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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cicatricial alopecia in a plaque of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus&#46; A&#44; Few follicular units are observed in longitudinal sections &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Same case with transversal sections &#40;HE x20&#41; D&#44; Concentric fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our daily clinical practice&#44; dermatologists often encounter patients consulting for alopecia&#46; In many cases&#44; correct diagnosis of these conditions can be made from the presentation and course of hair loss&#46; However&#44; sometimes&#44; a biopsy is necessary to enable a definitive diagnosis to be established&#46; This article reviews in detail the main forms of cicatricial alopecias from a histopathological standpoint&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Cicatricial Alopecias</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cicatricial alopecias are a group of conditions in which the hair follicles are replaced by vertical fibrotic tracts or hyalinized collagen&#44; giving rise to permanent hair loss&#46; This process manifests clinically as the loss of follicular ostia and cutaneous atrophy&#46; There are many causes of secondary cicatricial alopecia&#44; such as infiltrative processes &#40;cutaneous metastasis&#44; sarcoidosis&#41;&#44; trauma &#40;burns&#44; radiation&#41;&#44; and infections&#46; However&#44; the term cicatricial alopecia is used mainly to refer to primary cicatricial alopecias &#40;PCAs&#41;&#44; a group of diseases in which the hair follicle is the main target of the inflammatory process while the interfollicular dermis is spared&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Classification of cicatricial alopecias is confusing and controversial given that the etiology&#44; in many cases&#44; is unknown and the clinico-pathological characteristics overlap&#44; vary over time&#44; and depend on racial and genetic factors&#46; In this article&#44; we will analyze the classification established in 2001 by the North American Hair Research Society &#40;NAHRS&#41;&#44; which classifies PCAs according to the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate into lymphocytic&#44; neutrophilic&#44; and mixed types &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PCAs have an initial active phase&#44; with more or less specific clinical characteristics&#46; Scarred areas progressively start to appear&#44; usually in the central area of the lesions&#46; In advanced phases of the disease&#44; differential diagnosis using clinical manifestations is therefore much more difficult if not impossible at times&#46; Biopsy samples will be useful for establishing or confirming the diagnosis&#46; For the sample to be representative&#44; it should be taken from areas in which follicular ostia can still be observed&#46; It is particularly useful to take a biopsy from the periphery of the lesions&#44; areas of positive hair pull test&#44; and areas of visible clinical activity&#46; In addition&#44; the diagnostic yield can be improved by taking the biopsy parallel to the follicle in order not to section it&#46; If a single biopsy is taken&#44; it is best to request transversal sectioning to enable multiple follicles to be observed at different levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> However&#44; such an approach does not allow observation of the epidermis&#44; dermis&#44; and pilosebaceous units as a whole&#44; something which can be of great use in this type of alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; faced with the suspicion of cicatricial alopecia&#44; the best approach is to take 2 samples&#44; one for transverse sectioning and the other for vertical sectioning&#46; Moreover&#44; staining for elastic fibers and direct immunofluorescence &#40;DIF&#41; can also be useful in the histopathological study of scarring alopecias&#46; The key histopathological findings of use in the diagnosis of cicatricial alopecia are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Primary Lymphocytic Cicatricial Alopecias</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Chronic Cutaneous&#47;Discoid Lupus Erythematosus</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a variant of lupus erythematosus may present involvement of the scalp&#46; Those with chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus &#40;CCLE&#41;&#44; especially those with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus are&#44; however&#44; the only ones who progress to a cicatricial alopecia&#46; In agreement with Sperling&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> we prefer the term CCLE to discoid lupus erythematosus and this will be the term that we use in our descriptions&#46; Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can present with CCLE lesions&#44; although most patients with CCLE do not have systemic disease&#46; Among the patients with cutaneous involvement only&#44; approximately 50&#37; will have scalp involvement and very few will develop systemic disease&#46; Clinically&#44; these patients present erythematous and desquamative plaques of alopecia on the scalp&#44; with epidermal atrophy&#46; Dilated follicular infundibula are present with horny plugs&#46; These plaques show a centrifugal growth&#44; and several plaques can coalesce to form areas of cicatricial alopecia with irregular borders&#46; The presence of a central hypopigmented area with peripheral hyperpigmentation is characteristic of advanced CCLE lesions in patients with medium-high phototype&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On histopathology&#44; active CCLE lesions on the scalp show a vacuolar-type interface dermatitis and a folliculocentric inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate&#46; This dermatitis tends to involve the interfollicular epidermis&#44; although this structure may sometimes be spared&#44; thereby complicating the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A common finding in CCLE&#44; although also observed in lichen planopilaris &#40;LPP&#41;&#44; is the presence of colloid bodies&#44; hyaline bodies&#44; or Civatte bodies&#44; as well as the presence of dyskeratosis in the follicular epithelium and the epidermis&#46; It is common to observe dilated infundibula with laminar keratin present inside&#46; Such a finding is common in PCAs in general&#44; and clinically&#44; this is manifest as the presence of horny plugs under physical examination&#46; The folliculotropic inflammatory infiltrate is characteristically distributed around the infundibulum and the isthmus&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> although it can also involve the entire follicle&#46; This inflammatory infiltrate&#44; which is predominantly lymphocytic although it often includes plasma cells&#44; also has a superficial and deep perivascular pattern with a striking perieccrine distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#8211;9</span></a> Moreover&#44; atrophy and destruction of the sebaceous glands are often observed from early stages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9</span></a> In the late stages&#44; CCLE lesions show striking lamellar fibrosis&#44; surrounding the upper follicle&#44; although these lesions can also be panfollicular&#44; and as the condition progresses&#44; the follicle may be completely destroyed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; As in other PCAs&#44; foreign-body granulomas can be observed around free hair shafts lacking epithelial lining in the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition&#44; interstitial mucin is often observed in the reticular dermis&#44; and on occasions&#44; the formation of germinal center lymphoid follicles is noted in the hypodermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Staining for elastic fibers can help in the differential diagnosis of CCLE with other PCAs&#46; Advanced CCLE lesions show destruction of perifollicular elastic fibers&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> whereas in the late LPP lesions&#44; there is a cradle cap scar in the superficial dermis&#44; with destruction of elastic fibers only in this area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In the pseudopelade of Brocq &#40;PB&#41;&#44; elastic fibers are not only destroyed but also appear notably thickened&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DIF is also useful in the differential diagnosis of CCLE with other PCAs&#46; A biopsy sample should ideally be taken from a lesion with onset at least 2 to 3 months earlier that has not been treated for at least 3 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> On performing DIF in lesions with CCLE&#44; IgG and C3 or IgM deposits are observed in a granular pattern or in a homogeneous band at the dermal-epidermal junction and the interface between the dermis and follicular the epithelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;13</span></a> IgA is present less frequently&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;13</span></a> In one study&#44; a higher percentage of CCLE lesions in the scalp were positive in DIF when compared with biopsies taken from other anatomical regions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Therefore&#44; it is recommended to take a fresh biopsy for DIF whenever it is suspected that CCLE is among the conditions to be considered in a differential diagnosis for PCA&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; differential diagnosis of LPP and CCLE can be a challenge in some cases&#44; especially when CCLE does not affect the surrounding epidermis&#46; In these cases&#44; the presence of inflammatory infiltrate with plasma cells and deep and perieccrine perivascular involvement&#44; as well as the presence of dermal mucin and colloid bodies at the dermal-epidermal junction provide further support for diagnosis of CCLE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Moreover&#44; the presence of a periodic acid schiff-positive thickened basement membrane is a classic finding and often seen in chronic CCLE lesions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;13</span></a> and may even be present in very advanced lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Such observations can be of great help in the differential diagnosis of these 2 processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Lichen Planopilaris</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LPP is the name used to define lichen planus when there is involvement of the hair follicles&#46; It is divided into 3 types according to the clinical presentation&#58; classic LPP&#44; frontal fibrosing alopecia &#40;FFA&#41;&#44; and Graham Little syndrome&#46; From the histopathological point of view&#44; these 3 processes are almost indistinguishable&#44; even in their active phases&#44; and so they are described together&#46; The clinical presentation of classic LPP on the scalp is very similar to that of CCLE&#46; Large plaques with keratotic follicular papules and spiny follicular hyperkeratosis are present&#44; in contrast to CCLE&#44; in which the greatest activity is observed in the peripheral area&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;15</span></a> characteristically sparing follicles within the plaque of alopecia&#46; The classic polygonal lesions in lichen planus are not observed in the scalp but they may be present in other body areas&#44; and in that case&#44; they may be of assistance in the diagnosis&#46; Likewise&#44; the typical mucosal or nail lesions in lichen planus may also support the diagnosis&#46; The coexistence of LPP and vulvar lichen planus has been reported&#44; for example&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> FFA is considered a variant of LPP with a specific pattern&#44; which gives rise to regression of the frontotemporal hairline and loss of eyebrows as the clinical manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;21</span></a> Finally&#44; Graham Little syndrome is the term used for the triad of cicatricial alopecia of the scalp&#44; keratotic follicular papules on the trunk and limbs&#44; and reversible loss of pubic and&#47;or axillary hair&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathologically&#44; a lymphocytic interface dermatitis&#44; usually of the lichenoid type&#44; is observed in active lesions of LPP&#46; This lesion spares the epidermis and interfollicular dermis and usually has perifollicular involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; As in the clinical manifestations&#44; not all hair follicles are found to be affected in the biopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;21</span></a> The lichenoid infiltrate predominantly affects the permanent part of the follicle &#40;infundibulum and isthmus&#41;&#44; and may obscure the interface between the adventitial dermis and follicular epithelium&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;13&#44;22&#8211;24</span></a> giving rise to an image in which the infiltrate and periinfundibular fibroplasia are strangling the infundibulum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Above