus paper was recently published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> However&#44; as daylight PDT is subject to local conditions of sunlight and climate as well as seasonal variation&#44; consensus papers must be drafted for particular geographic areas&#46; In consideration of the significant variations of climate over the course of a year in Spain and Portugal&#44; dermatologists expert in PDT from these 2 countries met to agree on how to use this modality to treat AK&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article summarizes the main recommendations the experts put forth at the meeting&#46; They are based on a review of the available literature and the experience of the experts regarding patient selection and the procedures to follow&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Procedures for Daylight PDT</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Patient Selection</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of available evidence&#44; and consistent with the European guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> daylight PDT should be used to treat multiple grade 1 or 2 AK lesions&#44; especially when a wide area of exposed skin is involved&#46; Patients who cannot tolerate conventional PDT are prime candidates&#46; Daylight PDT is particularly advantageous for field cancerization&#44; as both visible and subclinical lesions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; will be treated&#46; Patients with as-yet untreated AK as well as those who have been treated by any other available modality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#44; including conventional PDT&#44; are also candidates&#46; Treatments can be repeated&#44; although the most appropriate interval between them has not yet been established&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Optimal Sunlight Dose Needed for Effective PpIX Activation</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of the 2 main clinical trials described above&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> we conclude that 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours of exposure to sunlight can be recommended to ensure synthesis of a sufficient amount of PpIX and activation of the photodynamic effect&#46; Given that sunlight varies in intensity over the course of a year&#44; the daily means for several cities in Spain and Portugal for the hours between 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m&#46;</span> and 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#44; 3B&#41; were calculated using specific software for analyzing climate data &#40;Meteonomr&#59; Meteotest&#44; Bern&#44; Switzerland&#41;&#46; The minimum intensity required for daylight PDT has been established as 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Therefore&#44; a comparison of the minimums&#44; means&#44; and maximums reported in the European clinical trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> shows that the levels of sunlight received throughout the year in all the Spanish and Portuguese cities exceed the requirements&#46; Thus&#44; the geographic situations of Spain and Portugal allow the solar irradiation threshold for PDT to be reached throughout the two territories at any time of year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Best Times for Daylight PDT</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient should be exposed to sunlight between 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m&#46;</span> and 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span>&#44; the time frame when light doses have been measured in previous studies&#46; On short midwinter days&#44; however&#44; exposure should not begin any later than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46; In summer&#44; on the other hand&#44; exposure can continue up to 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Recommended Temperatures for Daylight PDT</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lower PpIX production has been linked to low temperatures in preclinical trials&#46; It is also difficult for patients to spend time outdoors at low temperatures&#44; so the recommended minimum is 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in the interest of patient comfort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Most cities in Spain and Portugal record temperatures that meet this requirement throughout the year&#46; Some cities in northern Spain&#44; however&#44; &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; Madrid and Saragossa&#41; report lower temperatures on about 40&#37; of the days in December and January &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A&#44; 4B&#41;&#46; Extremely high summer temperatures should also be taken into consideration&#44; as they can affect this PDT modality in 2 ways&#58; sweat can decrease the efficacy of treatment&#44; and elderly patients may suffer heat stroke&#46; In hot weather&#44; it is possible for patients to receive PDT in an area that provides light shade&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; PDT can be provided in any weather conditions except rain&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Recommended Protocol</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> gives an overview of the steps in this protocol&#44; which uses MAL as the photosensitizer&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Sunscreen Application</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sunscreen is recommended to prevent excessive UV irradiation and sunburn during exposure&#46; The product should contain only organic or chemical filters&#58; inorganic filters not only block UV radiation &#40;the desired effect&#41; but they also filter out the visible light that is necessary to stimulate PpIX and initiate the photodynamic response&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sun protection factors &#40;SPFs&#41; of products used in trials have ranged from 15 to 50&#44; giving similar results without adverse effects&#46; Therefore&#44; the usually recommended SPF is 30 or higher&#46; To ensure adequate absorption of the sunscreen&#44; so that it is effective&#44; the patient should apply it to all exposed areas before arriving for treatment&#46; If the patient has not done so&#44; it can be applied in the office and followed by a wait of about 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Lesion Preparation</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before applying the photosensitizer to the targeted area&#44; remove any scaling skin using one of several available approaches&#58; abrasive paper&#44; keratolytic creams containing urea or salicylic acid&#44; microneedling&#44; or even laser ablation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;27</span></a> Most PDT