array:24 [
  "pii" => "S1578219013002370"
  "issn" => "15782190"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2012.10.018"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
  "aid" => "748"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2011"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "ssu"
  "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:854-66"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 12103
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 57
      "HTML" => 10205
      "PDF" => 1841
    ]
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:19 [
      "pii" => "S0001731012004784"
      "issn" => "00017310"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2012.10.004"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
      "aid" => "748"
      "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L. and AEDV"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 0
      "subdocumento" => "ssu"
      "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:854-66"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => true
        "ES2" => true
        "LATM" => true
      ]
      "gratuito" => true
      "lecturas" => array:2 [
        "total" => 12417
        "formatos" => array:3 [
          "EPUB" => 1
          "HTML" => 9063
          "PDF" => 3353
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:13 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Revisi&#243;n</span>"
        "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; revisi&#243;n"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
          0 => "es"
          1 => "en"
        ]
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "854"
            "paginaFinal" => "866"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Dermatitis Artefacta&#58; A Review"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
          "es" => true
          "en" => true
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
          "original" => 0
          "multimedia" => array:7 [
            "identificador" => "fig0005"
            "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
            "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
            "mostrarFloat" => true
            "mostrarDisplay" => false
            "figura" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
                "Alto" => 1141
                "Ancho" => 2670
                "Tamanyo" => 132167
              ]
            ]
            "descripcion" => array:1 [
              "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribuci&#243;n por sexos de diversas formas cl&#237;nicas de dermatitis artefacta&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "A&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo, B&#46; Garc&#237;a Bravo"
            "autores" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "A&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "B&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a Bravo"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S1578219013002370"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2012.10.018"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => true
            "ES2" => true
            "LATM" => true
          ]
          "gratuito" => true
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002370?idApp=UINPBA000044"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731012004784?idApp=UINPBA000044"
      "url" => "/00017310/0000010400000010/v1_201311281152/S0001731012004784/v1_201311281152/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1578219013002382"
    "issn" => "15782190"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2013.03.009"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
    "aid" => "841"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46; and AEDV"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:867-76"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 18502
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 53
        "HTML" => 15881
        "PDF" => 2568
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Practical Dermatology</span>"
      "titulo" => "Hair and Scalp Evaluation&#58; The Trichogram"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "867"
          "paginaFinal" => "876"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n del pelo y cuero cabelludo&#58; tricograma"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2347
              "Ancho" => 2986
              "Tamanyo" => 299139
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Female-pattern hair loss &#40;progressive diffuse alopecia&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "C&#46; Serrano-Falc&#243;n, M&#46;A&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Pugnaire, S&#46; Serrano-Ortega"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Serrano-Falc&#243;n"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Pugnaire"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Serrano-Ortega"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0001731013001580"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2013.03.004"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731013001580?idApp=UINPBA000044"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002382?idApp=UINPBA000044"
    "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002382/v1_201311281142/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1578219013002369"
    "issn" => "15782190"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2012.06.031"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
    "aid" => "667"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46; and AEDV"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "ssu"
    "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:841-53"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 8178
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 47
        "HTML" => 7529
        "PDF" => 602
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
      "titulo" => "Cutaneous Metastases of Internal Tumors"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "841"
          "paginaFinal" => "853"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Met&#225;stasis cut&#225;neas de origen visceral"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 877
              "Ancho" => 2500
              "Tamanyo" => 254790
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Skin metastases can manifest as primary or secondary skin lesions&#46; A&#44; Metastasis from a gastric adenocarcinoma&#46; Papule of 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter on the abdomen&#46; B&#44; Metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the ovary presenting as a plaque&#46; C&#44; Metastasis from a urothelial carcinoma of the bladder presenting as a nodule&#46; D&#44; Metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the breast&#46; The lesion started as a macule over the mastectomy scar&#46; E&#44; Ulcerated infiltrated plaque corresponding to a metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the lung&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "M&#46;C&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Ant&#243;n Mart&#237;nez, V&#46; Parra-Blanco, J&#46;A&#46; Avil&#233;s Izquierdo, R&#46;M&#46; Su&#225;rez Fern&#225;ndez"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Ant&#243;n Mart&#237;nez"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "V&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Parra-Blanco"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Avil&#233;s Izquierdo"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Su&#225;rez Fern&#225;ndez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0001731012002761"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2012.06.005"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731012002761?idApp=UINPBA000044"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002369?idApp=UINPBA000044"
    "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002369/v1_201311281142/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
    "titulo" => "Dermatitis Artefacta&#58; A Review"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "854"
        "paginaFinal" => "866"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "A&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo, B&#46; Garc&#237;a Bravo"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "arodriguezpi&#64;aedv&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "B&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a Bravo"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena&#44; Sevilla&#44; Spain"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; revisi&#243;n"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1141
            "Ancho" => 2670
            "Tamanyo" => 155040
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution by sex of various clinical forms of dermatitis artefacta&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The nosological position of dermatitis artefacta &#40;DA&#41; is clear in the numerous classification schemes of skin conditions linked to mental disorders&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> in which it is invariably classified as a manifestation of a primary psychiatric disorder&#46; While the Vienna Diagnoses Schedule for Psychodermatological Disorders is probably the most complete and comprehensive classification published to date&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> it is of little practical use for dermatologists who do not work in the field of psychodermatology&#46; It may therefore be preferable to use Gupta&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> classification of psychodermatoses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; which is more didactic as it is based on the current concepts of psychiatric disease defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders &#40;DSM-IV&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dermatitis artefacta</span> is only used to refer to the condition in which skin lesions appear in a secret and mysterious way while the patient denies all responsibility for their production&#46; In DA&#44; the patient produces skin lesions to satisfy a psychological need&#44; often a desire to receive medical treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Malingerers also deny responsibility for producing the signs and symptoms of their disease&#44; but they do so for easy-to-discover reasons&#44; such as financial gain or a lawsuit&#46; Munchausen syndrome sometimes includes skin involvement&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> generally DA&#44; but in that setting the skin involvement is just 1 element in a broad spectrum of conditions affecting other organs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and will be associated with repeated hospital admissions&#44; which the patient tries to conceal while demanding medication and exploratory tests&#46; Unlike DA&#44; Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women&#46; It is not unusual for DA to occur following treatment for another condition that brought the patient into contact with the hospital environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Definition</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA is defined as any condition involving self-inflicted skin lesions for which the patient denies all responsibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> However&#44; some authors consider that the nosological definition of DA should specifically exclude cases in which a rational motive exists for the self-infliction of lesions&#44; thereby excluding malingerers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Another essential characteristic of DA is that the patients conceal their role in producing the signs of their condition&#59; this concealment is what differentiates DA from other self-inflicted dermatoses&#44; such as self-mutilations by psychotic patients&#44; neurotic excoriation&#44; and trichotillomania&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Epidemiology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since DA is rare in routine dermatological practice&#44; the literature contains few case series&#46; Most authors have described isolated clinical cases of particular interest to specialists either because of the diagnostic challenges involved or the severity of the clinical presentation&#46; However&#44; it is believed that up to 5&#37; of medical visits may relate to factitious disease&#44; and such cases are not only observed in dermatology but also encountered by internal medicine&#44; ophthalmology&#44; endocrinology&#44; and ear nose and throat specialists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a> Owing to the ease with which it can be damaged&#44; the integrumentary system is the organ that is most often the object of self-inflicted lesions&#46; This was shown by a study of 31 patients who presented with factitious conditions in a general hospital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#59; in that study there were 13 cases of DA&#44; 12 cases of simulated fever&#44; 3 of self-inflicted bleeding&#44; 1 of polyuria-polydipsia syndrome&#44; 1 of hypoglycemia&#44; and 1 of hyperthyroidism&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few series provide data that can be used to compare the relative incidence of DA and other psychodermatologic disorders&#46; In a 3-year study carried out in Iran&#44; 178 patients were diagnosed with various psychodermatologic disorders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#58; 128 neurotic excoriations &#40;71&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 22 trichotillomania &#40;12&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; 16 delusional parasitosis &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and 12 DA &#40;6&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Women outnumbered men in all of these diagnoses except delusional parasitosis&#44; which was more frequent among men&#46; DA was the least common diagnosis&#46; In a study of 35 patients with dermatological disorders of strictly psychological origin&#44; 8 patients had DA&#44; 8 had delusional parasitosis&#44; and 19 had various dysmorphic disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the first case series of DA was published by Az&#250;a in 1909&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> After studying the cases of 4 women who had been diagnosed with &#8220;hysterical gangrene&#8221;&#44; he confirmed the hysterical origin in 1 case but redefined the other 3 as self-inflicted lesions&#46; One review of 59 articles on DA included 130 patients &#40;116 women and 14 men&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> A retrospective study in Denmark covering 20 years included 57 patients with a diagnosis of DA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> That group consisted largely of women &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#44; with a female-to-male ratio of 2&#46;8&#58;1&#59; the median age was 39 years &#40;range&#44; 12-86&#41;&#46; A review of the records of a French dermatology department over a 15-year period identified 31 patients with a diagnosis of DA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; 23 of the patients were women &#40;mean age&#44; 32&#46;4 years&#41; and 8 were men &#40;mean age&#44; 23&#46;7 years&#41;&#46; Our series of patients diagnosed between 1976 and 2006 included 201 patients&#44; with a clear preponderance of women &#40;female-to-male ratio&#44; 3&#46;1&#58;1&#41; and mean age overall of 31&#46;2 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;21</span></a> Other interesting characteristics observed in our series were the low or nonexistent skill level&#44; low income&#44; and low cultural level of the patients and the higher proportion of single people&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In children&#44; DA is more common among girls than boys&#44; as shown by a Mexican series of pediatric patients covering a period of 20 years&#44; which included 25 girls and only 4 boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Similarly&#44; an Australian study covering a 15-year period included 24 girls and only 8 boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA can appear at any age&#44; but the incidence is highest around 20 years of age&#46; In many cases onset is preceded by a period of psychosocial stress&#44; which is generally easily identified&#44; such as the psychological disturbance that produced acne symptoms in an adolescent who injured his skin with a blister agent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> It is not unusual to find a connection with the hospital setting in these patients&#44; who may be nursing aides&#44; nurses&#44; relatives of physicians&#44; or individuals who have had prolonged diseases in childhood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> or who have been affected by the death of a family member&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; we can say that DA is more common among females and<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> in early adulthood and that a high proportion of those affected have a low social and cultural