the infiltrate&#44; the infundibulum appears dilated&#44; and takes on a funnel-like appearace&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> with hypergranulosis and layers of keratin&#44; basophils&#44; and orthokeratosis inside&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;33</span></a> These correlate with the clinical findings of spiny hyperkeratosis&#46; The presence of several colloid bodies&#44; made up of dyskeratotic keratinocytes&#44; which are positive for cytokeratin stains&#44; is noteworthy along the entire dermo-epidermal junction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;24</span></a> As is the case with CCLE&#44; sebaceous glands are atrophic or completely destroyed from the initial phases of the process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8&#44;23</span></a> The deep vascular plexus&#44; as well as other adnexal structures are not affected&#44; and mucin deposits in the dermis are not a typical finding in LPP&#46; At times&#44; typical findings of lichen planus are observed in the biopsy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> and these can be of great help in assisting the histopathologic diagnosis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the condition progresses&#44; concentric lamellar fibrosis is observed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> along with destruction of the hair follicles to be replaced by thick longitudinal fibrous tracts and the appearance of foreign-body granulomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Fibrosis has a limited presence in the adjacent tissue&#44; but is more prominent in the papillary dermis and associated with epidermal atrophy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Staining for elastic fibers will show a cradle cap scar centered on the follicle&#46; The histopathologic changes in FFA and Graham Little syndrome cannot be differentiated from classic LPP&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> although the follicular triad has been reported&#46; This consists of simultaneous involvement of different types of follicles &#40;terminal&#44; intermediate&#44; and vellus&#41; at different stages of the follicular cycle &#40;anagen&#44; catagen&#44; and telogen&#41; as a key histopathologic finding in the diagnosis of the initial phases of FFA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most difficult histopathologic differential diagnosis of LPP is with CCLE&#46; The clinical-pathological correlation is particularly important in this respect&#46; In particularly difficult cases&#44; DIF may be of some use&#46; In LPP&#44; the abundant Civatte bodies are positive for IgM and less frequently for IgA&#44; IgG&#44; and C3&#44; and they predominate in the follicular epithelium of the infundibulum and the isthmus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;26&#44;27</span></a> This finding&#44; although a characteristic highly suggestive of LPP&#44; is not pathognomonic&#44; as it can also be observed in CCLE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> However&#44; it seems that the two processes can be differentiated according to the composition of these Civatte bodies&#44; which are formed of necrotic keratinocytes &#40;expressing cytokeratins&#41; in LPP and by aggregates of the basement membrane &#40;positive for collagen IV&#41; in CCLE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Pseudopelade of Brocq</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is much debate as to whether PB is a nosological entity or just the noninflammatory end stage of other PCAs&#46; The term has been widely used in the dermatology literature ever since the first description by Brocq in 1885&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Several studies have attempted to clarify whether PB is a separate entity or not&#46; Some authors clinically diagnose this entity in all patients who do not meet the criteria for LPP or CCLE&#44; and they report that between 33&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> and 69&#37; &#40;this latter percentage for early and active lesions&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> may be diagnosed histopathologically as CCLE or LPP&#46; In the most recent classification of the NAHRS in 2001&#44; PB was described as a specific entity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Sellheyer and Bergfeld<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> also considered PB as a separate entity&#44; pointing out that there is a clear clinical and histopathologic absence of keratin plugs&#44; and that the lesion retains the dermal network of elastic fibers&#46; None of these findings are observed in LPP or CCLE&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; the condition presents as small flesh-colored patches of alopecia without hyperkeratosis or signs of inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The plaques show a certain degree of atrophy&#44; giving rise to the classic description of footprints in the snow&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> The vertex and parietal regions are more frequently affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an histopathologic point of view&#44; PB is characterized by the absence of interface dermatitis&#44; unlike LPP or CCLE&#44; but distinctive histopathologic features of PB have not been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Early lesions present scant or moderate perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate&#44; which predominates in the periinfundibular region&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Sebaceous glands are destroyed early in the process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> As the condition progresses&#44; lamellar fibroplasia appears around the follicular infundibula&#44; leading to complete destruction of the pilosebaceous unit&#44; with the appearance of fibrous tracts in its place &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The arrector pili muscle remains intact and foreign body granulomas can be observed around the hair shafts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In PB&#44; staining for elastic fibers shows these structures to be notably thickened both in the adventitial and reticular dermis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> an observation that assists in the differential diagnosis with other PCAs in advanced phases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia &#40;CCCA&#41; is a term coined by the NAHRS consensus group&#46; It is defined as hair loss starting at the vertex region&#44; and extending in a centrifugal pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is a descriptive term that is used to group entities such as the follicular degeneration syndrome&#44; pseudopelade in African-Americans&#44; and central elliptical pseudopelade in Caucasians&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> There is substantial overlap in histopathological terms with PB&#44; but the clinical presentation is different so clinico-pathologic correlation is essential for diagnosis of the 2 entities&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its pathogenesis is unknown&#46; Sperling et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a> postulated that the process is the result of early degeneration of the inner root sheath leading to damage to the outer root sheaf by the hair shaft&#44; triggering a chain of histopathological events that culminate in the scarring process&#46; These authors considered that the finding of this premature degeneration of the inner root sheath&#44; in absence of signs of inflammation&#44; was very suggestive of follicular degeneration syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> However&#44; Gibbons and Ackerman&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Headington&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and Sulllivan and Kossard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> do not consider CCCA to be an independent nosological entity and suggest that the histopathological changes present are nonspecific and similar to other PCAs&#46; In fact&#44; Ackerman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> considered that CCCA is really the end stage of a traction alopecia&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathological characteristics of CCCA have not been extensively described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;35</span></a> In general&#44; the findings reported are similar to the those of PB&#46; A perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate is observed around the upper part of the follicle&#44; and sometimes in the perivascular region&#46; Some authors have reported an asymmetric narrowing of the follicular wall&#44; which is best observed in transversal sections&#44; and this significantly displaces the hair shaft to an excentric location&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> As the lesions progress&#44; lamellar fibroplasia is observed&#44; as well as destruction of the pilosebaceous units&#44; giving rise to the development of cicatricial tissue in place of preexisting follicles&#46; Staining for elastic fibers shows a similar pattern to PB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Alopecia Mucinosa</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alopecia mucinosa is an inflammatory process of the pilosebaceous unit that can be related to both permanent and reversible alopecia&#46; The name refers to the main histopathological finding&#44; the presence of intrafollicular mucin&#46; This finding is considered a nonspecific reactive histopathological pattern&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a> and the denomination of follicular mucinosis appears to be appropriate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#8211;42</span></a> Traditionally&#44; alopecia mucinosa is classified in 2 types&#44; a primary idiopathic form and another secondary to lymphomas&#46; Given the large degree of overlap between the 2 entities&#44; and given that cases of primary alopecia mucinosa that progress to lymphoma have been reported&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#8211;44</span></a> the distinction might be artificial&#46; Indeed&#44; primary and secondary alopecia mucinosa could represent different aspects of a single disease spectrum&#46; Primary alopecia mucinosa would thus be considered as a premalignant condition&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> or as an indolent form of mycosis fungoides &#40;MF&#41; with good prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Clinically&#44; both forms are characterized by presenting as grouped follicular papules&#44; erythematous patches&#44; and&#47;or fluctuating plaques that more often affect the head and neck&#44; but trunk and limb involvement has also been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the histopathological point of view&#44; the earliest abnormality observed is mucin deposition between keratinocytes of the outer root sheath &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Intense deposition may give rise to the formation of mucin lakes that affect the entire follicle as well as the sebaceous gland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;46</span></a> A perifollicular and intrafollicular lymphocytic infiltrate is observed&#44; with lymphocytes of both normal and atypical appearance&#46; Lymphocyte exocytosis can be observed in the follicular epithelium in the primary form&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Involvement of the dermis is variable&#44; with a lymphocytic infiltrate with a superficial and profound perivascular pattern&#44; as well as a diffuse pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> As in the clinical presentation&#44; there are no reliable and reproducible histopathological characteristics to differentiate between primary alopecia mucinosa and the secondary lymphoma-associated form&#46; Moreover&#44; cellular atypia and monoclonal rearrangement of T cell receptor genes can be found in both forms&#44; and so such observations are not useful for differential diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> In late stages&#44; destruction of the pilosebaceous unit occurs&#44; and residual tracts of mucin persist cuffed by inflammatory cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> Unlike most PCAs&#44; concentric lamellar fibrosis is not observed in alopecia mucinosa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Routinely&#44; staining for mucin is required&#46; However&#44; when we observe prominent spongiosis in the follicular epithelium&#44; it is important to carry out differential diagnosis with atopic dermatitis&#59; thus&#44; the use of stains may be useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Eosinophilic folliculitis can also present with follicular mucinosis&#44; but other additional histopathological characteristics are present to aid in differential diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans &#40;KFSD&#41;&#44; also known as keratosis pilaris decalvans or ichthyosis follicularis&#44; is one of 3 entities that are included under