experts choose curettage&#44; the method used in both the European and Australian trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Photosensitizer Application</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apply a thin layer of MAL cream on the area to be treated&#8212;the lesion or the field&#46; A general recommendation is to use 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g to treat the entire scalp or face&#46; Occlusion is not necessary&#44; and the patient should be seated outside within the next half hour&#46; If the patient lingers inside&#44; PpIX can begin to accumulate in the skin&#44; increasing the likelihood of pain on exposure to daylight&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Daylight Exposure</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outdoor exposure should last 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours to ensure adequate synthesis of PpIX in the lesions and activation of a satisfactory photodynamic response&#46; Although exposure is generally to direct sunlight&#44; light shade can be used on hot days in the interest of comfort&#46; Areas of deep shade created by buildings are inappropriate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Aftercare</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours of exposure&#44; remove any MAL cream from the skin with water or normal saline&#46; The treated area should then be covered for at least 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; However&#44; if occlusion is not feasible&#44; cover the treated area with a sunscreen &#40;SPF 50&#43;&#41; that contains inorganic &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; physical&#41; particles&#46; In fact&#44; some experts choose only this option and have not observed that adverse effects are more frequent or more intense&#46; The patient can be advised to use a moisturizer over the next week to alleviate the discomfort of crust formation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Follow-up</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should be followed according to the same schedule used after conventional PDT&#46; A follow-up visit usually takes place at 3 months unless the dermatologist feels an earlier one is advisable&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This consensus paper provides guidelines for treating AK with daylight PDT in Spain and Portugal&#46; The new PDT modality offers important benefits over the conventional method for treating AK lesions or field cancerization&#46; Patients experience fewer adverse effects&#44; especially less pain&#46; Staff save time&#44; as anesthesia is unnecessary and illumination does not need to be monitored closely&#46; Thus&#44; the treatment center saves on the allocation resources &#40;staff&#44; facilities&#44; and the purchase of specific equipment&#41;&#46; Daylight PDT should not be considered a substitute for the conventional technique&#44; however&#44; but rather an alternative that is particularly appropriate for patients who cannot tolerate conventional PDT or who require treatment of extensive areas of skin&#46; Conventional PDT continues to be the only technique indicated for Bowen disease and both superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma &#40;depth&#44; &#60;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; daylight PDT is a safe&#44; effective alternative for treating mild and moderate AK&#46; It is more comfortable for patients and&#44; hence&#44; better tolerated than conventional PDT&#44; and it is easier for health care staff to apply&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pharmaceutical company Galderma promoted this consensus statement without interfering with the decisions of the expert group&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr Yolanda Gilaberte has spoken at events or participated in clinical trials sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46;&#44; Leo Pharma&#44; Almirall&#44; and Novartis&#46; Dr Carlos Serra has spoken at events sponsored by the following pharmaceutical companies&#58; IFC&#44; MEDA&#44; and Leo Pharma&#46; He has participated in clinical trials sponsored by Galderma&#44; S&#46;A&#46; and Leo Pharma&#46; Dr Carlos Guill&#233;n has spoken at events sponsored by IFC&#44; MEDA&#44; and Leo Pharma&#46; He has also participated in clinical trials sponsored by Galderma&#44; S&#46;A&#46; and Leo Pharma&#46; Dr Bibiana Garc&#237;a has spoken at events or participated in trials sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46; Dr Antonio Harto has received fees for lectures and training seminars sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46; Dr Pedro Redondo has spoken at events sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46;&#59; he was principal investigator for a trial funded by the same company&#46; The expenses of Dr Lidia P&#233;rez P&#233;rez while attending Spanish and international conferences on PDT have been paid by Galderma S&#46;A&#46; Drs Miguel Aguilar&#44; Luis Miguel Valladares&#44; and Manuel Almagro declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-10"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-06-01"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec577791"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Photodynamic therapy"
            1 => "Daylight"
            2 => "Methyl aminolevulinate"
            3 => "Actinic keratosis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec577790"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Terapia fotodin&#225;mica"
            1 => "Luz de d&#237;a"
            2 => "Metil-aminolevulinato"
            3 => "Queratosis act&#237;nicas"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Daylight photodynamic therapy &#40;PDT&#41; is a new type of PDT that is as effective as conventional PDT in mild and moderate actinic keratosis but with fewer adverse effects&#44; resulting in greater efficiency&#46; The climatic conditions in the Iberian Peninsula require an appropriately adapted consensus protocol&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We describe a protocol for the treatment of grade I and II actinic keratosis with daylight-mediated PDT and methyl aminolevulinate &#40;MAL&#41; adapted to the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese patients and the climatic conditions of both countries&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twelve dermatologists from different parts of Spain and Portugal with experience in the treatment of actinic keratosis with PDT convened to draft a consensus statement for daylight-mediated PDT with MAL in these countries&#46; Based on a literature review and their own clinical experience&#44; the group developed a recommended protocol&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">According to the recommendations adopted&#44; patients with multiple mild and moderate lesions&#44; particularly those at risk of developing cancer&#44; are candidates for this type of therapy&#46; Daylight PDT can be administered throughout the year&#44; although it is not indicated at temperatures below 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C or at excessively high temperatures&#46; Likewise&#44; therapy should not be administered when it is raining&#44; snowing&#44; or foggy&#46; The procedure is simple&#44; requiring application of a sunscreen with a protection factor of at least 30 based exclusively on organic filters&#44; appropriate preparation of the lesions&#44; application of MAL without occlusion&#44; and activation in daylight for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This consensus statement represents a practical and detailed guideline to achieve maximum effectiveness of daylight PDT with MAL in Spain and Portugal with minimal adverse effects&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