level&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Clinical Features</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA presents in a great variety of clinical forms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; depending on the patient&#39;s creativity and the method used to produce the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;25</span></a> The most common presentations are as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Excoriations&#46; Excoriations are the most easily diagnosed factitious lesions&#46; They are usually linear &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and are most often inflicted using the fingernails &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; although a variety of sharp objects may also be used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Distinguishing between DA and neurotic excoriations can sometimes be difficult&#44; but patients who have the latter condition recognize that they have caused the lesions&#46; Excoriations are highly susceptible to infection and an indicative finding is the absence of itching before the onset of the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Excoriations are a common clinical form of DA because the lesions are easy to inflict&#59; in our case series they were observed in 52 &#40;25&#46;8&#37;&#41; of 201 patients and were more common in women &#40;28&#46;4&#37;&#41; than in men &#40;17&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulcers&#46; Ulcers are the most common lesions in most series&#46; They are found either in the early stages of development or after resolution&#44; when they take the form of an eschar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; The morphology of these ulcers tends to be odd&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> either because they have perfectly regular borders or because they have an irregular shape that includes linear segments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#44; acute and obtuse angles&#44; triangular forms&#44; star shapes etc&#46; Linear lesions that extend outwards from a primary lesion are also observed &#40;the drip sign&#41;&#46; Sometimes&#44; clearly ulcerated lesions appear together with other lesions that are either incompletely executed or caused by splashes of the caustic agent used to produce the ulcers&#46; Scars from past or old injuries may also be observed&#46; Old ulcerations that have been subjected to repeated irritation or modified by multiple treatments exhibit characteristics of torpidity &#40;sclerosis&#44; atrophy&#41;&#44; and underlying osteitis or necrosis caused by secondary infections is sometimes present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Patients may also have scars with an irregular geometric shape&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Litmus paper can be used to test the alkalinity or acidity of unexplained ulcers as the results may indicate the use of a chemical product as a probable cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;27</span></a> Repeated failure of skin grafts&#44; usually due to vascular problems&#44; should raise the suspicion of interference by the patient&#44; especially when the only organism found in cultures is fecal flora &#40;a finding observed in 4 of our cases&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; a clinical presentation described as an ulcer was observed in 52 patients &#40;25&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; making it&#44; together with the category of excoriations&#44; the leading manifestation&#46; Ulcers were more common among males &#40;31&#46;1&#37;&#41; than females &#40;23&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; In a study of patients with DA affecting the breast&#44; excoriations and ulcers were found to be equally common &#40;33&#46;33&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blisters&#46; Self-inflicted lesions sometimes take the form of blisters&#46; The appearance of these lesions may be odd&#59; they may be elongated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#44; angular&#44; polygonal&#44; or occasionally very large&#44; sometimes with several lobules&#46; In most cases&#44; blisters are found together with other lesions&#44; such as ulcerations&#44; scabs&#44; and erythema in more or less geometric shapes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions may be irregularly shaped and have an unusual distribution&#44; for example perfectly irregular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;27</span></a> The course is always benign&#44; but the size&#44; number&#44; and gangrenous nature of the blisters can sometimes produce veritable mutilations&#46; Self-inflicted blisters are caused by burns or cauterization and are produced through the application of chemical or medical products&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blisters can also be produced through friction on sites where the epidermis is thick and firmly attached to the underlying tissues&#46; The histologic findings in such cases are characteristic and can distinguish these lesions from the blisters found in bullous disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one report a rubber nipple was used to produce suction blisters mimicking pemphigoid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In another case of DA&#44; an aerosol spray deodorant was used by a 12-year-old girl to induce blistering&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The same method was used by 3 patients &#40;a 12-year-old boy and 2 women aged 21 and 36 years&#41;&#44; who induced bullous lesions on the extensor surfaces of the limbs by producing cold burns using a spray deodorant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> This was probably also the method used in the case of a 13-year-old girl described in another case report&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; 21 &#40;10&#46;3&#37;&#41; of the 201 patients presented with a variety of bullous symptoms&#44; a presentation more common among men &#40;13&#46;3&#37;&#41; than women &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Panniculitis&#46; Ackerman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> reported the case of an adolescent with fever&#44; nodular syndrome&#44; and nonsuppurating panniculitis&#8212;a presentation clinically and histologically consistent with Weber-Christian disease&#46; By chance it was discovered that the manifestations were caused by self-injections of milk that produced erythematous nodules around the injection site accompanied by chills&#44; fever&#44; sweating&#44; and general malaise&#46; Steinman and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> described a similar case in a nurse whose symptoms were also produced by self-inoculation with milk on the dorsum of the left hand&#46; In a study of 5 women with factitious panniculitis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> the signs of disease were found to be produced by repeated trauma&#46; The diagnosis was only confirmed after histologic examination revealed inflammatory features and bruising and after the lesions had been cured by means of occlusive dressings&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to note that some patients develop indurated lesions on the breast&#44; which sometimes ulcerate&#44; and when they are referred for surgical treatment they may undergo a mastectomy without any prior biopsy having been performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A recent Spanish study summarized the etiologic&#44; pathogenic&#44; clinical&#44; and histologic features and treatment of panniculitis produced by trauma or the injection of drugs or chemicals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; 7 patients &#40;3&#46;4&#37;&#41; were diagnosed with factitious panniculitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0040">Figs&#46; 8 and 9</a>&#41;&#46; In 1 case&#44; the symptoms were caused by subcutaneous injection of urine&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Localized crusting&#46; Carteaud<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> described a case of factitious cheilitis&#44; which he called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">le tic des levres</span>&#46; Some years later&#44; Savage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> reported a similar condition&#44; which he called localized crusting&#59; he described cases of keratotic or bleeding scabs on the lips that had no apparent cause in which he suspected deliberate or unconscious manipulation by the patient&#46; Several terms have been used to describe this clinical picture&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">factitious lip crusting</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">factitious cheilitis</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8211;40</span></a> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">exfoliative cheilitis artefacta</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#8211;43</span></a> It has been speculated that the mechanism of production might be repeated manipulation of the lips with the teeth&#44; tongue&#44; or even instruments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> In some cases&#44; the nasal pyramid is affected&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our series included 6 patients &#40;5 women and 1 man&#41; with localized crusting&#59; in one of the women&#44; the crust was located on a finger&#46; One of the woman &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig&#46; 10</a>&#41; had concomitant anorexia nervosa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eczematous lesions&#46; Some patients produce eczematous lesions by applying irritants to the skin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> or exposing themselves repeatedly to an allergen in the case of patients with allergic contact dermatitis&#46; It is sometimes difficult to prove the cause of such lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Edemas&#46; In 1911&#44; Secretan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> described swollen limbs as a possible presentation of self-inflicted disease&#46; Angelini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> later called this form of self-harm Secretan syndrome&#46; Smith<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> defined a set of criteria that should raise a suspicion that the lymphedema is factitious&#58; recurrent unilateral lymphedema without any apparent lymphatic or venous obstruction and any lymphedema that is clearly delimited by a ring of a different coloration&#46; Several types of edema caused by ligatures are reported in the literature&#44; including edema of the nipple&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> the tongue&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> the neck&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> and even of the scrotum leading to self-castration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Purpuras and bruises&#46; Gardner and Diamond<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> first described the autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome&#44; which is characterized by painful ecchymoses in sites within reach of the hands&#44; typically in women with psychological disorders &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig&#46; 11</a>&#41;&#46; The patients&#8217; hypersensitivity to injections of their own blood has been used as a diagnostic criterion&#46; Some authors have tried to differentiate between purpura factitia and autoerythrocyte hypersensitivity syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> In their view&#44; the latter condition is characterized by the presence of prior pain and possibly bleeding in internal organs&#44; while the appearance of lesions in purpura factitia is not preceded by pain and the results of challenge tests with the patient&#39;s own blood are negative if the site is protected with a bandage&#46; However&#44; the criteria for differentiating between purpura factitia and autoerythrocyte hypersensitivity syndrome are unclear&#46; Despite these nosological difficulties&#44; the authors of a recent review of the literature including 162 cases propose treatment with psychotropic drugs and psychotherapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> While differentiating these 2 disorders is difficult&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> the case of a patient with DA and painful bruising syndrome may be of some help&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; 3 women &#40;aged 26&#44; 27&#44; and 36 years&#41; had this condition&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spectrum of clinical presentations of DA could be even broader than that described here as the manifestations depend on the patient&#39;s imagination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diagnosis of DA is difficult to establish because of the great variety of possible dermatologic conditions&#46; The situation is further complicated by the diversity of methods used by patients to self-harm and the ingenuity they employ in doing so &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig&#46; 12</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three aspects can be used to establish a diagnosis of self-inflicted skin lesions&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> the morphology of the lesion&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> the patient&#39;s personality&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> the medical history&#46; However&#44; it is not advisable to establish a diagnosis based on just one of these criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> DA is the somatic expression of extremely serious and deeply buried mental suffering&#44; of which the patient is unaware&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In DA&#44; the normal roles of patient&#44; physician&#44; and disease are subverted&#46; This subversion takes the form of a twofold challenge&#44; psychological on the one hand and a challenge to the standards underpinning medical practice on the other&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis should not be reached merely by a process of elimination&#44; but should rather be established from among the possible alternatives&#46; The diagnosis of DA is made on the basis of a combination of positive dermatological and psychological findings and requires the collaboration of the medical team and their acceptance that DA is the expression of significant mental suffering&#44; of which the patient is unaware&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although very old&#44; the Stokes and Gardner classification is still a useful tool for establishing a diagnosis of self-inflicted lesions&#46; In the following sections we will outline the different aspects that form the basis of that classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a></p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Shape and Configuration of Lesions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis should be determined by the shape of the lesions and by ruling out other skin disorders with clearly defined characteristics&#46; Although the lesions may be caused by chemical or thermal burns&#44; they can also be the result of trauma&#46; Cutaneous artifacts caused by an instrument tend to be regular and geometric in shape &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig&#46; 13</a>&#41;&#44; an uncommon morphology in the case of spontaneous eruptions&#46; Chemical burns are regular in shape&#44; although at times their borders may be interrupted by fingerlike projections caused by the linear spread of drips of the caustic liquid used to produce the lesion&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lesions sometimes have a bizarre or fantastic appearance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0070">Figs&#46; 14 and 15</a>&#41;&#44; appearing suddenly at irregular intervals&#44; generally singly or in pairs&#46; The course may be unusually rapid&#46; When the caustic substance is applied using a needle or tweezers&#44; a method frequently used in gangrenous areas&#44; the edges of the lesion have a saw-tooth or serrated appearance&#44; caused by the repeated pricks made along the leading edge&#46; When escharotic lesions are observed&#44; they tend to be superficial and the scabbed area is separated from the normal skin by an intensely erythematous border&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is sometimes possible to determine that the nails&#44; fingers or a sharp object in the patient&#39;s possession are impregnated with the causal agent&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; to the eyes of an expert&#44; these lesions will appear odd from the very beginning and are easily recognized as unexpected and dubious&#46; The initial impression of self-harm is strong &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">Fig&#46; 16</a>&#41; and this is of great importance for the diagnosis&#59; however&#44; a diagnosis of self-harm should not be reached without careful critical analysis&#46; Closer examination of the manifestations may provide the