the term keratosis pilaris atrophicans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a> The other 2 entities predominantly affect the face&#59; these are keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei and atrophoderma vermiculata&#46; KFSD is considered an inherited X-linked genodermatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; it presents with areas of alopecia that show hyperkeratotic follicular papules and pustules&#46; Onset often occurs during adolescence&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a> and involvement is predominantly of the scalp&#44; although the eyebrows and eyelashes can also be affected&#46; In the scalp&#44; areas already affected by alopecia can have residual keratin plugs&#44; surrounded by perifollicular erythema&#44; as well as more striking punctate atrophy on the face&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Keratosis pilaris on the trunk and limbs&#44; corneal dystrophy&#44; and photophobia may also be associated with plaques of alopecia&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KFSD is classified by the NAHRS as a lymphocytic alopecia&#46; However&#44; although this is true in advanced disease or end stages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> the initial lesions also show a neutrophilic infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> The initial defect seems to be abnormal keratinization that gives rise to hypergranulosis and compact hyperkeratosis in the upper part of the infundibulum&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> which correlate clinically with follicular plugs&#46; In the next phase of acute inflammation&#44; spongiosis appears along with a neutrophilic infiltrate in the infundibulum and adjacent epidermis&#46; The course includes the appearance of a lymphocytic infiltrate associated with perifollicular fibrosis&#44; predominantly in the upper part of the follicle&#46; In the end stages&#44; fibrosis is observed with the presence of foreign-body granulomas surrounding the hair shafts&#44; as well as destruction of the hair follicle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Primary Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The category of primary neutrophilic cicatricial alopecias covers folliculitis in which the initial neutrophilic infiltrate is of importance in pathogenesis&#46; In these cases&#44; bacterial superinfection of the follicle and the consequent neutrophilic inflammatory response will be the basis for the clinical and histopathological findings&#46; With the subsequent progression of the condition and the appearance of fibrosis&#44; the infiltrate becomes a mixed&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past&#44; substantial clinical differences have been reported among the processes included within this group of alopecias&#46; However&#44; the histopathological findings are very similar&#44; thus questioning if these are really distinct processes or just different stage within the same spectrum of lesions&#46; With this possibility in mind&#44; we will now review each entity separately to maintain the traditional nomenclature&#46;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Folliculitis Decalvans</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Folliculitis decalvans &#40;FD&#41; is a chronic and progressive pathological process characterized by destructive suppurative folliculitis&#46; Clinically&#44; it presents as plaques of alopecia with follicular pustules at the margins&#44; where the lesion is active&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;13&#44;51</span></a> The plaques predominate in the scalp&#44; but they can also appear in other regions of the body with terminal follicles&#46; On resolution&#44; they leave a central scar&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathologically&#44; when a biopsy is taken from the active border&#44; it is possible to observe an acneiform dilatation of the follicular infundibulum&#44; associated with an intrafollicular and perifollicular neutrophilic inflamatory infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;51</span></a> With progression&#44; the infiltrate will affect the entire follicle and will be made up mainly of lymphocytes and histiocytes&#44; with plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells present&#46; In addition&#44; perifollicular and interstitial fibrosis is observed&#44; with dermal involvement that is not directly perifollicular&#46; Sullivan and Kossard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> consider that the presence of plasma cells may be a key for the diagnosis of FD in its advanced states &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; The final stages are characterized by the presence of fibrous tracts that replace the hair follicles&#46; In addition&#44; foreign-body granulomas can be observed around the hair shafts in direct contact with the dermis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At times&#44; special staining may be necessary to rule out a microbial etiology&#46; The main histopathological differential diagnosis is with dissecting cellulitis&#47;folliculitis&#44; which presents with absence of fistulous tracts and the interstitial infiltrate is only observed in advanced states&#46; To help differentiate FD from acne keloidalis&#44; the presence of fibrosis with hypertrophic scarring is only observed in the latter entity&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tufted hair folliculitis &#40;THF&#41; is a suppurative folliculitis in which multiple hair shafts emerge from a single follicular infundibulum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;52</span></a> Often&#44; cultures are positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> and the condition can coexist with FD&#46; Some authors think that FP is pathognomonic of FD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> although the general consensus is that this is a nonspecific form of cicatricial alopecia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52&#44;53</span></a> as it can be found in many primary and secondary cicatricial diseases&#46; Histopathologically&#44; a dilated infundibulum is observed with several hair shafts inside that emerge at the surface through a common follicular ostium&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Dissecting Cellulitis&#47;Folliculitis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DC&#44; initially known as perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens&#44; is a suppurative folliculitis&#44; and so cellulitis is not an appropriate terminology&#46; It is an entity considered within the tetrad of follicular occlusion&#44; along with acne conglobata&#44; hidradenitis suppurativa&#44; and pilonidal cysts&#46; These entities are characterized by abnormal follicular keratinization that gives rise to obstruction of the hair follicle&#44; with secondary bacterial infection and subsequent destruction of the hair follicle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> Clinically&#44; DC presents as deep inflammatory nodules that from the outset can cause alopecia in the overlying scalp&#46; As the disease progresses&#44; fluctuant plaques appear connected to one another by fistulous tracts&#44; which can express purulent exudate through several ostia at the same time&#46; The deep involvement can cause a cerebriform appearance of the scalp&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the initial lesions&#44; dilatation of the infundibula is observed&#44; and these can appear obstructed by horny plugs&#46; Numerous neutrophils are present within the infundibula&#44; leading to perforation of the follicular epithelium&#44; with the subsequent formation of dermal and subcutaneous abscesses&#44; which appear connected to one another by fistulous tracts coated with stratified squamous epithelium&#46; This epithelium is derived from the outer root sheath of the proliferating follicle&#44; and constitutes the main histopathological finding in this entity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;13&#44;51</span></a> In the most advanced stages&#44; the infiltrate is of a mixed type&#44; with the presence of lymphocytes&#44; plasma cells&#44; and foreign-body type giant cells&#46; In this stage&#44; extensive fibrosis is also present&#44; surrounding the abscesses and fistulous tracts&#44; with destruction of the hair follicles and subsequent cicatricial alopecia&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of fistulous tracts enables differential diagnosis of this entity to be established with other types of suppurative folliculitis of the scalp&#46; However&#44; the differential diagnosis with hidradenitis suppurativa is not possible based on histopathological findings&#46; The different sites of the lesions in both entities can help us to make a definitive diagnosis&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Primary Mixed Cicatricial Alopecias</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Acne Keloidalis Nuchae</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term acne keloidalis nuchae &#40;AKN&#41; is a misnomer as it refers to an entity that is not related to acne vulgaris and is not characterized by keloid lesions but rather hypertrophic lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> Clinically&#44; this condition is characterized by the presence of millimetric follicular papules&#44; which are firm to touch&#44; can be scabby&#44; umbilicated&#44; or pustular&#44; with hair within them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;56</span></a> The papules-pustules can give rise to plaques with a keloidal appearance and nodules that can present purulent secretion&#46; This condition predominantly affects black individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an histopathologic point of view&#44; inflammatory folliculitis is observed in which the inflammatory infiltrate is situated in the lower part of the isthmus&#46; This infiltrate is granulomatous and is associated with a neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate&#44; occasionally with plasma cells in the upper and mid part&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> Sebaceous glands are destroyed in the early stages of this process&#44; with an abundant inflammatory infiltrate in the surrounding area when incipient lesions are biopsied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> It has been postulated that inflammatory involvement of the infundibulum&#44; which damages its epithelium&#44; triggers an attempt to repair the damage in the form of lamellar fibroplasia&#46; However&#44; this process is not usually effective&#44; and the damaged follicle finally releases its hair shaft to the surrounding dermis leading to an acute and chronic granulomatous reaction&#44; responsible for the clinical manifestation of papules with a firm consistency&#46; The damaged hair shafts cannot be eliminated because of the involvement of the upper part of the follicle&#44; thereby increasing the inflammatory and granulomatous reaction&#44; with a continuous reparative process triggering that finally leads to hypertrophic scarring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> Keloid-type streamers of collagen may infrequently be observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#8211;57</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Acne Necrotica Varioliformis</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acne necrotica varioliformis is a rare dermatosis that presents as a necrotizing disorder of the hair follicle and gives rise to the appearance of varioliform scars&#46; Clinically&#44; it is characterized by repeated outbreaks of follicular papules-pustules with central necrosis in adult patients&#46; These lesions leave a depressed scar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> The lesions are observed mainly in the frontal hairline&#44; but also in other seborrheic regions of the face&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58&#44;59</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; the initial lesions present spongiosis and lymphocytic exocytosis in the follicular epithelium associated with dyskeratosis&#44; with an abundant perifollicular and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> As the lesions progress&#44; necrotic keratinocytes coalesce to produce overall necrosis of the adjacent follicular epithelium&#44; epidermis&#44; and adventitial dermis&#46; Residual fragments of hair shafts are often seen in this area of necrosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Erosive Pustular Dermatosis</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp is an idiopathic pustulosis without a microbial cause&#46; It has a chronic course with multiple relapses and is characterized by the presence of pustular lesions on the scalp&#44; along with erosions and scabs that progress to scarring alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> The histopathological findings are nonspecific&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> with epidermal abnormalities such as erosions&#44; atrophy&#44; acanthosis&#44; parakeratosis&#44; and subcorneal pustules&#46; A nonfolliculocentric infiltrate is usually present in the dermis&#46; This infiltrate is of mixed nature and is associated with foreign-body type giant cells&#46; In longstanding lesions&#44; the number of follicles is usually decreased&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres494737"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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              "identificador" => "abst0005"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec515964"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Cicatricial Alopecias"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Primary Lymphocytic Cicatricial Alopecias"
