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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile paraffinoma is a skin reaction that develops after the injection of paraffin or mineral oil into the penis in order to increase its size&#46; The condition is relatively common in some eastern European and Asian countries and we believe immigration will cause its frequency in Spain to rise&#46; The procedure is usually performed by nonmedically qualified persons and under poor hygienic conditions&#46; The skin reaction to the exogenous material typically develops months or years after the injection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 27-year-old man from Romania who consulted for ulcerated lesions on the penis&#46; Although the patient initially omitted the fact&#44; he later stated that for the previous 4 years until 2 months prior to consultation he had undergone repeated injections of a viscous material into the shaft of the penis in order to increase its size&#46; He also stated that progressively enlarging ulcerated lesions had appeared on the penis and that they had worsened in appearance over the previous months&#46; He had therefore applied the contents of oral antibiotic capsules to the area&#44; but with no improvement&#46; On physical examination there was a marked deformity of the shaft of the penis&#44; which was indurated on palpation&#44; and there were 2 ulcerated lesions with maximum diameters of 3 and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; respectively&#44; located on the lateral surfaces of the penis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Fistulous tracts were present on the ventral surface&#44; with no visible secretion&#46; The glans was not affected&#46; Histopathology of the larger lesion showed an epithelial ulcer with dermal fibrosis and empty vacuoles&#44; consistent with paraffinoma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; Staining with periodic acid-Schiff&#44; silver methenamine&#44; and Ziehl-Neelsen was negative&#46; Blood tests were normal and a swab from the ulcers isolated a large number of different colonies&#44; with no predominant microorganism&#46; Culture for fungi was negative&#46; Serology was negative for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus and positive for hepatitis B&#44; herpes simplex virus type 1&#44; herpes simplex virus type 2&#44; and syphilis &#40;VDRL titer 1&#58;2&#59; TPHA&#44; 1&#58;10 240&#41;&#46; The patient was diagnosed with penile paraffinoma&#44; and topical therapy was applied with potassium permanganate poultices&#46; The lesions showed some improvement&#44; and the necrotic areas healed&#46; However&#44; after offering the patient surgical reconstruction&#44; he stopped coming to the visits&#44; and we were therefore unable to repeat the serology and we considered the syphilis cured&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile paraffinoma is also known as sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis&#46; The most common etiology of this condition is the injection of highly viscous materials&#44; such as mineral oils&#44; petrolatum&#44; or paraffin&#44; and this is still being performed in eastern Europe&#44; Asia&#44; and Russia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The practice was first performed&#44; however&#44; in 1899 by an Austrian surgeon called Robert Gersuny&#44; who injected mineral oils into a child after orchiectomy for genital tuberculosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The motivation for patients to undergo this intervention include a desire to increase the size of the penis&#44; to treat erectile dysfunction&#44; and to satisfy their sexual partners&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of affected patients is around 28 years&#44; and symptoms typically develop a year after implantation of the material&#46; Clinical manifestations usually consist of deformity&#44; impotence&#44; erythema&#44; and edema leading to paraphimosis and pain&#46; The main complications are infection&#44; ulceration&#44; necrosis&#44; and the formation of fistulas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There have also been reports of migration of the material&#44; with invasion of the corpora cavernosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and regional lymphadenitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As stated above&#44; histology shows multiple pseudocystic spaces associated with signs of a foreign body reaction&#46; This response is almost always present&#44; as the human body has no enzymes that metabolize mineral oils&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis should include infectious diseases&#44; both sexually transmitted and others&#44; and it is usually therefore necessary to biopsy the lesion and take samples for culture and serology&#46; Diseases such as lupus vulgaris and atypical mycobacterial infection secondary to the injection of sterile material must be excluded&#46; Squamous cell carcinoma must be considered in the case of ulcerated lesions with hard serpiginous borders&#46; A history of injection of paraffin into the penis is the key to clinical diagnosis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First-line treatment consists of early complete surgical excision of the foreign body and of the associated reaction&#44; with closure by first intention when possible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Antiseptics and antibiotics will only treat secondary infections of the lesions&#46; Cases with a good response to systemic corticosteroid therapy have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile paraffinoma is a condition with an increasing incidence in Spain due to the rise in the number of patients from eastern European and Asian countries&#46; As patients usually deny having had these injections&#44; dermatologists and urologists must suspect this diagnosis when examining genital ulcers that do not correlate with other diseases&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p></span>"
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Case and Research Letters
Penile Paraffinoma
Parafinoma de pene
S. Gómez-Armayonesa,
Autor para correspondencia
sara.gomez.armayones@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, R.M. Penínb, J. Marcovala