physician with evidence that will confirm the diagnosis of a self-inflicted lesion&#46; DA is always destructive &#40;ulcers&#44; enucleations&#44; gangrene&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> although such a clinical picture alone is not enough to establish a diagnosis of DA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our series yielded a number of findings not yet reported in the literature&#58; we were able to establish that the creation of lesions in multiple sites was more common among women&#44; while solitary lesions were mainly observed in men&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Distribution of the Lesions</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions are generally located in areas accessible to the hands and tend to be more numerous in sites accessible to the right hand in right-handed patients and vice versa&#46; When choosing sites for lesions patients typically avoid the palms&#44; soles&#44; nose&#44; mouth&#44; scalp&#44; genitals&#44; and the outer ear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> The presence of lesions in an area inaccessible to the hands does not necessarily rule out a diagnosis of DA&#44; since such sites can be reached by other means&#46; Lesions are sometimes distributed regularly around a central point&#44; such as a nipple or the navel&#44; and they are often located close to a previous lesion&#44; in an attempt to extend the original damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sites found in our series were as follows&#58; the face &#40;34&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; the lower limbs &#40;25&#37;&#41;&#44; the upper limbs &#40;16&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and the hands &#40;15&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; The most common site in men was the legs &#40;51&#37;&#41; and in women the face &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If&#44; as Fabisch<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> has suggested&#44; the anatomical site of the lesion has a psychological significance that should be taken into account by the psychotherapist&#44; it is interesting to highlight the large number of women in our case series with lesions affecting the breasts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Fig&#46; 17</a>&#41;&#44; in some cases involving very destructive clinical forms&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">The Patient&#39;s Demeanor</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Great importance is placed on the appearance and demeanor of the patient with DA&#46; Typical descriptions include anxiousness&#44; fine tremor of the facial muscles&#44; tearful eyes&#44; or on the contrary&#44; a poker face or Mona Lisa expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Some patients exhibit the calm of a tense person or a gaze with erotic connotations &#40;bedroom eyes&#41;&#46; Another remarkable characteristic seen in some patients is an attitude of great mental calm and complacency about their condition &#40;what the French call <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">la belle indifference</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Young patients are sometimes accompanied by domineering parents or solicitous parents will accompany a difficult and precocious child&#46; The patient&#39;s interest in their lesions&#44; a tendency to display them and to express anger are all signs that should raise a suspicion of self-harm&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#39;s expression can range from guilty&#44; furtive&#44; or unfriendly to one of obvious pretense&#46; Some patients may be reserved and uncommunicative or display signs of low intelligence&#44; although in Lyell&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> view a high level of intelligence is also compatible with a diagnosis of DA&#44; while a mature personality is not&#46; Obviously none of these criteria is absolute&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Timing</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recurrence following periods of stress&#44; sleepwalking episodes&#44; the patient&#39;s failure to return after several visits&#44; the appearance of lesions on certain dates&#44; and lesions that appear overnight are all signs of self-harm&#46; Another circumstance that may suggest DA is when the recurrence of lesions coincides with a new job&#44; moving house&#44; a new school&#44; the death of a family member&#44; or any other event likely to cause mental stress&#44; depending on the age and circumstances of the patient&#46; In such cases&#44; the lesion can be interpreted as an attempt at nonverbal communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a></p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients&#8217; inability to talk about the origin of their lesions or their lack of interest in the subject prevents the dermatologist from gaining a clear idea of the situation&#46; The patient&#39;s account of the lesions is sometimes so lacking in substance that Gandy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> coined the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hollow history</span>&#46; This perplexity about what is happening is expressed by the patient in bitter and hostile terms&#44; and new lesions will continue to appear as long as the conditions are favorable&#44; that is&#44; as long as the patient enjoys privacy and a supply of the necessary materials&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another term used in DA is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">melodramatic prophecy</span>&#44; referring to predictions by patients concerning when and where new lesions will appear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Many patients with DA play games with their physicians informing them 12 or 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours before the lesions appear what sites will be affected&#44; explaining that the lesion will be preceded by heat&#44; burning&#44; or some other abnormal sensation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> In other cases lesions appear in a place where the dermatologist has suggested they might occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Assessment of Neurological Signs and Symptoms</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjective sensations&#44; such as pain and burning&#44; may be exaggerated by patients with DA&#46; The patient&#39;s psychiatric history should be investigated to establish whether he or she has had any previous psychiatric diagnosis or has a family history of mental illness&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study of Motives</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of patients with a hysterical personality&#44; the motive for self-harm is to deceive&#44; but the underlying cause is solely the desire to be a sick person in order to escape personal obligations and inner conflicts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65&#44;66</span></a> even though there may be no apparent justification for the patient&#39;s conduct&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> The possible motives for DA will be as varied as are human personalities and the situations of life itself&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The motive can sometimes be a simple desire to arouse the sympathy of relatives or friends or an attempt to rationalize feelings of frustration or failure in life&#59; in other cases the behavior may be a result of conflict in the patient&#39;s social environment&#44; financial problems&#44; a lack of self-esteem&#44; atonement for guilt&#44; revenge&#44; or a way to escape responsibilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> Patients who create skin artifacts are also trying&#44; often unconsciously&#44; to attract the attention of those around them to an inner conflict for which they have no solution&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malingerers and fraudsters do not easily fool doctors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;69</span></a> because the patient who merely contrives disease is an impostor&#59; in such cases the external incentive for the behavior must be found to confirm the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Such individuals typically use lesions to achieve a secondary goal&#58; to excuse failure&#44; attract sympathy&#44; escape responsibilities&#44; or simply to delay making a payment that is due&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> They may have criminal motives&#44; such as fraud or avoidance of a legal obligation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> or even use the situation to obtain privileges&#44; money&#44; or narcotics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Histology</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A fairly common characteristic in the histology of DA is that superficial involvement predominates over deeper involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> Typically&#44; abnormal findings are restricted to the epidermis and no accumulation of lymphocytes or signs of vasculitis are found&#46; However&#44; the findings are not diagnostic and in most cases will depend on the method used to create the lesion&#46; A wide range of histologic findings have been reported&#44; including<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a> erosion&#44; acanthotic epidermis&#44; chronic perivascular infiltrate&#44; and foreign-body reaction with birefringent material&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a></p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whenever possible a biopsy should be obtained because histologic findings have in many cases been fundamental to the diagnosis&#44; particularly when other skin conditions have been confused with DA&#46; Perhaps the dermatological diagnosis most often confused with DA is pyoderma gangrenosum&#46; DA has also been confused with pyoderma and vice versa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72&#8211;74</span></a> Conditions misdiagnosed as DA on the basis of clinical findings have been shown by histologic findings to be genuine panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> By contrast&#44; a case of DA on a girl&#39;s face mimicked a lymphoma&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> while in other cases erosive lichen planus&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a> cryoglobulinemia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a> and acquired hemophilia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a> were misdiagnosed as DA&#46; In other cases DA presented clinically as vasculitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a> and trigeminal trophic syndrome was misdiagnosed as DA due to the absence of abnormal histologic findings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a></p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is sometimes essential to use more complex histologic techniques&#44; such as X-ray analysis and spectrophotometry&#46; In one case&#44; spectrophotometry demonstrated that the cause of recurrent abscesses was cellulose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82</span></a> In an earlier case&#44; electron probe microanalysis was used to determine the presence and nature of factitious granulomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">83</span></a> Friction blisters at the level of the distal stratum granulosum have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">84</span></a> The presence of birefringent material and pseudocystic spaces replacing fat are important indications that will help to establish the diagnosis of factitious panniculitis&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no doubt that DA lesions can mimic other skin processes&#46; McCormac<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> makes the point that&#44; while it is clear that a patient cannot produce lesions that simulate psoriasis or lichen planus&#44; they can create lesions with a very obvious inflammatory substrate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Differential Diagnosis</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermatological condition most likely to cause problems in the differential diagnosis of DA is neurotic excoriation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">85</span></a> While the lesions in this condition are also self-inflicted&#44; the patients do not try to deceive the physician&#59; they are victims of an irresistible urge to pick&#44; scratch&#44; or otherwise manipulate the skin&#44; nails&#44; or hair&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Another important difference between neurotic excoriation and DA is that patients with the former only use their nails while patients with DA may use a range of methods to damage the skin&#46;</p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA must be differentiated from the skin lesions produced by psychotic patients&#44; who may use their fingernails to excoriate the skin and cause ulcers that may become infected&#46; In such cases&#44; there is no doubt about the origin of the lesions because the patient causes them in view of other people&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Psychopathology</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experts concur that DA is a cutaneous manifestation of a psychiatric disorder and the condition is classified in the DSM-IV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the chief concerns of physicians who study DA is to identify a motive that would justify the behavior of patients who self-harm&#44; although some clinicians and dermatologists have minimized the role of the mind in the development and perpetuation of certain types of skin disease by applying the frivolous designation &#8220;nervous&#8221; and have failed to ensure that the patient receive appropriate psychiatric treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a> Fortunately&#44; the work of English&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a> Cormia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">88</span></a> and Zaidens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">89</span></a> has led to a better understanding of psychosomatic conditions and improved treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consensus about the personality type involved in DA&#46; Some authors consider that there are 2 types of patients&#44; some hysterical and others who are simply malingerers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;25&#44;67&#44;70&#44;90</span></a> Others classify patients with DA as hysterical or psychotic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68&#44;86</span></a> Michelson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> and Susskind<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">90</span></a> believe that all DA patients are hysterical&#44; while Koblenzer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a> considers them all to be borderline psychotic&#46; Factitious disease appears to be a kind of emotional safety valve in emotionally immature patients who typically present hysterical and masochistic characteristics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Lesions may be produced when patients are in an altered psychogenic&#44; borderline&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92</span></a> or dissociative state&#44; so that they are not conscious of their actions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The psychological importance of DA is that while the patients consciously produce the lesions&#44; they are unaware of the reasons for their self-destructive behavior&#46; Patients may exaggerate pain&#44; adopting the role of martyr&#44; and this posture is confirmed by their great capacity to take pleasure in tolerating pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a></p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although they cannot be considered to have psychotic personalities&#44; many patients with DA do have a borderline personality structure and are unable to develop mature relationships&#46; They use their lesions to maintain contact with others and to get the attention they desperately need to fill their emotional vacuum&#46; Another motive for self-harm may be a desire to do penance for unconscious sins or their behavior may be a displaced expression of infantile rage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a></p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Musaph<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">93</span></a> considers that patients with DA produce their symptoms unconsciously&#44; and psychiatric-psychological studies have revealed that the condition is in part due to aggressive sexual feelings directed against key figures in the patient&#39;s childhood&#46;</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zaidens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92</span></a> is the author who has perhaps contributed the most psychological and psychiatric studies on DA&#46; She believes that self-inflicted dermatitis represents frustration&#44; resentment&#44; a