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      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La terapia fotodin&#225;mica con luz de d&#237;a &#40;TFDLD&#41; es una nueva modalidad de terapia fotodin&#225;mica &#40;TFD&#41; que&#44; manteniendo la misma eficacia en queratosis act&#237;nicas &#40;QA&#41; grado <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> que la t&#233;cnica convencional&#44; disminuye sus efectos adversos y la hace m&#225;s eficiente&#46; Los condicionantes meteorol&#243;gicos propios de la Espa&#241;a y Portugal hacen necesario el establecimiento de un protocolo adecuado y consensuado por expertos adaptado a los mismos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Establecer un protocolo para la TFDLD con metil-aminolevulinato &#40;MAL&#41; para el tratamiento de las QA grado <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> adecuado y consensuado a las caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas&#44; meteorol&#243;gicas y cl&#237;nicas que se dan en Espa&#241;a y Portugal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doce dermat&#243;logos de diferentes &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas de ambos pa&#237;ses&#44; con experiencia en el tratamiento de las QA con TFD&#44; se reunieron para elaborar un documento de consenso para la realizaci&#243;n de TFDLD con MAL&#46; De la revisi&#243;n de la bibliograf&#237;a y de su experiencia se elabor&#243; el procedimiento recomendado para su realizaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las recomendaciones adoptadas establecen que los pacientes con QA grado <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> m&#250;ltiples&#44; especialmente en el contexto de campo de cancerizaci&#243;n&#44; son los candidatos a realizar este tratamiento&#46; La TFDLD se puede realizar durante todo el a&#241;o&#44; siendo limitaciones las temperaturas menores de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C o las excesivamente elevadas&#44; as&#237; como los d&#237;as de lluvia&#44; nieve o niebla&#46; El procedimiento es sencillo y requiere la aplicaci&#243;n de un fotoprotector FPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30 que solo contenga filtros org&#225;nicos&#44; la preparaci&#243;n adecuada de las lesiones&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n del MAL sin oclusi&#243;n y su activaci&#243;n con la luz del d&#237;a durante 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este documento de consenso supone una gu&#237;a pr&#225;ctica y detallada para la realizaci&#243;n de la TFDLD con MAL en Espa&#241;a y Portugal destinada a la consecuci&#243;n de la m&#225;xima efectividad con m&#237;nimos efectos adversos&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Gilaberte Y&#44; Aguilar M&#44; Almagro M&#44; Correia O&#44; Guill&#233;n C&#44; Harto A&#44; et al&#46; Documento de consenso hispano-portugu&#233;s para el uso de la terapia fotodin&#225;mica con metil aminolevulinato y luz de d&#237;a en el tratamiento de las queratosis act&#237;nicas&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;623&#8211;631&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Man with multiple actinic keratoses and field cancerization on the scalp&#46; A&#41; Before treatment and B&#41; 3 mo after daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Man with grade 2 and grade 3 actinic keratosis lesions on the forehead&#59; the lesions were treated previously with cryotherapy&#46; A&#41; Prior to daylight photodynamic therapy &#40;PDT&#41;&#44; during treatment with hydroxyurea&#59; and B&#41; 3 months after methyl aminolevulinate daylight PDT&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      2 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Daily measurements of natural light intensity between 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m</span>&#46; to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46; &#40;Watts&#47;m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41; over the course of a year in A&#41; Portuguese and B&#41; Spanish cities&#46; Shown are daily means by month &#40;Meteonorm data 1986&#8211;2005&#41;&#46; The colored horizontal lines show the intensity levels reported in a European trail of daylight-mediated PDT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Red refers to the lowest intensity&#44; 44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; orange&#44; the highest&#44; 601<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; and green&#44; the mean&#44; 267<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of days of the year with temperatures above 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in A&#41; Spanish and B&#41; Portuguese cities&#46;</p>"
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      ]
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; MAL&#58; methyl aminolevulinate&#59; PpIX&#58; protoporphyrin IX&#59; SPF&#58; sun protection factor&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Step&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Procedures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Notes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Illustrations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sunscreen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">The patient applies a sunscreen &#40;SPF 30&#8211;50&#43;&#41; on all skin surfaces that will be exposed either before coming to the treatment session or about 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min before application of MAL&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Do not use a sunscreen with physical filters &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; use products without titanium dioxide or zinc oxide&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx1"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Skin