          "secciones" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Chronic Cutaneous&#47;Discoid Lupus Erythematosus"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Lichen Planopilaris"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Pseudopelade of Brocq"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Alopecia Mucinosa"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Primary Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Folliculitis Decalvans"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Dissecting Cellulitis&#47;Folliculitis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Primary Mixed Cicatricial Alopecias"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Acne Keloidalis Nuchae"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Acne Necrotica Varioliformis"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Erosive Pustular Dermatosis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
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        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-04-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-06-14"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec515964"
          "palabras" => array:14 [
            0 => "Dermatopathology"
            1 => "Alopecia"
            2 => "Review"
            3 => "Scarring alopecia"
            4 => "Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus"
            5 => "Follicular lichen planus"
            6 => "Brocq pseudopelade"
            7 => "Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia"
            8 => "Alopecia mucinosa"
            9 => "Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans"
            10 => "Folliculitis decalvans"
            11 => "Dissecting cellulitis&#47;folliculitis"
            12 => "Acne keloidalis nuchae"
            13 => "Necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec515965"
          "palabras" => array:14 [
            0 => "Dermatopatolog&#237;a"
            1 => "Alopecia"
            2 => "Revisi&#243;n"
            3 => "Alopecias cicatriciales"
            4 => "Lupus eritematoso cut&#225;neo cr&#243;nico"
            5 => "Liquen plano folicular"
            6 => "Pseudopelada de Brocq"
            7 => "Alopecia cicatricial centr&#237;fuga central"
            8 => "Alopecia mucinosa"
            9 => "Queratosis folicular espinulosa decalvante"
            10 => "Foliculitis decalvante"
            11 => "Celulitis&#47;foliculitis disecante"
            12 => "Acn&#233; queloideo de la nuca"
            13 => "Acn&#233; necr&#243;tico varioliforme"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of disorders of the hair and scalp can generally be made on clinical grounds&#44; but clinical signs are not always diagnostic and in some cases more invasive techniques&#44; such as a biopsy&#44; may be necessary&#46; This 2-part article is a detailed review of the histologic features of the main types of alopecia based on the traditional classification of these disorders into 2 major groups&#58; scarring and nonscarring alopecias&#46; Scarring alopecias are disorders in which the hair follicle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue&#44; a process that leads to permanent hair loss&#46; In nonscarring alopecias&#44; the follicles are preserved and hair growth can resume when the cause of the problem is eliminated&#46; In the second part of this review&#44; we describe the histologic features of the main forms of scarring alopecia&#46; Since a close clinical-pathological correlation is essential for making a correct histopathologic diagnosis of alopecia&#44; we also include a brief description of the clinical features of the principal forms of this disorder&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico de las enfermedades del cabello y del cuero cabelludo se basa&#44; en la mayor&#237;a de las ocasiones&#44; en el reconocimiento de signos cl&#237;nicos&#59; sin embargo&#44; dichos signos no siempre son caracter&#237;sticos y&#44; en ocasiones&#44; tenemos que recurrir a t&#233;cnicas m&#225;s invasivas como la realizaci&#243;n de una biopsia&#46; En este art&#237;culo se revisan de forma detallada las principales formas de alopecia desde un punto de vista histopatol&#243;gico&#44; y para ello se utiliza la clasificaci&#243;n tradicional de las alopecias que las divide en 2 grandes grupos&#58; las alopecias cicatriciales y las no cicatriciales&#46; Las alopecias cicatriciales son aquellas en las cuales el fol&#237;culo piloso es sustituido por tejido fibroso cicatricial&#44; causando una p&#233;rdida permanente del cabello&#46; En las alopecias no cicatriciales el fol&#237;culo permanece intacto y puede retomar su actividad cuando cesa el est&#237;mulo desencadenante&#46; La segunda parte de este art&#237;culo revisa las principales formas de alopecia cicatricial desde un punto de vista histopatol&#243;gico&#46; Dado que una buena correlaci&#243;n clinicopatol&#243;gica es fundamental para realizar el correcto diagn&#243;stico histopatol&#243;gico de las alopecias&#44; en este art&#237;culo se incluye tambi&#233;n una breve descripci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de las principales formas de alopecia&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Bern&#225;rdez C&#44; Molina-Ruiz AM&#44; Requena L&#46; Histopatolog&#237;a de las alopecias&#46; Parte II&#58; alopecias cicatriciales&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;260&#8211;270&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cicatricial alopecia in a plaque of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus&#46; A&#44; Few follicular units are observed in longitudinal sections &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Same case with transversal sections &#40;HE x20&#41; D&#44; Concentric fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planopilaris&#46; A&#44; Perifollicular infiltrate is observed in longitudinal sections &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; At higher magnification&#44; lymphocytes are observed scattered in the follicular epithelium &#40;HE X200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Same case studied with transversal sections &#40;HE x20&#41;&#46; D&#44; At higher magnification&#44; perifollicular concentric fibrosis and peripheral lymphocytic infiltrate are observed &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Longstanding pseudopelade of Brocq&#46; A&#44; Low-magnification view showing columns of fibrosis replacing the follicles &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Detail of the previous image showing vertical fibrosis mixed with actinic elastosis &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Transversal section of the same case&#44; showing several follicular units &#40;HE&#44; X20&#41;&#46; D&#44; At higher magnification&#44; concentric fibrosis around follicular remnants can be observed &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alopecia mucinosa&#46; A&#44; Low-magnification view &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; At higher magnification&#44; lakes of mucin can be observed within the hair follicles &#40;HE x20&#41;&#46; C&#44; Still higher magnification view showing mucin among the keratinocytes of the follicular epithelium and a large lake of mucin &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; D&#44; Detail of the granular basophilic material within the follicular epithelium &#40;HE x 400&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Folliculitis decalvans&#46; A&#44; Low magnification view showing several broken hair follicles with perifollicular fibrosis &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Detail of the previous image showing an infundibular cyst surrounded by inflammatory infiltrate and below a pigmented hair shaft surrounded by multinucleated giant cells &#40;HE x 200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Transversal sections showing perifollicular fibrosis and cuffs of infiltrate around the hair follicles &#40;HE x20&#41;&#46; D&#44; At higher magnification&#44; the infiltrate can been seen to be made up of lymphocytes and plasma cells &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main Composition of the Inflammatory Infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Entities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lymphocytic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus &#40;CCLE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lichen planopilaris &#40;LPP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pseudopelade of Brocq&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia &#40;CCCA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alopecia mucinosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans &#40;KFSD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neutrophilic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Folliculitis decalvans &#40;FD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dissecting cellulitis &#40;DC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acne keloidalis nuchae &#40;AKN&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acne necrotica varioliformis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erosive pustular dermatosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nonspecific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of Primary Cicatricial Alopecias &#40;PSA&#41; According to the North American Hair Research Society &#40;NAHRS&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of Alopecia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Key Histopathological Features&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus &#40;CCLE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vacuolar-type interface dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Folliculocentric lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dilated infundibula containing laminar keratin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Destruction of perifollicular elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IgG and C3 deposits at the interface between the dermis and the follicular epithelium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lichen planopilaris &#40;LPP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lichenoid-type interface dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Folliculocentric lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Concentric lamellar fibrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cradle cap scar with destruction of elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pseudopelade of Brocq &#40;PB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diagnosis by exclusion in absence of findings characteristic of other cicatricial alopecias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia &#40;CCCA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lamellar fibroplasia around follicular infundibula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fibrous tracts replacing pilosebaceous unit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thickened elastic fibers in the dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alopecia mucinosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mucin deposits in the outer root sheaf&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lakes of intrafollicular mucin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans &#40;KFSD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Compact hyperkeratosis in the infundibulum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixed neutrophilic&#47;lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primary Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Intrafollicular and perifollicular neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Perifollicular and interstitial fibrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Several hair shafts emerging from a follicular infundibulum &#40;tufted hair folliculitis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Foreign-body type granulomatous reaction to broken hair shafts&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key Histopathological Features of Primary Cicatricial Alopecias&#46;</p>"
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
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Review
Histologic Features of Alopecias: Part II: Scarring Alopecias
Histopatología de las alopecias. Parte II: alopecias cicatriciales
C. Bernárdez, A.M. Molina-Ruiz, L. Requena
Autor para correspondencia
lrequena@fjd.es

Corresponding author.