demand for attention&#44; anxiety&#44; hostility&#44; and helplessness&#46; The self-destruction is proportional to the severity of the underlying emotional disturbance&#46;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Auto-destructive mechanisms develop in dependent and timid individuals who are unable to express themselves&#46; These patients have been conceived and reared in an environment fettered by emotional barriers&#44; and their growth has not been very important to their parents&#44; particularly their mothers&#46; Most patients with DA are adults in middle-age who have not achieved their life goals or have not achieved the levels of success typical of their class models&#44; in either social or economic terms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">94</span></a> In psychological terms&#44; they use DA to get sympathy&#44; attention&#44; pity&#44; or compensation&#46; Moreover&#44; since patients with DA are unable to deal with their problems&#44; or to even admit that they have a problem&#44; the lesions provide them with an excuse they can use to rationalize their frustrations&#46;</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA sometimes appears in the context of a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">folie &#224; deux</span> or shared dementia&#46; Shared dementia is a psychotic disorder characterized by the development of a hallucinatory pattern shared by 2 people&#46; Since those affected have a long-lasting intimate relationship&#44; the disorder is not uncommon in older adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">95&#44;96</span></a> It sometimes involves a mother and her children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97</span></a> and forms part of a syndrome of childhood abuse&#46;</p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-inflicted dermatoses are also observed in patients with anorexia nervosa&#46;</p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Factitious disease involves many paradoxes&#44; the most important of which is that the patient causes the physical symptoms and seeks a remedy for them&#46; The psychodynamic etiology of factitious disorders may be related to a history of abuse or neglect in childhood&#44; early emotional deprivation&#44; or lack of care&#46; All of these factors are found frequently in the history of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;98</span></a> Some authors have interpreted DA to be a disorder caused by borderline personality&#46; In their opinion&#44; the patient is both victim and punisher&#44; a person intent on capturing the attention of doctors while at the same time challenging them and devaluing their usefulness&#46; The additional benefit of playing the role of a sick person &#40;thereby obtaining attention&#44; support&#44; and sympathy while escaping responsibilities&#41; may also be important to these patients&#46; By simulating a disease patients can evade responsibilities and satisfy their dependence needs&#44; even though in DA this goal is achieved in a bizarre and self-destructive manner&#46;</p><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA is not indicative of a particular personality organization&#44; but the patient&#39;s personality type is a prognostic factor&#44; as is the age of onset&#46; In adolescents the disorder is usually a cry for help&#46; The most common personality type in men with DA is paranoid while in women it is hysterical&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is currently thought that DA occurs in patients with a borderline personality disorder&#44; although an association has also been described with impulse control disorder<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">99</span></a> and obsessive compulsive disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">100&#44;101</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Prognosis</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several follow-up studies have been carried out to assess the prognosis in patients with DA&#46; The first of these was undertaken by McCormack&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> who sent a questionnaire to 10 patients&#46; Only 5 answered&#44; and the findings of that study indicated that the condition is more uncommon in patients over 25 years of age&#46; Subsequently&#44; Sneddon et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">101</span></a> who studied 43 patients &#40;38 women and 5 men&#41;&#44; reported that DA was only one incident in a long history of mental illness&#46; However&#44; 30&#37; of the patients in that study &#40;12 women and one man&#41; continued to self-inflict lesions or had other mental illnesses 12 years after the onset of DA&#46; Years later&#44; Haenel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">98</span></a> invited 59 patients &#40;52 women and 7 men&#41; who had been diagnosed with DA to be reassessed&#46; Of the 36 women and 2 men who responded&#44; DA had resolved in 9&#44; but the others still had recurrent lesions&#46; Eight of the 36 women reported one or more suicide attempts&#46; In a follow-up study carried out in our own department&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;102</span></a> 61 patients who had been diagnosed with DA were invited to attend the clinic for reassessment&#46; Nine &#40;8 women and 1 man&#41; of the 34 patients who responded &#40;24 women and 10 men&#41; were still affected by DA&#44; an indication that this is a chronic and insidious disorder&#46;</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant transformation of a lesion was reported in a woman with DA who persistently excoriated a cholecystectomy scar over 40 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a> Another similar case involved the development of a malignant tumor in an ulcer on the face of a 49-year-old man&#44; which the patient scratched compulsively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">104</span></a> In both these cases&#44; the malignancy was a Marjolin ulcer&#44; a squamous cell carcinoma that arises in a chronic ulcer&#46; The most common complications of DA are related to infections&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Treatment</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA probably represents one of the greatest therapeutic challenges in dermatology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Consoli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> suggested that the 3 pillars of treatment should be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> restructuring the patient&#39;s personality&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> drug treatment for the psychiatric condition&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> medical treatment of the skin lesions&#46; A prolonged period during which a friendly relationship can be established with the patient may help to prevent abrupt termination of treatment when the patient is finally confronted with the real situation&#46; If this initial confrontation does not provoke a negative reaction or cause the patient to abandon treatment&#44; a mental health treatment plan can be implemented&#44; if possible including inpatient treatment&#46; A supportive approach avoiding condemnation is always preferable&#46; The dermatologist should be prepared for a prolonged course of treatment with repeated relapses and should never express disappointment or hostility over these failures&#46; The cost of treating DA in 1 patient over 5 years of consultations has been estimated at &#8364;64&#160;500&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a></p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of factitious disease is often unsatisfactory&#44; whether it is managed by a dermatologist&#44; a psychiatrist&#44; or both&#46; Maybe the underlying reason is that these patients are in hiding and although they have to consult a physician because their symptoms are so obvious they do not wish to be cured&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ideal approach is to refer the patient to a psychiatrist&#44; but patients find such a referral incomprehensible because they believe they have a dermatological condition and do not understand why the dermatologist does not want to cure the lesions&#46; As Sneddon<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> has said&#44; the treatment of patients with DA is difficult because&#44; although they need the help of a psychiatrist&#44; they reject this advice and any suggestion that their disease is not organic leads to a traumatic and conflictive visit after which they change doctors&#46; When it is impossible to convince the patient to consult a psychiatrist&#44; therapy with psychotropic drugs can be very helpful&#46; The following drugs have been shown to be useful&#58; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> pimozide &#40;0&#46;5-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#41;&#44; aripiprazole &#40;2-5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#41;&#44; or risperidone &#40;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106&#44;107</span></a> Other measures and treatments that have been proposed include relaxation therapy&#44; anxiolytics&#44; antidepressants&#44; and low doses of second-generation antipsychotics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">108</span></a>The skin lesions can be cured with the aid of occlusive dressings &#40;adhesive zinc or sometimes plaster wrap&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106</span></a> Rapid healing of a bandaged ulcer that has previously proved refractory to all treatment is a sign of great diagnostic value&#44; as is the appearance of new lesions on unbandaged and&#44; in most cases&#44; previously unaffected areas&#46; As occlusive bandages can be pierced by sharp instruments and patients can inject substances through the dressing&#44; a sheet of aluminum foil may be included in the dressing to record the evidence of any such manipulations on the part of the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace concerning the publication of patient data&#44; and that all the patients included in this study have been appropriately informed and gave their written informed consent to participate in this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article</p></span></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of Interests</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:17 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres295308"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279229"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres295309"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279230"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Definition"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Epidemiology"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Clinical Features"
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Diagnosis"
          "secciones" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Shape and Configuration of Lesions"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Distribution of the Lesions"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "The Patient&#39;s Demeanor"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Timing"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Assessment of Neurological Signs and Symptoms"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Study of Motives"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Histology"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Differential Diagnosis"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Psychopathology"
        ]
        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Prognosis"
        ]
        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Treatment"
        ]
        14 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        15 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0105"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interests"
        ]
        16 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-23"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-10-14"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279229"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Dermatitis artefacta"
            1 => "Self-inflicted lesions"
            2 => "Factitious dermatitis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279230"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Dermatitis artefacta"
            1 => "Lesiones autoprovocadas"
            2 => "Dermatitis facticia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermatitis artefacta is a rarely diagnosed disorder that is often a source of perplexity and anxiety for dermatologists because they know less about the cause of this self-inflicted condition than the patients themselves&#46; It differs from other skin disorders in that diagnosis is made by exclusion rather than on the basis of histologic and biochemical findings and therefore involves a considerable investment of time and resources&#46; Based on the findings of a study of 201 patients diagnosed with dermatitis artefacta between 1976 and 2006&#44; we review the different clinical presentations of this skin disorder and discuss its diagnosis and treatment&#46; The series analyzed comprised 152 women and 49 men &#40;female to male ratio of 3&#46;1&#58;1&#41; with a mean age of 31&#46;2 years&#46; The patients were mostly single and had a low educational level and few or no job qualifications or skills&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La dermatitis artefacta &#40;DA&#41; es un diagn&#243;stico excepcional&#44; que genera perplejidad y ansiedad al dermat&#243;logo al encontrase ante una patolog&#237;a autoprovocada y de la que el paciente sabe m&#225;s que el m&#233;dico en cuanto a su etiolog&#237;a&#46; Al contrario que otras dermatosis en la que existen pruebas histol&#243;gicas o bioqu&#237;micas&#44; en la DA el diagn&#243;stico es de exclusi&#243;n lo que exige un gran consumo de recursos y de tiempo&#46; En el presente trabajo repasamos las diversas formas cl&#237;nicas&#44; criterios diagn&#243;sticos y manejo de estos pacientes y para ello nos basamos en la experiencia del estudio que realizamos de 201 casos de DA diagnosticados entre 1976 y 2006&#44; de los cuales 152 eran mujeres y 49 varones&#44; con una proporci&#243;n de mujeres&#47;varones de 3&#46;1&#47;1&#46; La edad media fue de 31&#46;2 a&#241;os y estaba mayoritariamente constituida por personas con escasa o nula cualificaci&#243;n laboral&#44; bajo nivel cultural y mayoritariamente solteros&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo A&#44; Garc&#237;a Bravo B&#46; Dermatitis artefacta&#58; revisi&#243;n&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2013&#59;104&#58;854&#8211;866&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:19 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1141
            "Ancho" => 2670
            "Tamanyo" => 155040
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution by sex of various clinical forms of dermatitis artefacta&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1171
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 82193
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear excoriations on the forearm of a girl in a star pattern&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 987
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 115134
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear excoriations produced with the nails&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 776
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 129660
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Excoriations made using an abrasive scouring pad&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 565
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 89487
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eschars caused by ammonia burns&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 675
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 133559
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcers with &#8220;capricious&#8221; shapes on a man&#39;s forearm&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1067
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 124977
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear friction blister in the form of a cross&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 675
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 73596
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Panniculitis on the wrist and the dorsum of the hands caused by injection of a silicone material&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 9"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 564
            "Ancho" => 901
            "Tamanyo" => 121271
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Panniculitis on the leg of a novice nun&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0050"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 10"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1098
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 151988