preparation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hyperkeratotic scaling should be eliminated from the area to be treated&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Use a curette&#44; abrasive paper&#44; a product with urea or salicylic acid&#44; laser&#44; or microneedling&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx2"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MAL application&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Apply a thin layer of MAL on the AKs to be treated&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No occlusion necessary&#46; Use 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g to treat a complete scalp or face&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx3"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Daylight exposure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">The patient must go outside within 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after application of MAL&#46;Outdoor daylight exposure for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h under direct sunlight or light shade&#46;Start no later than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span> in winter&#46;In summer&#44; exposure can continue up to 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span> &#40;to avoid the hottest hours of the day&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Efficacy is the same on sunny and cloudy days&#46;The temperature must be over 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;Avoid shade from buildings&#46;The patient must go outside within 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min so that PpIX does not build up in the skin and cause pain on exposure&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx4"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MAL removal and precautionary measures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Wash off the MAL after 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of exposure&#46;Cover the treated area for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with a physical dressing or&#44; if that is not feasible&#44; use a sunscreen &#40;SPF 50&#43;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">The MAL can be removed by clinic staff or by the patient&#46;The sunscreen should contain physical filters&#46;Use a moisturizer for a week to alleviate the problem of crust formation&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx5"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Follow-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluate the treated AKs 3 mo later&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Re-treat in another session if necessary&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Protocol for Daylight PDT with Methyl Aminolevulinate&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma&#58; A proposal for reclassification"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Rowert-Huber"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; Patel"
                            2 => "T&#46; Forschner"
                            3 => "C&#46; Ulrich"
                            4 => "J&#46; Eberle"
                            5 => "H&#46; Kerl"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07860.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "156"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8"
                        "paginaFinal" => "12"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488400"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Ferrandiz C&#46; Estudio sobre la prevalencia de la queratosis act&#237;nica en Espa&#241;a&#46; XXVII Reuni&#243;n del grupo espa&#241;ol de cirug&#237;a dermatol&#243;gica&#44; l&#225;ser y oncolog&#237;a cut&#225;nea&#59; 2014&#44; 28-29 de noviembre&#59; Santiago de Compostela&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "V&#46;D&#46; Criscione"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Weinstock"
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Consensus Document
Spanish-Portuguese Consensus Statement on the Use of Daylight Photodynamic Therapy With Methyl Aminolevulinate in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis
Documento de consenso hispano-portugués para el uso de la terapia fotodinámica con metil aminolevulinato y luz de día en el tratamiento de las queratosis actínicas
Y. Gilabertea,
Autor para correspondencia
, M. Aguilarb, M. Almagroc, O. Correiad, C. Guilléne, A. Hartof, B. Pérez-Garcíaf, L. Pérez-Pérezg, P. Redondoh, I. Sánchez-Carpinteroi, C. Serra-Guilléne, L.M. Valladaresj
a Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain
c Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, La Coruña, Spain
d Centro de Dermatología Epidermis, Instituto CUF, Oporto y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
e Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valencia de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
f Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
g Servicio de Dermatología, Estructura Organizativa de Gestión Integrada (EOXI) de Vigo, Clínica Pérez & Gavín dermatólogos, Vigo, Spain
h Servicio de Dermatología, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
i Clínica Ruber y Clínica Dermatológica Internacional, Madrid, Spain
j Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
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supported by an abundance of published data&#44; photodynamic therapy &#40;PDT&#41; has become one of the established treatments for AK &#40;evidence level&#44; A&#46;1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition to the demonstrated efficacy of this therapy&#44; it has been associated with few adverse effects and good cosmetic results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> One of the main disadvantages of conventional PDT&#44; however&#44; is intense pain during exposure to the light source&#46; Pain has even occasionally been associated with raised blood pressure&#44; and analgesia&#44; local anesthesia&#44; nerve blocks&#44; or sedation have been necessary for some patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> Another issue is the required level of preparation&#58; a PDT-specific lamp must be used and the staff will need to receive special training&#46; In conventional PDT&#44; the photosensitizer&#8212;either aminolevulinic acid or methyl aminolevulinate &#40;MAL&#41;&#8212;must be applied and kept covered &#40;occlusion&#41; for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours to incubate before the area is exposed to an appropriate light source that delivers between 37 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>J&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Therefore&#44; daylight PDT is simpler than the conventional method and causes fewer adverse