Servicio de Dermatología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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      "titulo" => "Etanercept in the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis"
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    "titulo" => "Histologic Features of Alopecias&#58; Part <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#58; Scarring Alopecias"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cicatricial alopecia in a plaque of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus&#46; A&#44; Few follicular units are observed in longitudinal sections &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Same case with transversal sections &#40;HE x20&#41; D&#44; Concentric fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our daily clinical practice&#44; dermatologists often encounter patients consulting for alopecia&#46; In many cases&#44; correct diagnosis of these conditions can be made from the presentation and course of hair loss&#46; However&#44; sometimes&#44; a biopsy is necessary to enable a definitive diagnosis to be established&#46; This article reviews in detail the main forms of cicatricial alopecias from a histopathological standpoint&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Cicatricial Alopecias</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cicatricial alopecias are a group of conditions in which the hair follicles are replaced by vertical fibrotic tracts or hyalinized collagen&#44; giving rise to permanent hair loss&#46; This process manifests clinically as the loss of follicular ostia and cutaneous atrophy&#46; There are many causes of secondary cicatricial alopecia&#44; such as infiltrative processes &#40;cutaneous metastasis&#44; sarcoidosis&#41;&#44; trauma &#40;burns&#44; radiation&#41;&#44; and infections&#46; However&#44; the term cicatricial alopecia is used mainly to refer to primary cicatricial alopecias &#40;PCAs&#41;&#44; a group of diseases in which the hair follicle is the main target of the inflammatory process while the interfollicular dermis is spared&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Classification of cicatricial alopecias is confusing and controversial given that the etiology&#44; in many cases&#44; is unknown and the clinico-pathological characteristics overlap&#44; vary over time&#44; and depend on racial and genetic factors&#46; In this article&#44; we will analyze the classification established in 2001 by the North American Hair Research Society &#40;NAHRS&#41;&#44; which classifies PCAs according to the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate into lymphocytic&#44; neutrophilic&#44; and mixed types &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PCAs have an initial active phase&#44; with more or less specific clinical characteristics&#46; Scarred areas progressively start to appear&#44; usually in the central area of the lesions&#46; In advanced phases of the disease&#44; differential diagnosis using clinical manifestations is therefore much more difficult if not impossible at times&#46; Biopsy samples will be useful for establishing or confirming the diagnosis&#46; For the sample to be representative&#44; it should be taken from areas in which follicular ostia can still be observed&#46; It is particularly useful to take a biopsy from the periphery of the lesions&#44; areas of positive hair pull test&#44; and areas of visible clinical activity&#46; In addition&#44; the diagnostic yield can be improved by taking the biopsy parallel to the follicle in order not to section it&#46; If a single biopsy is taken&#44; it is best to request transversal sectioning to enable multiple follicles to be observed at different levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> However&#44; such an approach does not allow observation of the epidermis&#44; dermis&#44; and pilosebaceous units as a whole&#44; something which can be of great use in this type of alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; faced with the suspicion of cicatricial alopecia&#44; the best approach is to take 2 samples&#44; one for transverse sectioning and the other for vertical sectioning&#46; Moreover&#44; staining for elastic fibers and direct immunofluorescence &#40;DIF&#41; can also be useful in the histopathological study of scarring alopecias&#46; The key histopathological findings of use in the diagnosis of cicatricial alopecia are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Primary Lymphocytic Cicatricial Alopecias</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Chronic Cutaneous&#47;Discoid Lupus Erythematosus</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a variant of lupus erythematosus may present involvement of the scalp&#46; Those with chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus &#40;CCLE&#41;&#44; especially those with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus are&#44; however&#44; the only ones who progress to a cicatricial alopecia&#46; In agreement with Sperling&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> we prefer the term CCLE to discoid lupus erythematosus and this will be the term that we use in our descriptions&#46; Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can present with CCLE lesions&#44; although most patients with CCLE do not have systemic disease&#46; Among the patients with cutaneous involvement only&#44; approximately 50&#37; will have scalp involvement and very few will develop systemic disease&#46; Clinically&#44; these patients present erythematous and desquamative plaques of alopecia on the scalp&#44; with epidermal atrophy&#46; Dilated follicular infundibula are present with horny plugs&#46; These plaques show a centrifugal growth&#44; and several plaques can coalesce to form areas of cicatricial alopecia with irregular borders&#46; The presence of a central hypopigmented area with peripheral hyperpigmentation is characteristic of advanced CCLE lesions in patients with medium-high phototype&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On histopathology&#44; active CCLE lesions on the scalp show a vacuolar-type interface dermatitis and a folliculocentric inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate&#46; This dermatitis tends to involve the interfollicular epidermis&#44; although this structure may sometimes be spared&#44; thereby complicating the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A common finding in CCLE&#44; although also observed in lichen planopilaris &#40;LPP&#41;&#44; is the presence of colloid bodies&#44; hyaline bodies&#44; or Civatte bodies&#44; as well as the presence of dyskeratosis in the follicular epithelium and the epidermis&#46; It is common to observe dilated infundibula with laminar keratin present inside&#46; Such a finding is common in PCAs in general&#44; and clinically&#44; this is manifest as the presence of horny plugs under physical examination&#46; The folliculotropic inflammatory infiltrate is characteristically distributed around the infundibulum and the isthmus&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> although it can also involve the entire follicle&#46; This inflammatory infiltrate&#44; which is predominantly lymphocytic although it often includes plasma cells&#44; also has a superficial and deep perivascular pattern with a striking perieccrine distribution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#8211;9</span></a> Moreover&#44; atrophy and destruction of the sebaceous glands are often observed from early stages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9</span></a> In the late stages&#44; CCLE lesions show striking lamellar fibrosis&#44; surrounding the upper follicle&#44; although these lesions can also be panfollicular&#44; and as the condition progresses&#44; the follicle may be completely destroyed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; As in other PCAs&#44; foreign-body granulomas can be observed around free hair shafts lacking epithelial lining in the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition&#44; interstitial mucin is often observed in the reticular dermis&#44; and on occasions&#44; the formation of germinal center lymphoid follicles is noted in the hypodermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Staining for elastic fibers can help in the differential diagnosis of CCLE with other PCAs&#46; Advanced CCLE lesions show destruction of perifollicular elastic fibers&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> whereas in the late LPP lesions&#44; there is a cradle cap scar in the superficial dermis&#44; with destruction of elastic fibers only in this area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In the pseudopelade of Brocq &#40;PB&#41;&#44; elastic fibers are not only destroyed but also appear notably thickened&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DIF is also useful in the differential diagnosis of CCLE with other PCAs&#46; A biopsy sample should ideally be taken from a lesion with onset at least 2 to 3 months earlier that has not been treated for at least 3 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> On performing DIF in lesions with CCLE&#44; IgG and C3 or IgM deposits are observed in a granular pattern or in a homogeneous band at the dermal-epidermal junction and the interface between the dermis and follicular the epithelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;13</span></a> IgA is present less frequently&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;13</span></a> In one study&#44; a higher percentage of CCLE lesions in the scalp were positive in DIF when compared with biopsies taken from other anatomical regions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Therefore&#44; it is recommended to take a fresh biopsy for DIF whenever it is suspected that CCLE is among the conditions to be considered in a differential diagnosis for PCA&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; differential diagnosis of LPP and CCLE can be a challenge in some cases&#44; especially when CCLE does not affect the surrounding epidermis&#46; In these cases&#44; the presence of inflammatory infiltrate with plasma cells and deep and perieccrine perivascular involvement&#44; as well as the presence of dermal mucin and colloid bodies at the dermal-epidermal junction provide further support for diagnosis of CCLE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Moreover&#44; the presence of a periodic acid schiff-positive thickened basement membrane is a classic finding and often seen in chronic CCLE lesions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;13</span></a> and may even be present in very advanced lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Such observations can be of great help in the differential diagnosis of these 2 processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Lichen Planopilaris</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LPP is the name used to define lichen planus when there is involvement of the hair follicles&#46; It is divided into 3 types according to the clinical presentation&#58; classic LPP&#44; frontal fibrosing alopecia &#40;FFA&#41;&#44; and Graham Little syndrome&#46; From the histopathological point of view&#44; these 3 processes are almost indistinguishable&#44; even in their active phases&#44; and so they are described together&#46; The clinical presentation of classic LPP on the scalp is very similar to that of CCLE&#46; Large plaques with keratotic follicular papules and spiny follicular hyperkeratosis are present&#44; in contrast to CCLE&#44; in which the greatest activity is observed in the peripheral area&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;15</span></a> characteristically sparing follicles within the plaque of alopecia&#46; The classic polygonal lesions in lichen planus are not observed in the scalp but they may be present in other body areas&#44; and in that case&#44; they may be of assistance in the diagnosis&#46; Likewise&#44; the typical mucosal or nail lesions in lichen planus may also support the diagnosis&#46; The coexistence of LPP and vulvar lichen planus has been reported&#44; for example&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> FFA is considered a variant of LPP with a specific pattern&#44; which gives rise to regression of the frontotemporal hairline and loss of eyebrows as the clinical manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;21</span></a> Finally&#44; Graham Little syndrome is the term used for the triad of cicatricial alopecia of the scalp&#44; keratotic follicular papules on the trunk and limbs&#44; and reversible loss of pubic and&#47;or axillary hair&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathologically&#44; a lymphocytic interface dermatitis&#44; usually of the lichenoid type&#44; is observed in active lesions of LPP&#46; This lesion spares the epidermis and interfollicular dermis and usually has perifollicular involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; As in the clinical manifestations&#44; not all hair follicles are found to be affected in the biopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;21</span></a> The lichenoid infiltrate predominantly affects the permanent part of the follicle &#40;infundibulum and isthmus&#41;&#44; and may obscure the interface between the adventitial dermis and follicular epithelium&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;13&#44;22&#8211;24</span></a> giving rise