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crusting sores on the lips of a patient with anorexia nervosa&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0055"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 11"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 954
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 100312
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Painful bruising in a 36-year-old woman with a severe psychological disorder&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0060"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 12"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1006
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 139723
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Symptoms caused by the application of a liquid photosensitizer before exposure to UV radiation in a tanning booth&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0065"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 13"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1051
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 129455
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A burn probably caused by an iron&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0070"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 14"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 541
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 90607
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Geometric exulcerations on the face and dorsum of the nose&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0075"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 15"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1504
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 158291
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Burns on the upper right limb of a left-handed patient&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      15 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0080"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 16"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 581
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 87982
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Superficial burns on the forearms&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      16 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0085"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 17"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr17.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 484
            "Ancho" => 901
            "Tamanyo" => 83154
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Burns on breasts and mirrored lesions on the submammary region&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      17 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Gupta et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Primary psychiatric symptom that manifests as a dermatological condition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#41; Delirium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b&#41; Hallucinations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#41; Body dysmorphic disorder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Disorders associated with self-inflicted dermatoses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#41; Dermatitis artefacta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b&#41; Neurotic excoriations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#41; Excoriated acne&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#41; Trichotillomania&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; Miscellaneous syndromes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#41; Burning mouth syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b&#41; Psychogenic pruritus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#41; Psychogenic purpura syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab430512.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Associations of Skin Disease with Psychiatric Disorders&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      18 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; DSM-IV&#58; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&#46; Intentional production or feigning of physical &#40;but not psychological symptoms&#41; signs or symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&#46; A psychological need to assume the role of a sick person&#44; evidenced by the absence of any external incentive for the behavior&#44; such as economic gain&#44; obtaining better care&#44; or improving physical well-being&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46; The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of an axis 1 disorder&#44; such as schizophrenia&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab430511.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DSM-IV Criteria for Factitious Disorder with Predominantly Physical Signs and Symptoms &#40;300&#46;19&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:108 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#46; Clinical study of 201 patients &#40;1976-2006&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "titulo" => "21 World Congress of Dermatology"
                        "conferencia" => "Buenos Aires Argentina"
                        "serieFecha" => "2007"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychodermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1067/mjd.2000.109274"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "848"
                        "paginaFinal" => "853"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychotropic drugs in dermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "214"
                        "paginaFinal" => "219"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychodermatology&#58; an update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1030"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1046"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychodermatology&#58; A guide to understanding common psychocutaneous disorders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "203"
                        "paginaFinal" => "213"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious disorders in dermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07327.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "361"
                        "paginaFinal" => "372"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico y clasificaci&#243;n en psicodermatolog&#237;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Dermatolog&#237;a y Psiquiatr&#237;a&#46; Historias cl&#237;nicas comentadas"
                        "paginaInicial" => "133"
                        "paginaFinal" => "142"
                        "serieFecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders &#40;DSM-IV&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "edicion" => "4th ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "editorial" => "American Psychiatric Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#46; Clinical features and approaches to treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "paginaFinal" => "55"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in relation to the syndrome of contrived disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1976"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "109"
                        "paginaFinal" => "126"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Piel"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cutaneous artificial disease &#40;a review&#44; amplified by personal experience&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "391"
                        "paginaFinal" => "407"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; A general review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "5"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pathomimie&#58; Une pathologie fronti&#232;re"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Med Psychosom"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "45"
                        "paginaFinal" => "59"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psycho-cutaneous disorders&#58; an epidemiological study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03236.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "945"
                        "paginaFinal" => "947"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychogenic skin diseases&#58; A review of 35 cases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "149"
                        "paginaInicial" => "636"
                        "paginaFinal" => "643"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefactas cien a&#241;os atr&#225;s&#44; por Juan de Az&#250;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "100"
                        "paginaInicial" => "657"
                        "paginaFinal" => "660"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis facticia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "South Med J"
                        "fecha" => "1973"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1279"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1285"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflected skin diseases&#46; A retrospective analysis of 57 patients with dermatitis artefacta seen in a dermatology department"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/00015550510038250"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Derm Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "85"
                        "paginaInicial" => "512"
                        "paginaFinal" => "515"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; retrospective study in 31 patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta of the breast&#58; a retrospective analysis of 27 patients &#40;1975-2006&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03403.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "270"
                        "paginaFinal" => "274"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in pediatric patients&#58; experience at the National Institute of Pediatrics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21303.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "205"
                        "paginaFinal" => "211"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Artefactual skin disease in children and adolescents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Australas J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "264"
                        "paginaFinal" => "270"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-mutilation&#44; do not overlook the obvious"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "369"
                        "paginaFinal" => "370"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The concept and clinical aspects of factitial dermatitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "South Med J"
                        "fecha" => "1953"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "551"
                        "paginaFinal" => "555"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Dermatolog&#237;a y Psiquiatr&#237;a&#46; Historias cl&#237;nicas comentadas"
                        "paginaInicial" => "143"
                        "paginaFinal" => "163"
                        "serieFecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Simulated disease&#58; Problems in diagnosis and management &#40;The Parkes Weber lecture 1982&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J R Coll Physicians Lond"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "199"
                        "paginaFinal" => "205"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Friction blisters as a manifestation of pathomimia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Derm Venereol &#40;Stockh&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "65"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A case of bullous dermatitis artefacta possibly induced by a deodorant spray"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00007.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "40"
                        "paginaFinal" => "42"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bullous cryothermic dermatitis artefacta induced by deodorant spray abuse"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03861.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "978"
                        "paginaFinal" => "982"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial Weber-Christian syndrome"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1966"
                        "volumen" => "198"
                        "paginaInicial" => "163"
                        "paginaFinal" => "166"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inoculation with milk as a cause of recurrent cellulitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can Med Asoc J"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "112"
                        "paginaInicial" => "605"
                        "paginaFinal" => "606"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial traumatic panniculitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "988"
                        "paginaFinal" => "994"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial paniculitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.det.2008.05.013"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "519"
                        "paginaFinal" => "527"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Les cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Presse Med"
                        "fecha" => "1967"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2763"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2784"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Localized crusting as an artefact"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "573"
                        "paginaFinal" => "574"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious lip crusting"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "117"
                        "paginaInicial" => "338"
                        "paginaFinal" => "340"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "368"
                        "paginaFinal" => "372"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cheilites squamo-crouteuses factices"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "111"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1007"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1011"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial cheilitis in an adolescent"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "12"
                        "paginaFinal" => "15"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exfoliative cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Oral Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1973"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "357"
                        "paginaFinal" => "359"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exfoliative cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Oral Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "52"
                        "paginaFinal" => "55"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exfoliative cheilitis&#58; a factitious disorder"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Oral Maxilofac Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "313"
                        "paginaFinal" => "317"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cheilitis et lesions des levres artificiallement provoqu&#233;es"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "117"
                        "paginaInicial" => "477"
                        "paginaFinal" => "486"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "45"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric syndromes of interest to dermatologist"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "82"
                        "paginaFinal" => "88"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "46"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Skin signs in anorexia nerviosa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dermatoendocrinol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "268"
                        "paginaFinal" => "270"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "47"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "236"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "48"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Contact Dermat"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "93"
                        "paginaFinal" => "94"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "49"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oedeme dur et hiperplasie traumatique du metacarpe dorsal"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Med Suisse Romande"
                        "fecha" => "1911"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "409"
                        "paginaFinal" => "415"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "50"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Secretan&#39;s syndrome&#58; an artefact edema of the hand"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Contact Dermatitis"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "345"
