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affecting the medial area&#44; the most widely used surgical reconstructions use submental or cervicofacial flaps&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> These types of plasty are advanced and rotated during tissue transfer&#46; The flaps&#44; which have a postero-inferior base&#44; have a very rich blood supply derived from the abundant perforating vessels that arise from the transverse and facial arteries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Excellent results can also be achieved with island flaps&#44; which take advantage of the abundant subcutaneous adipose tissue of the cheek&#59; or else a combination of the 2 types of flap can be used to achieve adequate skin covering of the defect and avoid tension and secondary ectropion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; the use of grafts is not recommended due to possible retraction and a poorer cosmetic result&#46; The exception is when close monitoring is necessary to detect early recurrence&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dissection of a cervicofacial flap must be carried out in the subcutaneous plane to preserve the subdermal vascular plexus&#46; The plane deep to the SMAS can be used in thick defects and defects in patients with adverse risk factors for healing &#40;smoking&#44; radiation therapy to the area&#41;&#44; though this carries a higher risk of neurovascular injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> When the tension vectors of the suture are predominantly vertical&#44; the flap should be fixed to the periostium of the margin of the orbit and to the melonasal sulcus because of the risk of ectropion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Flap rotation usually gives rise to excess skin that can be eliminated using a Z-plasty or by the excision of Burow triangles&#44; which should be designed in a way to hide scars in the base of a skin fold or crease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Technique</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 92-year-old man who was referred to our center for a rapidly growing&#44; poorly defined&#44; ulcerated squamous cell carcinoma of about 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter affecting the medial malar area and melolabial sulcus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Given the age of patient and the rapid growth of the lesion&#44; with bleeding and pain&#44; it was decided to perform surgical excision&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We elected to create a rotation flap &#40;see video&#41;&#46; Under general anesthesia&#44; an inferior cheek flap was designed&#44; extending the superior pole of the defect along the natural skinfold of the cheek to the cervical region&#46; The flap was elevated in the subcutaneous plane and was rotated&#46; After confirming good coverage of the defect&#44; the flap was sutured with 4&#47;0 silk&#46; The excess skin was eliminated by 2 small tension-releasing triangles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Indications</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Large defects &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter&#41; of the malar subunit&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Contraindications</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Absolute&#58; none&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relative&#58; coagulation disorders&#44; extrinsic factors that could predispose to cutaneous ischemia &#40;smoking&#44; previous radiation therapy&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; previous surgery to the area that could interfere with flap mobility&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Complications</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgical wound infection&#44; including skin and deep planes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Edema&#44; hematoma&#44; and skin necrosis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postsurgical ectropion&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transient or permanent alterations of sensibility and movement due to injury to nerves&#44; vessels or muscles&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a cervicofacial flap for reconstruction of the medial area of the cheek is one of the most useful techniques for the reconstruction of large surgical defects in this area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The operation is technically simple&#44; though laborious if extra care is taken to minimize damage to small subjacent blood vessels to reduce postoperative bleeding&#59; when it is necessary to mobilize skin from the cervical region&#44; injury to the neurovascular structures of that region must be avoided&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The cosmetic and functional results are excellent&#44; as some of the incisions can be hidden in the facial skin folds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Videos of Surgical Procedures in Dermatology
Rotation Advancement Flap Reconstruction Following Excision of a Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Infraorbital Malar Region
Reconstrucción de carcinoma espinocelular en región malar infraorbitaria mediante colgajo de rotación-avance
N. Eirís
Autor para correspondencia
noemieiris@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, G. Pérez Paredes, M.Á. Rodríguez Prieto
Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cheek region can be divided into 4 areas with different cosmetic properties that must be taken into account during surgical reconstruction&#58; buccal&#44; infraocular or medial&#44; zygomatic or lateral&#44; and mandibular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Some authors have used the malar prominence&#44; the point of convergence of the borders of these areas&#44; as a reference point&#46; However&#44; the borders between these areas are not clear&#44; depending both on intrinsic factors related to the individual&#39;s physionomy and on extrinsic factors associated with photoaging&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In large defects &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter&#41; affecting the medial area&#44; the most widely used surgical reconstructions use submental or cervicofacial flaps&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> These types of plasty are advanced and rotated during tissue transfer&#46; The flaps&#44; which have a postero-inferior base&#44; have a very rich blood supply derived from the abundant perforating vessels that arise from the transverse and facial arteries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Excellent results can also be achieved with island flaps&#44; which take advantage of the abundant subcutaneous adipose tissue of the cheek&#59; or else a combination of the 2 types of flap can be used to achieve adequate skin covering of the defect and avoid tension and secondary ectropion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; the use of grafts is not recommended due to possible retraction and a poorer cosmetic result&#46; The exception is when close monitoring is necessary to detect early recurrence&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dissection of a cervicofacial flap must be carried out in the subcutaneous plane to preserve the subdermal vascular plexus&#46; The plane deep to the SMAS can be used in thick defects and defects in patients with adverse risk factors for healing &#40;smoking&#44; radiation therapy to the area&#41;&#44; though this carries a higher risk of neurovascular injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> When the tension vectors of the suture are predominantly vertical&#44; the flap should be fixed to the periostium of the margin of the orbit and to the melonasal sulcus because of the risk of ectropion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Flap rotation usually gives rise to excess skin that can be eliminated using a Z-plasty or by the excision of Burow triangles&#44; which should be designed in a way to hide scars in the base of a skin fold or crease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Technique</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 92-year-old man who was referred to our center for a rapidly growing&#44; poorly defined&#44; ulcerated squamous cell carcinoma of about 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter affecting the medial malar area and melolabial sulcus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Given the age of patient and the rapid growth of the lesion&#44; with bleeding and pain&#44; it was decided to perform surgical excision&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We elected to create a rotation flap &#40;see video&#41;&#46; Under general anesthesia&#44; an inferior cheek flap was designed&#44; extending the superior pole of the defect along the natural skinfold of the cheek to the cervical region&#46; The flap was elevated in the subcutaneous plane and was rotated&#46; After confirming good coverage of the defect&#44; the flap was sutured with 4&#47;0 silk&#46; The excess skin was eliminated by 2 small tension-releasing triangles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Indications</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Large defects &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter&#41; of the malar subunit&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Contraindications</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Absolute&#58; none&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relative&#58; coagulation disorders&#44; extrinsic factors that could predispose to cutaneous ischemia &#40;smoking&#44; previous radiation therapy&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; previous surgery to the area that could interfere with flap mobility&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Complications</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgical wound infection&#44; including skin and deep planes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Edema&#44; hematoma&#44; and skin necrosis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postsurgical ectropion&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transient or permanent alterations of sensibility and movement due to injury to nerves&#44; vessels or muscles&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a cervicofacial flap for reconstruction of the medial area of the cheek is one of the most useful techniques for the reconstruction of large surgical defects in this area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The operation is technically simple&#44; though laborious if extra care is taken to minimize damage to small subjacent blood vessels to reduce postoperative bleeding&#59; when it is necessary to mobilize skin from the cervical region&#44; injury to the neurovascular structures of that region must be avoided&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The cosmetic and functional results are excellent&#44; as some of the incisions can be hidden in the facial skin folds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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