effects&#46; In particular&#44; there is less pain&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daylight PDT with MAL &#40;Metvix&#59; Galderma&#44; Paris&#44; France&#41; has proven to be as effective as the conventional modality but it is better tolerated and more efficient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> Natural daylight is the source of irradiation&#46; The photodynamic effect is continuous&#44; since the active metabolite of MAL&#44; protoporphyrin IX &#40;PpIX&#41;&#44; is activated by daylight exposure as it is produced&#46; Since PpIX does not accumulate in the skin&#44; the procedure is less painful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first European consensus paper on the use of daylight PDT&#44; published in 2011&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> summarized the results of 4 phase-3 randomized clinical trials supporting the modality&#39;s efficacy in treating AK&#46; The reported complete response rates at 3 months are similar &#40;79&#37; for daylight PDT vs 71&#37; for the conventional modality&#41;&#46; Pain is reported to be nearly absent &#40;scores of 2 vs 6&#46;7&#44; respectively&#44; on a scale of 0 to 10&#41;&#44; and both patients and clinicians consider the daylight modality to be more convenient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; since that paper appeared several other studies and 2 clinical trials<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> of interest have been published&#46; The most important one to date is an Australian multicenter randomized noninferiority trial that showed that daylight PDT is similarly effective to conventional PDT for treating mainly mild AKs&#59; the 3-month complete response rates were 89&#37; vs 93&#37; for the 2 modalities&#44; respectively &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; &#8211;6&#46;8&#37; to &#8211;0&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The natural light source was also better tolerated during exposure&#44; and the response was maintained over the 6-months of follow-up in 96&#37; of the lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A similar multicenter trial conducted in 5 countries in northern and southern Europe also found no significant differences in the response rates of mild to moderate AK treated with conventional &#40;75&#37;&#41; or daylight-PDT &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Moreover&#44; response in that study was not influenced by weather conditions &#40;sunny&#44; cloudy&#44; or partly cloudy&#41; on the day of treatment&#46; Pain scores were significantly lower with the new PDT modality than with the conventional method &#40;0&#46;7 vs 4&#46;4&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; Other trials in different locations &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; Brazil&#44; Italy&#44; Spain&#41;&#44; or in which aminolevulinic acid was the photosensitizer&#44; have reported similar results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;25</span></a> A finding that is consistent across these trials is the lower rate of adverse effects&#44; particularly pain&#44; with daylight PDT&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the light of evidence from these new trials&#44; and given the considerable advantages of this new approach for both the patient and the dermatologist&#44; a new European consensus paper was recently published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> However&#44; as daylight PDT is subject to local conditions of sunlight and climate as well as seasonal variation&#44; consensus papers must be drafted for particular geographic areas&#46; In consideration of the significant variations of climate over the course of a year in Spain and Portugal&#44; dermatologists expert in PDT from these 2 countries met to agree on how to use this modality to treat AK&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article summarizes the main recommendations the experts put forth at the meeting&#46; They are based on a review of the available literature and the experience of the experts regarding patient selection and the procedures to follow&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Procedures for Daylight PDT</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Patient Selection</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of available evidence&#44; and consistent with the European guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> daylight PDT should be used to treat multiple grade 1 or 2 AK lesions&#44; especially when a wide area of exposed skin is involved&#46; Patients who cannot tolerate conventional PDT are prime candidates&#46; Daylight PDT is particularly advantageous for field cancerization&#44; as both visible and subclinical lesions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; will be treated&#46; Patients with as-yet untreated AK as well as those who have been treated by any other available modality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#44; including conventional PDT&#44; are also candidates&#46; Treatments can be repeated&#44; although the most appropriate interval between them has not yet been established&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Optimal Sunlight Dose Needed for Effective PpIX Activation</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of the 2 main clinical trials described above&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> we conclude that 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours of exposure to sunlight can be recommended to ensure synthesis of a sufficient amount of PpIX and activation of the photodynamic effect&#46; Given that sunlight varies in intensity over the course of a year&#44; the daily means for several cities in Spain and Portugal for the hours between 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m&#46;</span> and 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#44; 3B&#41; were calculated using specific software for analyzing climate data &#40;Meteonomr&#59; Meteotest&#44; Bern&#44; Switzerland&#41;&#46; The minimum intensity required for daylight PDT has been established as 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Therefore&#44; a comparison of the minimums&#44; means&#44; and maximums reported in the European clinical trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> shows that the levels of sunlight received throughout the year in all the Spanish and Portuguese cities exceed the requirements&#46; Thus&#44; the geographic situations of Spain and Portugal allow the solar irradiation threshold for PDT to be reached throughout the two territories at any time of year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Best Times for Daylight PDT</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient should be exposed to sunlight