                        "paginaFinal" => "346"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "51"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious lymphedema of the hand"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Bone Joint Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "89"
                        "paginaFinal" => "94"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "52"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious pseudoainhum of the nipple"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cutis"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "80"
                        "paginaFinal" => "81"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "53"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gangrene of the tongue following self-application of a rubber band"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "62"
                        "paginaInicial" => "956"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "54"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Elastic band artifact"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Proc R Soc Med"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "paginaInicial" => "383"
                        "paginaFinal" => "384"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "55"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Erotic imagery and self-castration"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sexual Med"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "63"
                        "paginaFinal" => "66"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            55 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "56"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Autoerythrocyte sensitization&#58; a form of purpura producing painful bruising following autosensitization to red blood cells in certain women"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Blood"
                        "fecha" => "1955"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "675"
                        "paginaFinal" => "690"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            56 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "57"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purpura facticia&#46; An analysis of criteria for its differentiation from autoerythrocyte sensitization purpura"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1972"
                        "volumen" => "106"
                        "paginaInicial" => "238"
                        "paginaFinal" => "241"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            57 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "58"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome &#40;Gardner-Diamond syndrome&#41;&#58; review of the literature"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03096.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "499"
                        "paginaFinal" => "504"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            58 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "59"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychogenic purpura &#40;autoerythrocyte sensitizations&#41;&#58; an unsolved dilemma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "87"
                        "paginaInicial" => "16N"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21N"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            59 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "60"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Undiagnosed purpura&#58; a case of autoerythtocyte sensitization syndrome associated with dermatitis artefacta and pseudo-ainhum"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "379"
                        "paginaFinal" => "381"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            60 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "61"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnostic clues to dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cutis"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "214"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            61 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "62"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The diagnosis of self-inflicted dermatoses and their psychodynamics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1929"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "438"
                        "paginaFinal" => "443"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            62 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "63"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious dermatoses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1915"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1622"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1628"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            63 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "64"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric aspects of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "29"
                        "paginaFinal" => "34"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            64 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0325"
              "etiqueta" => "65"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What is dermatitis artefacta&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "427"
                        "paginaFinal" => "428"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            65 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "66"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychosomatic studies in dermatology&#46; A&#41; The motivation of self-induced eruptions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1945"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "245"
                        "paginaFinal" => "250"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            66 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "67"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflicted hysterical lesions of the skin&#44; with special reference to the after-history"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol Syph"
                        "fecha" => "1926"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "371"
                         …1
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            67 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "68"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La pathomimie"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            68 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "69"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patomimias&#46; Revisi&#243;n de casu&#237;stica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            69 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "70"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Skin disorders and the psyche"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            70 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "71"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-induced skin lesions&#58; a review of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            71 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "72"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pyoderma gangrenosum masquerading as dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archderm.142.11.1509-a"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            72 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "73"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta masquerading as pyoderma gangrenosum"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            73 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "74"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cutaneous M&#252;nchausen syndrome with presentation simulating pyoderma gangrenosum"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            74 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "75"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A case with an indolent course of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma demonstrating Eptein-Barr virus positivity and simulating dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2165/11311060-000000000-00000"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            75 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "76"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in a 12-year-old girl mimicking cutaneous T-cell lymphoma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00417.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            76 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "77"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Erosive lichen planus on an atypical site mimicking a factitial dermatitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            77 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "78"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cryoglobulinaemia mimicking dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            78 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0395"
              "etiqueta" => "79"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Acquired haemophilia mimicking dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2340/00015555-0569"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            79 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0400"
              "etiqueta" => "80"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta presenting as vasculitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            80 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0405"
              "etiqueta" => "81"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Misdiagnosis of dermatitis artefacta&#58; how did we get it wrong&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02859.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            81 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "82"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            82 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "83"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial cutaneous ulcers and nodules&#58; The use of electron-probe microanalysis in diagnosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            83 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "84"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bullous dermatitis self-induced"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            84 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "85"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Neurotic excoriations and dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            85 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "86"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychocutaneous disorders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            86 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "87"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of emotion in disorders of the skin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            87 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
              "etiqueta" => "88"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Suction blisters mimicking pemphigoid&#46; An unusual case of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            88 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0445"
              "etiqueta" => "89"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflicted dermatoses and their psychodynamics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            89 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0450"
              "etiqueta" => "90"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychosomatic medicine&#58; II&#46; Psychosomatic aspects of skin diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            90 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0455"
              "etiqueta" => "91"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychosomatic concepts in dermatology&#46; A dermatologist-psychoanalyst&#39;s viewpoint"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            91 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0460"
              "etiqueta" => "92"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-induced dermatoses&#58; Psychodynamics and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            92 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0465"
              "etiqueta" => "93"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Aggression and symptom formation in dermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            93 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0470"
              "etiqueta" => "94"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pickers&#44; pluckers and impostors&#46; A panorama of cutaneous self-mutilation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            94 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0475"
              "etiqueta" => "95"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Folie &#224; deux&#46; Factitious ulcers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            95 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0480"
              "etiqueta" => "96"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#218;lceras genitales artefactas de aparici&#243;n simult&#225;nea en pareja"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            96 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0485"
              "etiqueta" => "97"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious skin lesions in a mother and two sons"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            97 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0490"
              "etiqueta" => "98"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Die bedeutung von hautartefakten"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            98 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0495"
              "etiqueta" => "99"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in a patient affected by impulse control disorder&#58; Case report"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            99 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0500"
              "etiqueta" => "100"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            100 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0505"
              "etiqueta" => "101"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflicted injury&#58; A follow-up study of 43 patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            101 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0510"
              "etiqueta" => "102"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; A clinical study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            102 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0515"
              "etiqueta" => "103"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Malignant change in dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            103 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0520"
              "etiqueta" => "104"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising over a factitial dermatitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1684/ejd.2008.0532"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            104 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0525"
              "etiqueta" => "105"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Learning the cost of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            105 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0530"
              "etiqueta" => "106"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta de localizaci&#243;n periorbitaria y perioral"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            106 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0535"
              "etiqueta" => "107"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The current management of delusional parasitosis and dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            107 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0540"
              "etiqueta" => "108"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric treatment in dermatology&#58; an update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03497.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002370/v1_201311281142/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "6177"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Reviews"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002370/v1_201311281142/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002370?idApp=UINPBA000044"
]
Compartir
Información de la revista

Estadísticas

Siga este enlace para acceder al texto completo del artículo

Review
Dermatitis Artefacta: A Review
Dermatitis artefacta: revisión
A. Rodríguez Pichardo
Autor para correspondencia
arodriguezpi@aedv.es

Corresponding author.