to an image in which the infiltrate and periinfundibular fibroplasia are strangling the infundibulum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Above the infiltrate&#44; the infundibulum appears dilated&#44; and takes on a funnel-like appearace&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> with hypergranulosis and layers of keratin&#44; basophils&#44; and orthokeratosis inside&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;33</span></a> These correlate with the clinical findings of spiny hyperkeratosis&#46; The presence of several colloid bodies&#44; made up of dyskeratotic keratinocytes&#44; which are positive for cytokeratin stains&#44; is noteworthy along the entire dermo-epidermal junction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;24</span></a> As is the case with CCLE&#44; sebaceous glands are atrophic or completely destroyed from the initial phases of the process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8&#44;23</span></a> The deep vascular plexus&#44; as well as other adnexal structures are not affected&#44; and mucin deposits in the dermis are not a typical finding in LPP&#46; At times&#44; typical findings of lichen planus are observed in the biopsy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> and these can be of great help in assisting the histopathologic diagnosis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the condition progresses&#44; concentric lamellar fibrosis is observed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> along with destruction of the hair follicles to be replaced by thick longitudinal fibrous tracts and the appearance of foreign-body granulomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Fibrosis has a limited presence in the adjacent tissue&#44; but is more prominent in the papillary dermis and associated with epidermal atrophy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Staining for elastic fibers will show a cradle cap scar centered on the follicle&#46; The histopathologic changes in FFA and Graham Little syndrome cannot be differentiated from classic LPP&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> although the follicular triad has been reported&#46; This consists of simultaneous involvement of different types of follicles &#40;terminal&#44; intermediate&#44; and vellus&#41; at different stages of the follicular cycle &#40;anagen&#44; catagen&#44; and telogen&#41; as a key histopathologic finding in the diagnosis of the initial phases of FFA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most difficult histopathologic differential diagnosis of LPP is with CCLE&#46; The clinical-pathological correlation is particularly important in this respect&#46; In particularly difficult cases&#44; DIF may be of some use&#46; In LPP&#44; the abundant Civatte bodies are positive for IgM and less frequently for IgA&#44; IgG&#44; and C3&#44; and they predominate in the follicular epithelium of the infundibulum and the isthmus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;26&#44;27</span></a> This finding&#44; although a characteristic highly suggestive of LPP&#44; is not pathognomonic&#44; as it can also be observed in CCLE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> However&#44; it seems that the two processes can be differentiated according to the composition of these Civatte bodies&#44; which are formed of necrotic keratinocytes &#40;expressing cytokeratins&#41; in LPP and by aggregates of the basement membrane &#40;positive for collagen IV&#41; in CCLE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Pseudopelade of Brocq</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is much debate as to whether PB is a nosological entity or just the noninflammatory end stage of other PCAs&#46; The term has been widely used in the dermatology literature ever since the first description by Brocq in 1885&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Several studies have attempted to clarify whether PB is a separate entity or not&#46; Some authors clinically diagnose this entity in all patients who do not meet the criteria for LPP or CCLE&#44; and they report that between 33&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> and 69&#37; &#40;this latter percentage for early and active lesions&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> may be diagnosed histopathologically as CCLE or LPP&#46; In the most recent classification of the NAHRS in 2001&#44; PB was described as a specific entity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Sellheyer and Bergfeld<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> also considered PB as a separate entity&#44; pointing out that there is a clear clinical and histopathologic absence of keratin plugs&#44; and that the lesion retains the dermal network of elastic fibers&#46; None of these findings are observed in LPP or CCLE&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; the condition presents as small flesh-colored patches of alopecia without hyperkeratosis or signs of inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The plaques show a certain degree of atrophy&#44; giving rise to the classic description of footprints in the snow&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> The vertex and parietal regions are more frequently affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an histopathologic point of view&#44; PB is characterized by the absence of interface dermatitis&#44; unlike LPP or CCLE&#44; but distinctive histopathologic features of PB have not been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Early lesions present scant or moderate perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate&#44; which predominates in the periinfundibular region&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Sebaceous glands are destroyed early in the process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> As the condition progresses&#44; lamellar fibroplasia appears around the follicular infundibula&#44; leading to complete destruction of the pilosebaceous unit&#44; with the appearance of fibrous tracts in its place &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The arrector pili muscle remains intact and foreign body granulomas can be observed around the hair shafts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In PB&#44; staining for elastic fibers shows these structures to be notably thickened both in the adventitial and reticular dermis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> an observation that assists in the differential diagnosis with other PCAs in advanced phases&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia &#40;CCCA&#41; is a term coined by the NAHRS consensus group&#46; It is defined as hair loss starting at the vertex region&#44; and extending in a centrifugal pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is a descriptive term that is used to group entities such as the follicular degeneration syndrome&#44; pseudopelade in African-Americans&#44; and central elliptical pseudopelade in Caucasians&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> There is substantial overlap in histopathological terms with PB&#44; but the clinical presentation is different so clinico-pathologic correlation is essential for diagnosis of the 2 entities&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its pathogenesis is unknown&#46; Sperling et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a> postulated that the process is the result of early degeneration of the inner root sheath leading to damage to the outer root sheaf by the hair shaft&#44; triggering a chain of histopathological events that culminate in the scarring process&#46; These authors considered that the finding of this premature degeneration of the inner root sheath&#44; in absence of signs of inflammation&#44; was very suggestive of follicular degeneration syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> However&#44; Gibbons and Ackerman&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Headington&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and Sulllivan and Kossard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> do not consider CCCA to be an independent nosological entity and suggest that the histopathological changes present are nonspecific and similar to other PCAs&#46; In fact&#44; Ackerman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> considered that CCCA is really the end stage of a traction alopecia&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathological characteristics of CCCA have not been extensively described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;35</span></a> In general&#44; the findings reported are similar to the those of PB&#46; A perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate is observed around the upper part of the follicle&#44; and sometimes in the perivascular region&#46; Some authors have reported an asymmetric narrowing of the follicular wall&#44; which is best observed in transversal sections&#44; and this significantly displaces the hair shaft to an excentric location&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> As the lesions progress&#44; lamellar fibroplasia is observed&#44; as well as destruction of the pilosebaceous units&#44; giving rise to the development of cicatricial tissue in place of preexisting follicles&#46; Staining for elastic fibers shows a similar pattern to PB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Alopecia Mucinosa</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alopecia mucinosa is an inflammatory process of the pilosebaceous unit that can be related to both permanent and reversible alopecia&#46; The name refers to the main histopathological finding&#44; the presence of intrafollicular mucin&#46; This finding is considered a nonspecific reactive histopathological pattern&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a> and the denomination of follicular mucinosis appears to be appropriate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#8211;42</span></a> Traditionally&#44; alopecia mucinosa is classified in 2 types&#44; a primary idiopathic form and another secondary to lymphomas&#46; Given the large degree of overlap between the 2 entities&#44; and given that cases of primary alopecia mucinosa that progress to lymphoma have been reported&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#8211;44</span></a> the distinction might be artificial&#46; Indeed&#44; primary and secondary alopecia mucinosa could represent different aspects of a single disease spectrum&#46; Primary alopecia mucinosa would thus be considered as a premalignant condition&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> or as an indolent form of mycosis fungoides &#40;MF&#41; with good prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Clinically&#44; both forms are characterized by presenting as grouped follicular papules&#44; erythematous patches&#44; and&#47;or fluctuating plaques that more often affect the head and neck&#44; but trunk and limb involvement has also been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the histopathological point of view&#44; the earliest abnormality observed is mucin deposition between keratinocytes of the outer root sheath &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Intense deposition may give rise to the formation of mucin lakes that affect the entire follicle as well as the sebaceous gland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;46</span></a> A perifollicular and intrafollicular lymphocytic infiltrate is observed&#44; with lymphocytes of both normal and atypical appearance&#46; Lymphocyte exocytosis can be observed in the follicular epithelium in the primary form&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Involvement of the dermis is variable&#44; with a lymphocytic infiltrate with a superficial and profound perivascular pattern&#44; as well as a diffuse pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> As in the clinical presentation&#44; there are no reliable and reproducible histopathological characteristics to differentiate between primary alopecia mucinosa and the secondary lymphoma-associated form&#46; Moreover&#44; cellular atypia and monoclonal rearrangement of T cell receptor genes can be found in both forms&#44; and so such observations are not useful for differential diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> In late stages&#44; destruction of the pilosebaceous unit occurs&#44; and residual tracts of mucin persist cuffed by inflammatory cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> Unlike most PCAs&#44; concentric lamellar fibrosis is not observed in alopecia mucinosa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Routinely&#44; staining for mucin is required&#46; However&#44; when we observe prominent spongiosis in the follicular epithelium&#44; it is important to carry out differential diagnosis with atopic dermatitis&#59; thus&#44; the use of stains may be useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Eosinophilic folliculitis can also present with follicular mucinosis&#44; but other additional histopathological characteristics are present to aid in differential diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans &#40;KFSD&#41;&#44; also known as keratosis pilaris decalvans or ichthyosis follicularis&#44; is one of 3 entities that are included under the term keratosis pilaris atrophicans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a> The