between 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m&#46;</span> and 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span>&#44; the time frame when light doses have been measured in previous studies&#46; On short midwinter days&#44; however&#44; exposure should not begin any later than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46; In summer&#44; on the other hand&#44; exposure can continue up to 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Recommended Temperatures for Daylight PDT</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lower PpIX production has been linked to low temperatures in preclinical trials&#46; It is also difficult for patients to spend time outdoors at low temperatures&#44; so the recommended minimum is 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in the interest of patient comfort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Most cities in Spain and Portugal record temperatures that meet this requirement throughout the year&#46; Some cities in northern Spain&#44; however&#44; &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; Madrid and Saragossa&#41; report lower temperatures on about 40&#37; of the days in December and January &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A&#44; 4B&#41;&#46; Extremely high summer temperatures should also be taken into consideration&#44; as they can affect this PDT modality in 2 ways&#58; sweat can decrease the efficacy of treatment&#44; and elderly patients may suffer heat stroke&#46; In hot weather&#44; it is possible for patients to receive PDT in an area that provides light shade&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; PDT can be provided in any weather conditions except rain&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Recommended Protocol</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> gives an overview of the steps in this protocol&#44; which uses MAL as the photosensitizer&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Sunscreen Application</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sunscreen is recommended to prevent excessive UV irradiation and sunburn during exposure&#46; The product should contain only organic or chemical filters&#58; inorganic filters not only block UV radiation &#40;the desired effect&#41; but they also filter out the visible light that is necessary to stimulate PpIX and initiate the photodynamic response&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sun protection factors &#40;SPFs&#41; of products used in trials have ranged from 15 to 50&#44; giving similar results without adverse effects&#46; Therefore&#44; the usually recommended SPF is 30 or higher&#46; To ensure adequate absorption of the sunscreen&#44; so that it is effective&#44; the patient should apply it to all exposed areas before arriving for treatment&#46; If the patient has not done so&#44; it can be applied in the office and followed by a wait of about 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Lesion Preparation</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before applying the photosensitizer to the targeted area&#44; remove any scaling skin using one of several available approaches&#58; abrasive paper&#44; keratolytic creams containing urea or salicylic acid&#44; microneedling&#44; or even laser ablation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;27</span></a> Most PDT experts choose curettage&#44; the method used in both the European and Australian trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Photosensitizer Application</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apply a thin layer of MAL cream on the area to be treated&#8212;the lesion or the field&#46; A general recommendation is to use 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g to treat the entire scalp or face&#46; Occlusion is not necessary&#44; and the patient should be seated outside within the next half hour&#46; If the patient lingers inside&#44; PpIX can begin to accumulate in the skin&#44; increasing the likelihood of pain on exposure to daylight&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Daylight Exposure</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outdoor exposure should last 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours to ensure adequate synthesis of PpIX in the lesions and activation of a satisfactory photodynamic response&#46; Although exposure is generally to direct sunlight&#44; light shade can be used on hot days in the interest of comfort&#46; Areas of deep shade created by buildings are inappropriate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Aftercare</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours of exposure&#44; remove any MAL cream from the skin with water or normal saline&#46; The treated area should then be covered for at least 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; However&#44; if occlusion is not feasible&#44; cover the treated area with a sunscreen &#40;SPF 50&#43;&#41; that contains inorganic &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; physical&#41; particles&#46; In fact&#44; some experts choose only this option and have not observed that adverse effects are more frequent or more intense&#46; The patient can be advised to use a moisturizer over the next week to alleviate the discomfort of crust formation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Follow-up</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should be followed according to the same schedule used after conventional PDT&#46; A follow-up visit usually takes place at 3 months unless the dermatologist feels an earlier one is advisable&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This consensus paper provides guidelines for treating AK with daylight PDT in Spain and Portugal&#46; The new PDT modality offers important benefits over the conventional method for treating AK lesions or field cancerization&#46; Patients experience fewer adverse effects&#44; especially less pain&#46; Staff save time&#44; as anesthesia is unnecessary and illumination does not need to be monitored closely&#46; Thus&#44; the treatment center saves on the allocation resources &#40;staff&#44; facilities&#44; and the purchase of specific equipment&#41;&#46; Daylight PDT should not be considered a substitute for the conventional technique&#44; however&#44; but rather an alternative that is particularly appropriate for patients who cannot tolerate conventional PDT or who require treatment of extensive areas of skin&#46; Conventional PDT continues to be the only technique indicated for Bowen disease and both superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma &#40;depth&#44; &#60;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; daylight PDT is a safe&#44; effective alternative for treating mild and moderate AK&#46; It is more comfortable for