, B. García Bravo
Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
Leído
31171
Veces
se ha leído el artículo
6693
Total PDF
24478
Total HTML
Compartir estadísticas
 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S1578219013002370"
  "issn" => "15782190"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2012.10.018"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
  "aid" => "748"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46; and AEDV"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2011"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "ssu"
  "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:854-66"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 12103
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 57
      "HTML" => 10205
      "PDF" => 1841
    ]
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:19 [
      "pii" => "S0001731012004784"
      "issn" => "00017310"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2012.10.004"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
      "aid" => "748"
      "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46; and AEDV"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 0
      "subdocumento" => "ssu"
      "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:854-66"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => true
        "ES2" => true
        "LATM" => true
      ]
      "gratuito" => true
      "lecturas" => array:2 [
        "total" => 12417
        "formatos" => array:3 [
          "EPUB" => 1
          "HTML" => 9063
          "PDF" => 3353
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:13 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Revisi&#243;n</span>"
        "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; revisi&#243;n"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
          0 => "es"
          1 => "en"
        ]
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "854"
            "paginaFinal" => "866"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Dermatitis Artefacta&#58; A Review"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
          "es" => true
          "en" => true
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
          "original" => 0
          "multimedia" => array:7 [
            "identificador" => "fig0005"
            "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
            "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
            "mostrarFloat" => true
            "mostrarDisplay" => false
            "figura" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
                "Alto" => 1141
                "Ancho" => 2670
                "Tamanyo" => 132167
              ]
            ]
            "descripcion" => array:1 [
              "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribuci&#243;n por sexos de diversas formas cl&#237;nicas de dermatitis artefacta&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "A&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo, B&#46; Garc&#237;a Bravo"
            "autores" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "A&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "B&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a Bravo"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S1578219013002370"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2012.10.018"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => true
            "ES2" => true
            "LATM" => true
          ]
          "gratuito" => true
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002370?idApp=UINPBA000044"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731012004784?idApp=UINPBA000044"
      "url" => "/00017310/0000010400000010/v1_201311281152/S0001731012004784/v1_201311281152/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1578219013002382"
    "issn" => "15782190"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2013.03.009"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
    "aid" => "841"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46; and AEDV"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:867-76"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 18502
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 53
        "HTML" => 15881
        "PDF" => 2568
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Practical Dermatology</span>"
      "titulo" => "Hair and Scalp Evaluation&#58; The Trichogram"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "867"
          "paginaFinal" => "876"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n del pelo y cuero cabelludo&#58; tricograma"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2347
              "Ancho" => 2986
              "Tamanyo" => 299139
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Female-pattern hair loss &#40;progressive diffuse alopecia&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "C&#46; Serrano-Falc&#243;n, M&#46;A&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Pugnaire, S&#46; Serrano-Ortega"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Serrano-Falc&#243;n"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Pugnaire"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Serrano-Ortega"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0001731013001580"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2013.03.004"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731013001580?idApp=UINPBA000044"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002382?idApp=UINPBA000044"
    "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002382/v1_201311281142/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1578219013002369"
    "issn" => "15782190"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.adengl.2012.06.031"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01"
    "aid" => "667"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46; and AEDV"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "ssu"
    "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:841-53"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 8178
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 47
        "HTML" => 7529
        "PDF" => 602
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
      "titulo" => "Cutaneous Metastases of Internal Tumors"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "841"
          "paginaFinal" => "853"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Met&#225;stasis cut&#225;neas de origen visceral"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 877
              "Ancho" => 2500
              "Tamanyo" => 254790
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Skin metastases can manifest as primary or secondary skin lesions&#46; A&#44; Metastasis from a gastric adenocarcinoma&#46; Papule of 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter on the abdomen&#46; B&#44; Metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the ovary presenting as a plaque&#46; C&#44; Metastasis from a urothelial carcinoma of the bladder presenting as a nodule&#46; D&#44; Metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the breast&#46; The lesion started as a macule over the mastectomy scar&#46; E&#44; Ulcerated infiltrated plaque corresponding to a metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the lung&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "M&#46;C&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Ant&#243;n Mart&#237;nez, V&#46; Parra-Blanco, J&#46;A&#46; Avil&#233;s Izquierdo, R&#46;M&#46; Su&#225;rez Fern&#225;ndez"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Ant&#243;n Mart&#237;nez"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "V&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Parra-Blanco"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Avil&#233;s Izquierdo"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Su&#225;rez Fern&#225;ndez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0001731012002761"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2012.06.005"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731012002761?idApp=UINPBA000044"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002369?idApp=UINPBA000044"
    "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002369/v1_201311281142/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
    "titulo" => "Dermatitis Artefacta&#58; A Review"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "854"
        "paginaFinal" => "866"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "A&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo, B&#46; Garc&#237;a Bravo"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "A&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "arodriguezpi&#64;aedv&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "B&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a Bravo"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Dermatolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena&#44; Sevilla&#44; Spain"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; revisi&#243;n"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1141
            "Ancho" => 2670
            "Tamanyo" => 155040
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution by sex of various clinical forms of dermatitis artefacta&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The nosological position of dermatitis artefacta &#40;DA&#41; is clear in the numerous classification schemes of skin conditions linked to mental disorders&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;6</span></a> in which it is invariably classified as a manifestation of a primary psychiatric disorder&#46; While the Vienna Diagnoses Schedule for Psychodermatological Disorders is probably the most complete and comprehensive classification published to date&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> it is of little practical use for dermatologists who do not work in the field of psychodermatology&#46; It may therefore be preferable to use Gupta&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> classification of psychodermatoses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; which is more didactic as it is based on the current concepts of psychiatric disease defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders &#40;DSM-IV&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dermatitis artefacta</span> is only used to refer to the condition in which skin lesions appear in a secret and mysterious way while the patient denies all responsibility for their production&#46; In DA&#44; the patient produces skin lesions to satisfy a psychological need&#44; often a desire to receive medical treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Malingerers also deny responsibility for producing the signs and symptoms of their disease&#44; but they do so for easy-to-discover reasons&#44; such as financial gain or a lawsuit&#46; Munchausen syndrome sometimes includes skin involvement&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> generally DA&#44; but in that setting the skin involvement is just 1 element in a broad spectrum of conditions affecting other organs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and will be associated with repeated hospital admissions&#44; which the patient tries to conceal while demanding medication and exploratory tests&#46; Unlike DA&#44; Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women&#46; It is not unusual for DA to occur following treatment for another condition that brought the patient into contact with the hospital environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Definition</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA is defined as any condition involving self-inflicted skin lesions for which the patient denies all responsibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> However&#44; some authors consider that the nosological definition of DA should specifically exclude cases in which a rational motive exists for the self-infliction of lesions&#44; thereby excluding malingerers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Another essential characteristic of DA is that the patients conceal their role in producing the signs of their condition&#59; this concealment is what differentiates DA from other self-inflicted dermatoses&#44; such as self-mutilations by psychotic patients&#44; neurotic excoriation&#44; and trichotillomania&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Epidemiology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since DA is rare in routine dermatological practice&#44; the literature contains few case series&#46; Most authors have described isolated clinical cases of particular interest to specialists either because of the diagnostic challenges involved or the severity of the clinical presentation&#46; However&#44; it is believed that up to 5&#37; of medical visits may relate to factitious disease&#44; and such cases are not only observed in dermatology but also encountered by internal medicine&#44; ophthalmology&#44; endocrinology&#44; and ear nose and throat specialists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a> Owing to the ease with which it can be damaged&#44; the integrumentary system is the organ that is most often the object of self-inflicted lesions&#46; This was shown by a study of 31 patients who presented with factitious conditions in a general hospital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#59; in that study there were 13 cases of DA&#44; 12 cases of simulated fever&#44; 3 of self-inflicted bleeding&#44; 1 of polyuria-polydipsia syndrome&#44; 1 of hypoglycemia&#44; and 1 of hyperthyroidism&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few series provide data that can be used to compare the relative incidence of DA and other psychodermatologic disorders&#46; In a 3-year study carried out in Iran&#44; 178 patients were diagnosed with various psychodermatologic disorders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#58; 128 neurotic excoriations &#40;71&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 22 trichotillomania &#40;12&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; 16 delusional parasitosis &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and 12 DA &#40;6&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Women outnumbered men in all of these diagnoses except