other 2 entities predominantly affect the face&#59; these are keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei and atrophoderma vermiculata&#46; KFSD is considered an inherited X-linked genodermatosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; it presents with areas of alopecia that show hyperkeratotic follicular papules and pustules&#46; Onset often occurs during adolescence&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a> and involvement is predominantly of the scalp&#44; although the eyebrows and eyelashes can also be affected&#46; In the scalp&#44; areas already affected by alopecia can have residual keratin plugs&#44; surrounded by perifollicular erythema&#44; as well as more striking punctate atrophy on the face&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Keratosis pilaris on the trunk and limbs&#44; corneal dystrophy&#44; and photophobia may also be associated with plaques of alopecia&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KFSD is classified by the NAHRS as a lymphocytic alopecia&#46; However&#44; although this is true in advanced disease or end stages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> the initial lesions also show a neutrophilic infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> The initial defect seems to be abnormal keratinization that gives rise to hypergranulosis and compact hyperkeratosis in the upper part of the infundibulum&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> which correlate clinically with follicular plugs&#46; In the next phase of acute inflammation&#44; spongiosis appears along with a neutrophilic infiltrate in the infundibulum and adjacent epidermis&#46; The course includes the appearance of a lymphocytic infiltrate associated with perifollicular fibrosis&#44; predominantly in the upper part of the follicle&#46; In the end stages&#44; fibrosis is observed with the presence of foreign-body granulomas surrounding the hair shafts&#44; as well as destruction of the hair follicle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Primary Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The category of primary neutrophilic cicatricial alopecias covers folliculitis in which the initial neutrophilic infiltrate is of importance in pathogenesis&#46; In these cases&#44; bacterial superinfection of the follicle and the consequent neutrophilic inflammatory response will be the basis for the clinical and histopathological findings&#46; With the subsequent progression of the condition and the appearance of fibrosis&#44; the infiltrate becomes a mixed&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past&#44; substantial clinical differences have been reported among the processes included within this group of alopecias&#46; However&#44; the histopathological findings are very similar&#44; thus questioning if these are really distinct processes or just different stage within the same spectrum of lesions&#46; With this possibility in mind&#44; we will now review each entity separately to maintain the traditional nomenclature&#46;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Folliculitis Decalvans</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Folliculitis decalvans &#40;FD&#41; is a chronic and progressive pathological process characterized by destructive suppurative folliculitis&#46; Clinically&#44; it presents as plaques of alopecia with follicular pustules at the margins&#44; where the lesion is active&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;13&#44;51</span></a> The plaques predominate in the scalp&#44; but they can also appear in other regions of the body with terminal follicles&#46; On resolution&#44; they leave a central scar&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathologically&#44; when a biopsy is taken from the active border&#44; it is possible to observe an acneiform dilatation of the follicular infundibulum&#44; associated with an intrafollicular and perifollicular neutrophilic inflamatory infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;51</span></a> With progression&#44; the infiltrate will affect the entire follicle and will be made up mainly of lymphocytes and histiocytes&#44; with plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells present&#46; In addition&#44; perifollicular and interstitial fibrosis is observed&#44; with dermal involvement that is not directly perifollicular&#46; Sullivan and Kossard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> consider that the presence of plasma cells may be a key for the diagnosis of FD in its advanced states &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; The final stages are characterized by the presence of fibrous tracts that replace the hair follicles&#46; In addition&#44; foreign-body granulomas can be observed around the hair shafts in direct contact with the dermis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At times&#44; special staining may be necessary to rule out a microbial etiology&#46; The main histopathological differential diagnosis is with dissecting cellulitis&#47;folliculitis&#44; which presents with absence of fistulous tracts and the interstitial infiltrate is only observed in advanced states&#46; To help differentiate FD from acne keloidalis&#44; the presence of fibrosis with hypertrophic scarring is only observed in the latter entity&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tufted hair folliculitis &#40;THF&#41; is a suppurative folliculitis in which multiple hair shafts emerge from a single follicular infundibulum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;52</span></a> Often&#44; cultures are positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> and the condition can coexist with FD&#46; Some authors think that FP is pathognomonic of FD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> although the general consensus is that this is a nonspecific form of cicatricial alopecia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52&#44;53</span></a> as it can be found in many primary and secondary cicatricial diseases&#46; Histopathologically&#44; a dilated infundibulum is observed with several hair shafts inside that emerge at the surface through a common follicular ostium&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Dissecting Cellulitis&#47;Folliculitis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DC&#44; initially known as perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens&#44; is a suppurative folliculitis&#44; and so cellulitis is not an appropriate terminology&#46; It is an entity considered within the tetrad of follicular occlusion&#44; along with acne conglobata&#44; hidradenitis suppurativa&#44; and pilonidal cysts&#46; These entities are characterized by abnormal follicular keratinization that gives rise to obstruction of the hair follicle&#44; with secondary bacterial infection and subsequent destruction of the hair follicle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> Clinically&#44; DC presents as deep inflammatory nodules that from the outset can cause alopecia in the overlying scalp&#46; As the disease progresses&#44; fluctuant plaques appear connected to one another by fistulous tracts&#44; which can express purulent exudate through several ostia at the same time&#46; The deep involvement can cause a cerebriform appearance of the scalp&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the initial lesions&#44; dilatation of the infundibula is observed&#44; and these can appear obstructed by horny plugs&#46; Numerous neutrophils are present within the infundibula&#44; leading to perforation of the follicular epithelium&#44; with the subsequent formation of dermal and subcutaneous abscesses&#44; which appear connected to one another by fistulous tracts coated with stratified squamous epithelium&#46; This epithelium is derived from the outer root sheath of the proliferating follicle&#44; and constitutes the main histopathological finding in this entity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;13&#44;51</span></a> In the most advanced stages&#44; the infiltrate is of a mixed type&#44; with the presence of lymphocytes&#44; plasma cells&#44; and foreign-body type giant cells&#46; In this stage&#44; extensive fibrosis is also present&#44; surrounding the abscesses and fistulous tracts&#44; with destruction of the hair follicles and subsequent cicatricial alopecia&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of fistulous tracts enables differential diagnosis of this entity to be established with other types of suppurative folliculitis of the scalp&#46; However&#44; the differential diagnosis with hidradenitis suppurativa is not possible based on histopathological findings&#46; The different sites of the lesions in both entities can help us to make a definitive diagnosis&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Primary Mixed Cicatricial Alopecias</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Acne Keloidalis Nuchae</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term acne keloidalis nuchae &#40;AKN&#41; is a misnomer as it refers to an entity that is not related to acne vulgaris and is not characterized by keloid lesions but rather hypertrophic lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> Clinically&#44; this condition is characterized by the presence of millimetric follicular papules&#44; which are firm to touch&#44; can be scabby&#44; umbilicated&#44; or pustular&#44; with hair within them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;56</span></a> The papules-pustules can give rise to plaques with a keloidal appearance and nodules that can present purulent secretion&#46; This condition predominantly affects black individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an histopathologic point of view&#44; inflammatory folliculitis is observed in which the inflammatory infiltrate is situated in the lower part of the isthmus&#46; This infiltrate is granulomatous and is associated with a neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate&#44; occasionally with plasma cells in the upper and mid part&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> Sebaceous glands are destroyed in the early stages of this process&#44; with an abundant inflammatory infiltrate in the surrounding area when incipient lesions are biopsied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> It has been postulated that inflammatory involvement of the infundibulum&#44; which damages its epithelium&#44; triggers an attempt to repair the damage in the form of lamellar fibroplasia&#46; However&#44; this process is not usually effective&#44; and the damaged follicle finally releases its hair shaft to the surrounding dermis leading to an acute and chronic granulomatous reaction&#44; responsible for the clinical manifestation of papules with a firm consistency&#46; The damaged hair shafts cannot be eliminated because of the involvement of the upper part of the follicle&#44; thereby increasing the inflammatory and granulomatous reaction&#44; with a continuous reparative process triggering that finally leads to hypertrophic scarring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span></a> Keloid-type streamers of collagen may infrequently be observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#8211;57</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Acne Necrotica Varioliformis</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acne necrotica varioliformis is a rare dermatosis that presents as a necrotizing disorder of the hair follicle and gives rise to the appearance of varioliform scars&#46; Clinically&#44; it is characterized by repeated outbreaks of follicular papules-pustules with central necrosis in adult patients&#46; These lesions leave a depressed scar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> The lesions are observed mainly in the frontal hairline&#44; but also in other seborrheic regions of the face&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58&#44;59</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; the initial lesions present spongiosis and lymphocytic exocytosis in the follicular epithelium associated with dyskeratosis&#44; with an abundant perifollicular and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> As the lesions progress&#44; necrotic keratinocytes coalesce to produce overall necrosis of the adjacent follicular epithelium&#44; epidermis&#44; and adventitial dermis&#46; Residual fragments of hair shafts are often seen in this area of necrosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Erosive Pustular Dermatosis</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp is an idiopathic pustulosis without a microbial cause&#46; It has a chronic course with multiple relapses and is characterized by the presence of pustular lesions on the scalp&#44; along with erosions and scabs that progress to scarring alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> The histopathological findings are nonspecific&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> with epidermal abnormalities such as erosions&#44; atrophy&#44; acanthosis&#44; parakeratosis&#44; and subcorneal pustules&#46; A nonfolliculocentric infiltrate is usually present in the dermis&#46; This infiltrate is of mixed nature and is associated with foreign-body type giant cells&#46; In longstanding lesions&#44; the number of follicles is usually decreased&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Cicatricial Alopecias"