patients and&#44; hence&#44; better tolerated than conventional PDT&#44; and it is easier for health care staff to apply&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pharmaceutical company Galderma promoted this consensus statement without interfering with the decisions of the expert group&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr Yolanda Gilaberte has spoken at events or participated in clinical trials sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46;&#44; Leo Pharma&#44; Almirall&#44; and Novartis&#46; Dr Carlos Serra has spoken at events sponsored by the following pharmaceutical companies&#58; IFC&#44; MEDA&#44; and Leo Pharma&#46; He has participated in clinical trials sponsored by Galderma&#44; S&#46;A&#46; and Leo Pharma&#46; Dr Carlos Guill&#233;n has spoken at events sponsored by IFC&#44; MEDA&#44; and Leo Pharma&#46; He has also participated in clinical trials sponsored by Galderma&#44; S&#46;A&#46; and Leo Pharma&#46; Dr Bibiana Garc&#237;a has spoken at events or participated in trials sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46; Dr Antonio Harto has received fees for lectures and training seminars sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46; Dr Pedro Redondo has spoken at events sponsored by Galderma S&#46;A&#46;&#59; he was principal investigator for a trial funded by the same company&#46; The expenses of Dr Lidia P&#233;rez P&#233;rez while attending Spanish and international conferences on PDT have been paid by Galderma S&#46;A&#46; Drs Miguel Aguilar&#44; Luis Miguel Valladares&#44; and Manuel Almagro declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Daylight photodynamic therapy &#40;PDT&#41; is a new type of PDT that is as effective as conventional PDT in mild and moderate actinic keratosis but with fewer adverse effects&#44; resulting in greater efficiency&#46; The climatic conditions in the Iberian Peninsula require an appropriately adapted consensus protocol&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We describe a protocol for the treatment of grade I and II actinic keratosis with daylight-mediated PDT and methyl aminolevulinate &#40;MAL&#41; adapted to the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese patients and the climatic conditions of both countries&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twelve dermatologists from different parts of Spain and Portugal with experience in the treatment of actinic keratosis with PDT convened to draft a consensus statement for daylight-mediated PDT with MAL in these countries&#46; Based on a literature review and their own clinical experience&#44; the group developed a recommended protocol&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">According to the recommendations adopted&#44; patients with multiple mild and moderate lesions&#44; particularly those at risk of developing cancer&#44; are candidates for this type of therapy&#46; Daylight PDT can be administered throughout the year&#44; although it is not indicated at temperatures below 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C or at excessively high temperatures&#46; Likewise&#44; therapy should not be administered when it is raining&#44; snowing&#44; or foggy&#46; The procedure is simple&#44; requiring application of a sunscreen with a protection factor of at least 30 based exclusively on organic filters&#44; appropriate preparation of the lesions&#44; application of MAL without occlusion&#44; and activation in daylight for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This consensus statement represents a practical and detailed guideline to achieve maximum effectiveness of daylight PDT with MAL in Spain and Portugal with minimal adverse effects&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La terapia fotodin&#225;mica con luz de d&#237;a &#40;TFDLD&#41; es una nueva modalidad de terapia fotodin&#225;mica &#40;TFD&#41; que&#44; manteniendo la misma eficacia en queratosis act&#237;nicas &#40;QA&#41; grado <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> que la t&#233;cnica convencional&#44; disminuye sus efectos adversos y la hace m&#225;s eficiente&#46; Los condicionantes meteorol&#243;gicos propios de la Espa&#241;a y Portugal hacen necesario el establecimiento de un protocolo adecuado y consensuado por expertos adaptado a los mismos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Establecer un protocolo para la TFDLD con metil-aminolevulinato &#40;MAL&#41; para el tratamiento de las QA grado <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> adecuado y consensuado a las caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas&#44; meteorol&#243;gicas y cl&#237;nicas que se dan en Espa&#241;a y Portugal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doce dermat&#243;logos de diferentes &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas de ambos pa&#237;ses&#44; con experiencia en el tratamiento de las QA con TFD&#44; se reunieron para elaborar un documento de consenso para la realizaci&#243;n de TFDLD con MAL&#46; De la revisi&#243;n de la bibliograf&#237;a y de su experiencia se elabor&#243; el procedimiento recomendado para su realizaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las recomendaciones adoptadas establecen que los pacientes con QA grado <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> m&#250;ltiples&#44; especialmente en el contexto de campo de cancerizaci&#243;n&#44; son los candidatos a realizar este tratamiento&#46; La TFDLD se puede realizar durante todo el a&#241;o&#44; siendo limitaciones las temperaturas menores de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C o las excesivamente elevadas&#44; as&#237; como los d&#237;as de lluvia&#44; nieve o niebla&#46; El procedimiento es sencillo y requiere la aplicaci&#243;n de un fotoprotector FPS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30 que solo contenga filtros org&#225;nicos&#44; la preparaci&#243;n adecuada de las lesiones&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n del MAL sin oclusi&#243;n y su activaci&#243;n con la luz del d&#237;a durante 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este documento de consenso supone una gu&#237;a pr&#225;ctica y detallada para la realizaci&#243;n de la TFDLD con MAL en Espa&#241;a y Portugal destinada a la consecuci&#243;n de la m&#225;xima efectividad con m&#237;nimos efectos adversos&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Gilaberte Y&#44; Aguilar M&#44; Almagro M&#44; Correia O&#44; Guill&#233;n C&#44; Harto A&#44; et al&#46; Documento de consenso hispano-portugu&#233;s para el uso de la terapia fotodin&#225;mica con metil aminolevulinato y luz de d&#237;a en el tratamiento de las queratosis act&#237;nicas&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;623&#8211;631&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Man with multiple actinic