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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he later stated that for the previous 4 years until 2 months prior to consultation he had undergone repeated injections of a viscous material into the shaft of the penis in order to increase its size&#46; He also stated that progressively enlarging ulcerated lesions had appeared on the penis and that they had worsened in appearance over the previous months&#46; He had therefore applied the contents of oral antibiotic capsules to the area&#44; but with no improvement&#46; On physical examination there was a marked deformity of the shaft of the penis&#44; which was indurated on palpation&#44; and there were 2 ulcerated lesions with maximum diameters of 3 and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; respectively&#44; located on the lateral surfaces of the penis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Fistulous tracts were present on the ventral surface&#44; with no visible secretion&#46; The glans was not affected&#46; Histopathology of the larger lesion showed an epithelial ulcer with dermal fibrosis and empty vacuoles&#44; consistent with paraffinoma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; Staining with periodic acid-Schiff&#44; silver methenamine&#44; and Ziehl-Neelsen was negative&#46; Blood tests were normal and a swab from the ulcers isolated a large number of different colonies&#44; with no predominant microorganism&#46; Culture for fungi was negative&#46; Serology was negative for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus and positive for hepatitis B&#44; herpes simplex virus type 1&#44; herpes simplex virus type 2&#44; and syphilis &#40;VDRL titer 1&#58;2&#59; TPHA&#44; 1&#58;10 240&#41;&#46; The patient was diagnosed with penile paraffinoma&#44; and topical therapy was applied with potassium permanganate poultices&#46; The lesions showed some improvement&#44; and the necrotic areas healed&#46; However&#44; after offering the patient surgical reconstruction&#44; he stopped coming to the visits&#44; and we were therefore unable to repeat the serology and we considered the syphilis cured&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile paraffinoma is also known as sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis&#46; The most common etiology of this condition is the injection of highly viscous materials&#44; such as mineral oils&#44; petrolatum&#44; or paraffin&#44; and this is still being performed in eastern Europe&#44; Asia&#44; and Russia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The practice was first performed&#44; however&#44; in 1899 by an Austrian surgeon called Robert Gersuny&#44; who injected mineral oils into a child after orchiectomy for genital tuberculosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The motivation for patients to undergo this intervention include a desire to increase the size of the penis&#44; to treat erectile dysfunction&#44; and to satisfy their sexual partners&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of affected patients is around 28 years&#44; and symptoms typically develop a year after implantation of the material&#46; Clinical manifestations usually consist of deformity&#44; impotence&#44; erythema&#44; and edema leading to paraphimosis and pain&#46; The main complications are infection&#44; ulceration&#44; necrosis&#44; and the formation of fistulas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There have also been reports of migration of the material&#44; with invasion of the corpora cavernosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and regional lymphadenitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As stated above&#44; histology shows multiple pseudocystic spaces associated with signs of a foreign body reaction&#46; This response is almost always present&#44; as the human body has no enzymes that metabolize mineral oils&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis should include infectious diseases&#44; both sexually transmitted and others&#44; and it is usually therefore necessary to biopsy the lesion and take samples for culture and serology&#46; Diseases such as lupus vulgaris and atypical mycobacterial infection secondary to the injection of sterile material must be excluded&#46; Squamous cell carcinoma must be considered in the case of ulcerated lesions with hard serpiginous borders&#46; A history of injection of paraffin into the penis is the key to clinical diagnosis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First-line treatment consists of early complete surgical excision of the foreign body and of the associated reaction&#44; with closure by first intention when possible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Antiseptics and antibiotics will only treat secondary infections of the lesions&#46; Cases with a good response to systemic corticosteroid therapy have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile paraffinoma is a condition with an increasing incidence in Spain due to the rise in the number of patients from eastern European and Asian countries&#46; As patients usually deny having had these injections&#44; dermatologists and urologists must suspect this diagnosis when examining genital ulcers that do not correlate with other diseases&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; G&#243;mez-Armayones S&#44; Pen&#237;n R&#44; Marcoval J&#46; Parafinoma de pene&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2014&#59;105&#58;957&#8211;959</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcerated lesion of about 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter on the right lateral surface of the penile shaft&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Photomicrograph showing fibrosis in the papillary and reticular dermis&#44; in addition to multiple empty vacuoles that had contained the paraffin&#46; Hematoxylin and eosin&#44; original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Photomicrograph showing the empty vacuoles at greater magnification&#46; The histiocytes are also seen in greater detail and some multinucleated giant cells are present due to the foreign body reaction&#46; Hematoxylin and eosin&#44; original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;</p>"
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