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        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Primary Lymphocytic Cicatricial Alopecias"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Chronic Cutaneous&#47;Discoid Lupus Erythematosus"
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              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Lichen Planopilaris"
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              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Pseudopelade of Brocq"
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              "titulo" => "Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia"
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              "titulo" => "Alopecia Mucinosa"
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              "titulo" => "Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans"
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          "titulo" => "Primary Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias"
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              "titulo" => "Dissecting Cellulitis&#47;Folliculitis"
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          ]
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Primary Mixed Cicatricial Alopecias"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Acne Keloidalis Nuchae"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Acne Necrotica Varioliformis"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Erosive Pustular Dermatosis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-04-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-06-14"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec515964"
          "palabras" => array:14 [
            0 => "Dermatopathology"
            1 => "Alopecia"
            2 => "Review"
            3 => "Scarring alopecia"
            4 => "Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus"
            5 => "Follicular lichen planus"
            6 => "Brocq pseudopelade"
            7 => "Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia"
            8 => "Alopecia mucinosa"
            9 => "Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans"
            10 => "Folliculitis decalvans"
            11 => "Dissecting cellulitis&#47;folliculitis"
            12 => "Acne keloidalis nuchae"
            13 => "Necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec515965"
          "palabras" => array:14 [
            0 => "Dermatopatolog&#237;a"
            1 => "Alopecia"
            2 => "Revisi&#243;n"
            3 => "Alopecias cicatriciales"
            4 => "Lupus eritematoso cut&#225;neo cr&#243;nico"
            5 => "Liquen plano folicular"
            6 => "Pseudopelada de Brocq"
            7 => "Alopecia cicatricial centr&#237;fuga central"
            8 => "Alopecia mucinosa"
            9 => "Queratosis folicular espinulosa decalvante"
            10 => "Foliculitis decalvante"
            11 => "Celulitis&#47;foliculitis disecante"
            12 => "Acn&#233; queloideo de la nuca"
            13 => "Acn&#233; necr&#243;tico varioliforme"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of disorders of the hair and scalp can generally be made on clinical grounds&#44; but clinical signs are not always diagnostic and in some cases more invasive techniques&#44; such as a biopsy&#44; may be necessary&#46; This 2-part article is a detailed review of the histologic features of the main types of alopecia based on the traditional classification of these disorders into 2 major groups&#58; scarring and nonscarring alopecias&#46; Scarring alopecias are disorders in which the hair follicle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue&#44; a process that leads to permanent hair loss&#46; In nonscarring alopecias&#44; the follicles are preserved and hair growth can resume when the cause of the problem is eliminated&#46; In the second part of this review&#44; we describe the histologic features of the main forms of scarring alopecia&#46; Since a close clinical-pathological correlation is essential for making a correct histopathologic diagnosis of alopecia&#44; we also include a brief description of the clinical features of the principal forms of this disorder&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico de las enfermedades del cabello y del cuero cabelludo se basa&#44; en la mayor&#237;a de las ocasiones&#44; en el reconocimiento de signos cl&#237;nicos&#59; sin embargo&#44; dichos signos no siempre son caracter&#237;sticos y&#44; en ocasiones&#44; tenemos que recurrir a t&#233;cnicas m&#225;s invasivas como la realizaci&#243;n de una biopsia&#46; En este art&#237;culo se revisan de forma detallada las principales formas de alopecia desde un punto de vista histopatol&#243;gico&#44; y para ello se utiliza la clasificaci&#243;n tradicional de las alopecias que las divide en 2 grandes grupos&#58; las alopecias cicatriciales y las no cicatriciales&#46; Las alopecias cicatriciales son aquellas en las cuales el fol&#237;culo piloso es sustituido por tejido fibroso cicatricial&#44; causando una p&#233;rdida permanente del cabello&#46; En las alopecias no cicatriciales el fol&#237;culo permanece intacto y puede retomar su actividad cuando cesa el est&#237;mulo desencadenante&#46; La segunda parte de este art&#237;culo revisa las principales formas de alopecia cicatricial desde un punto de vista histopatol&#243;gico&#46; Dado que una buena correlaci&#243;n clinicopatol&#243;gica es fundamental para realizar el correcto diagn&#243;stico histopatol&#243;gico de las alopecias&#44; en este art&#237;culo se incluye tambi&#233;n una breve descripci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de las principales formas de alopecia&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Bern&#225;rdez C&#44; Molina-Ruiz AM&#44; Requena L&#46; Histopatolog&#237;a de las alopecias&#46; Parte II&#58; alopecias cicatriciales&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;260&#8211;270&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:7 [
      0 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cicatricial alopecia in a plaque of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus&#46; A&#44; Few follicular units are observed in longitudinal sections &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Same case with transversal sections &#40;HE x20&#41; D&#44; Concentric fibrosis around follicular remnants &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lichen planopilaris&#46; A&#44; Perifollicular infiltrate is observed in longitudinal sections &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; At higher magnification&#44; lymphocytes are observed scattered in the follicular epithelium &#40;HE X200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Same case studied with transversal sections &#40;HE x20&#41;&#46; D&#44; At higher magnification&#44; perifollicular concentric fibrosis and peripheral lymphocytic infiltrate are observed &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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            "Ancho" => 1400
            "Tamanyo" => 489515
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Longstanding pseudopelade of Brocq&#46; A&#44; Low-magnification view showing columns of fibrosis replacing the follicles &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Detail of the previous image showing vertical fibrosis mixed with actinic elastosis &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Transversal section of the same case&#44; showing several follicular units &#40;HE&#44; X20&#41;&#46; D&#44; At higher magnification&#44; concentric fibrosis around follicular remnants can be observed &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
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            "Ancho" => 1400
            "Tamanyo" => 516085
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alopecia mucinosa&#46; A&#44; Low-magnification view &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; At higher magnification&#44; lakes of mucin can be observed within the hair follicles &#40;HE x20&#41;&#46; C&#44; Still higher magnification view showing mucin among the keratinocytes of the follicular epithelium and a large lake of mucin &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46; D&#44; Detail of the granular basophilic material within the follicular epithelium &#40;HE x 400&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "Tamanyo" => 490965
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Folliculitis decalvans&#46; A&#44; Low magnification view showing several broken hair follicles with perifollicular fibrosis &#40;hematoxylin and eosin &#91;HE&#93; x10&#41;&#46; B&#44; Detail of the previous image showing an infundibular cyst surrounded by inflammatory infiltrate and below a pigmented hair shaft surrounded by multinucleated giant cells &#40;HE x 200&#41;&#46; C&#44; Transversal sections showing perifollicular fibrosis and cuffs of infiltrate around the hair follicles &#40;HE x20&#41;&#46; D&#44; At higher magnification&#44; the infiltrate can been seen to be made up of lymphocytes and plasma cells &#40;HE x200&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main Composition of the Inflammatory Infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Entities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lymphocytic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus &#40;CCLE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lichen planopilaris &#40;LPP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pseudopelade of Brocq&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia &#40;CCCA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alopecia mucinosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans &#40;KFSD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neutrophilic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Folliculitis decalvans &#40;FD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dissecting cellulitis &#40;DC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acne keloidalis nuchae &#40;AKN&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acne necrotica varioliformis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Erosive pustular dermatosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nonspecific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab785814.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of Primary Cicatricial Alopecias &#40;PSA&#41; According to the North American Hair Research Society &#40;NAHRS&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of Alopecia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Key Histopathological Features&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus &#40;CCLE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vacuolar-type interface dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Folliculocentric lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dilated infundibula containing laminar keratin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Destruction of perifollicular elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IgG and C3 deposits at the interface between the dermis and the follicular epithelium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lichen planopilaris &#40;LPP&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lichenoid-type interface dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Folliculocentric lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Concentric lamellar fibrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cradle cap scar with destruction of elastic fibers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pseudopelade of Brocq &#40;PB&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diagnosis by exclusion in absence of findings characteristic of other cicatricial alopecias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia &#40;CCCA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lamellar fibroplasia around follicular infundibula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fibrous tracts replacing pilosebaceous unit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thickened elastic fibers in the dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alopecia mucinosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mucin deposits in the outer root sheaf&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lakes of intrafollicular mucin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans &#40;KFSD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Compact hyperkeratosis in the infundibulum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mixed neutrophilic&#47;lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primary Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Intrafollicular and perifollicular neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Perifollicular and interstitial fibrosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Several hair shafts emerging from a follicular infundibulum &#40;tufted hair folliculitis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Foreign-body type granulomatous reaction to broken hair shafts&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Key Histopathological Features of Primary Cicatricial Alopecias&#46;</p>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
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