keratoses and field cancerization on the scalp&#46; A&#41; Before treatment and B&#41; 3 mo after daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Man with grade 2 and grade 3 actinic keratosis lesions on the forehead&#59; the lesions were treated previously with cryotherapy&#46; A&#41; Prior to daylight photodynamic therapy &#40;PDT&#41;&#44; during treatment with hydroxyurea&#59; and B&#41; 3 months after methyl aminolevulinate daylight PDT&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Daily measurements of natural light intensity between 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">a&#46;m</span>&#46; to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m</span>&#46; &#40;Watts&#47;m<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41; over the course of a year in A&#41; Portuguese and B&#41; Spanish cities&#46; Shown are daily means by month &#40;Meteonorm data 1986&#8211;2005&#41;&#46; The colored horizontal lines show the intensity levels reported in a European trail of daylight-mediated PDT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Red refers to the lowest intensity&#44; 44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; orange&#44; the highest&#44; 601<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; and green&#44; the mean&#44; 267<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p>"
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      3 => array:7 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of days of the year with temperatures above 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in A&#41; Spanish and B&#41; Portuguese cities&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; MAL&#58; methyl aminolevulinate&#59; PpIX&#58; protoporphyrin IX&#59; SPF&#58; sun protection factor&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Step&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Procedures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Notes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Illustrations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sunscreen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">The patient applies a sunscreen &#40;SPF 30&#8211;50&#43;&#41; on all skin surfaces that will be exposed either before coming to the treatment session or about 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min before application of MAL&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Do not use a sunscreen with physical filters &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; use products without titanium dioxide or zinc oxide&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx1"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Skin preparation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hyperkeratotic scaling should be eliminated from the area to be treated&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Use a curette&#44; abrasive paper&#44; a product with urea or salicylic acid&#44; laser&#44; or microneedling&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx2"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MAL application&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Apply a thin layer of MAL on the AKs to be treated&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No occlusion necessary&#46; Use 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g to treat a complete scalp or face&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx3"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Daylight exposure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">The patient must go outside within 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after application of MAL&#46;Outdoor daylight exposure for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h under direct sunlight or light shade&#46;Start no later than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span> in winter&#46;In summer&#44; exposure can continue up to 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">p&#46;m&#46;</span> &#40;to avoid the hottest hours of the day&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Efficacy is the same on sunny and cloudy days&#46;The temperature must be over 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;Avoid shade from buildings&#46;The patient must go outside within 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min so that PpIX does not build up in the skin and cause pain on exposure&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx4"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MAL removal and precautionary measures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Wash off the MAL after 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of exposure&#46;Cover the treated area for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with a physical dressing or&#44; if that is not feasible&#44; use a sunscreen &#40;SPF 50&#43;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">The MAL can be removed by clinic staff or by the patient&#46;The sunscreen should contain physical filters&#46;Use a moisturizer for a week to alleviate the problem of crust formation&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInlineFigure"><elsevierMultimedia class="elsevierStyleLink" ident="fx5"></elsevierMultimedia></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Follow-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Evaluate the treated AKs 3 mo later&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Re-treat in another session if necessary&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Protocol for Daylight PDT with Methyl Aminolevulinate&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [
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                            2 => "A&#46;M&#46; Erlendsson"
                            3 => "E&#46;H&#46; Taudorf"
                            4 => "P&#46;A&#46; Philipsen"
                            5 => "H&#46;C&#46; Wulf"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/bjd.13222"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "172"
                        "paginaInicial" => "467"
                        "paginaFinal" => "474"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975199"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15782190/0000010600000008/v1_201510011018/S1578219015002176/v1_201510011018/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "6228"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Consensus document"
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  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15782190/0000010600000008/v1_201510011018/S1578219015002176/v1_201510011018/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219015002176?idApp=UINPBA000044"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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