delusional parasitosis&#44; which was more frequent among men&#46; DA was the least common diagnosis&#46; In a study of 35 patients with dermatological disorders of strictly psychological origin&#44; 8 patients had DA&#44; 8 had delusional parasitosis&#44; and 19 had various dysmorphic disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the first case series of DA was published by Az&#250;a in 1909&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> After studying the cases of 4 women who had been diagnosed with &#8220;hysterical gangrene&#8221;&#44; he confirmed the hysterical origin in 1 case but redefined the other 3 as self-inflicted lesions&#46; One review of 59 articles on DA included 130 patients &#40;116 women and 14 men&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> A retrospective study in Denmark covering 20 years included 57 patients with a diagnosis of DA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> That group consisted largely of women &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#44; with a female-to-male ratio of 2&#46;8&#58;1&#59; the median age was 39 years &#40;range&#44; 12-86&#41;&#46; A review of the records of a French dermatology department over a 15-year period identified 31 patients with a diagnosis of DA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; 23 of the patients were women &#40;mean age&#44; 32&#46;4 years&#41; and 8 were men &#40;mean age&#44; 23&#46;7 years&#41;&#46; Our series of patients diagnosed between 1976 and 2006 included 201 patients&#44; with a clear preponderance of women &#40;female-to-male ratio&#44; 3&#46;1&#58;1&#41; and mean age overall of 31&#46;2 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;21</span></a> Other interesting characteristics observed in our series were the low or nonexistent skill level&#44; low income&#44; and low cultural level of the patients and the higher proportion of single people&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In children&#44; DA is more common among girls than boys&#44; as shown by a Mexican series of pediatric patients covering a period of 20 years&#44; which included 25 girls and only 4 boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Similarly&#44; an Australian study covering a 15-year period included 24 girls and only 8 boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA can appear at any age&#44; but the incidence is highest around 20 years of age&#46; In many cases onset is preceded by a period of psychosocial stress&#44; which is generally easily identified&#44; such as the psychological disturbance that produced acne symptoms in an adolescent who injured his skin with a blister agent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> It is not unusual to find a connection with the hospital setting in these patients&#44; who may be nursing aides&#44; nurses&#44; relatives of physicians&#44; or individuals who have had prolonged diseases in childhood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> or who have been affected by the death of a family member&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; we can say that DA is more common among females and<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> in early adulthood and that a high proportion of those affected have a low social and cultural level&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Clinical Features</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA presents in a great variety of clinical forms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; depending on the patient&#39;s creativity and the method used to produce the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;25</span></a> The most common presentations are as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Excoriations&#46; Excoriations are the most easily diagnosed factitious lesions&#46; They are usually linear &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and are most often inflicted using the fingernails &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; although a variety of sharp objects may also be used &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Distinguishing between DA and neurotic excoriations can sometimes be difficult&#44; but patients who have the latter condition recognize that they have caused the lesions&#46; Excoriations are highly susceptible to infection and an indicative finding is the absence of itching before the onset of the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Excoriations are a common clinical form of DA because the lesions are easy to inflict&#59; in our case series they were observed in 52 &#40;25&#46;8&#37;&#41; of 201 patients and were more common in women &#40;28&#46;4&#37;&#41; than in men &#40;17&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulcers&#46; Ulcers are the most common lesions in most series&#46; They are found either in the early stages of development or after resolution&#44; when they take the form of an eschar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; The morphology of these ulcers tends to be odd&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> either because they have perfectly regular borders or because they have an irregular shape that includes linear segments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#44; acute and obtuse angles&#44; triangular forms&#44; star shapes etc&#46; Linear lesions that extend outwards from a primary lesion are also observed &#40;the drip sign&#41;&#46; Sometimes&#44; clearly ulcerated lesions appear together with other lesions that are either incompletely executed or caused by splashes of the caustic agent used to produce the ulcers&#46; Scars from past or old injuries may also be observed&#46; Old ulcerations that have been subjected to repeated irritation or modified by multiple treatments exhibit characteristics of torpidity &#40;sclerosis&#44; atrophy&#41;&#44; and underlying osteitis or necrosis caused by secondary infections is sometimes present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Patients may also have scars with an irregular geometric shape&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Litmus paper can be used to test the alkalinity or acidity of unexplained ulcers as the results may indicate the use of a chemical product as a probable cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;27</span></a> Repeated failure of skin grafts&#44; usually due to vascular problems&#44; should raise the suspicion of interference by the patient&#44; especially when the only organism found in cultures is fecal flora &#40;a finding observed in 4 of our cases&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; a clinical presentation described as an ulcer was observed in 52 patients &#40;25&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; making it&#44; together with the category of excoriations&#44; the leading manifestation&#46; Ulcers were more common among males &#40;31&#46;1&#37;&#41; than females &#40;23&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; In a study of patients with DA affecting the breast&#44; excoriations and ulcers were found to be equally common &#40;33&#46;33&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blisters&#46; Self-inflicted lesions sometimes take the form of blisters&#46; The appearance of these lesions may be odd&#59; they may be elongated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#44; angular&#44; polygonal&#44; or occasionally very large&#44; sometimes with several lobules&#46; In most cases&#44; blisters are found together with other lesions&#44; such as ulcerations&#44; scabs&#44; and erythema in more or less geometric shapes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions may be irregularly shaped and have an unusual distribution&#44; for example perfectly irregular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;27</span></a> The course is always benign&#44; but the size&#44; number&#44; and gangrenous nature of the blisters can sometimes produce veritable mutilations&#46; Self-inflicted blisters are caused by burns or cauterization and are produced through the application of chemical or medical products&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blisters can also be produced through friction on sites where the epidermis is thick and firmly attached to the underlying tissues&#46; The histologic findings in such cases are characteristic and can distinguish these lesions from the blisters found in bullous disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one report a rubber nipple was used to produce suction blisters mimicking pemphigoid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In another case of DA&#44; an aerosol spray deodorant was used by a 12-year-old girl to induce blistering&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The same method was used by 3 patients &#40;a 12-year-old boy and 2 women aged 21 and 36 years&#41;&#44; who induced bullous lesions on the extensor surfaces of the limbs by producing cold burns using a spray deodorant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> This was probably also the method used in the case of a 13-year-old girl described in another case report&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; 21 &#40;10&#46;3&#37;&#41; of the 201 patients presented with a variety of bullous symptoms&#44; a presentation more common among men &#40;13&#46;3&#37;&#41; than women &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Panniculitis&#46; Ackerman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> reported the case of an adolescent with fever&#44; nodular syndrome&#44; and nonsuppurating panniculitis&#8212;a presentation clinically and histologically consistent with Weber-Christian disease&#46; By chance it was discovered that the manifestations were caused by self-injections of milk that produced erythematous nodules around the injection site accompanied by chills&#44; fever&#44; sweating&#44; and general malaise&#46; Steinman and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> described a similar case in a nurse whose symptoms were also produced by self-inoculation with milk on the dorsum of the left hand&#46; In a study of 5 women with factitious panniculitis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> the signs of disease were found to be produced by repeated trauma&#46; The diagnosis was only confirmed after histologic examination revealed inflammatory features and bruising and after the lesions had been cured by means of occlusive dressings&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to note that some patients develop indurated lesions on the breast&#44; which sometimes ulcerate&#44; and when they are referred for surgical treatment they may undergo a mastectomy without any prior biopsy having been performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> A recent Spanish study summarized the etiologic&#44; pathogenic&#44; clinical&#44; and histologic features and treatment of panniculitis produced by trauma or the injection of drugs or chemicals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; 7 patients &#40;3&#46;4&#37;&#41; were diagnosed with factitious panniculitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0040">Figs&#46; 8 and 9</a>&#41;&#46; In 1 case&#44; the symptoms were caused by subcutaneous injection of urine&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Localized crusting&#46; Carteaud<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> described a case of factitious cheilitis&#44; which he called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">le tic des levres</span>&#46; Some years later&#44; Savage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> reported a similar condition&#44; which he called localized crusting&#59; he described cases of keratotic or bleeding scabs on the lips that had no apparent cause in which he suspected deliberate or unconscious manipulation by the patient&#46; Several terms have been used to describe this clinical picture&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">factitious lip crusting</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">factitious cheilitis</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8211;40</span></a> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">exfoliative cheilitis artefacta</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#8211;43</span></a> It has been speculated that the mechanism of production might be repeated manipulation of the lips with the teeth&#44; tongue&#44; or even instruments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> In some cases&#44; the nasal pyramid is affected&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our series included 6 patients &#40;5 women and 1 man&#41; with localized crusting&#59; in one of the women&#44; the crust was located on a finger&#46; One of the woman &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig&#46; 10</a>&#41; had concomitant anorexia nervosa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eczematous lesions&#46; Some patients produce eczematous lesions by applying irritants to the skin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> or exposing themselves repeatedly to an allergen in the case of patients with allergic contact dermatitis&#46; It is sometimes difficult to prove the cause of such lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Edemas&#46; In 1911&#44; Secretan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> described swollen limbs as a possible presentation of self-inflicted disease&#46; Angelini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> later called this form of self-harm Secretan syndrome&#46; Smith<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> defined a set of criteria that should raise a suspicion that the lymphedema is factitious&#58; recurrent unilateral lymphedema without any apparent lymphatic or venous obstruction and any lymphedema that is clearly delimited by a ring of a different coloration&#46; Several types of edema caused by ligatures are reported in the literature&#44; including edema of the nipple&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> the tongue&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> the neck&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> and even of the scrotum leading to self-castration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Purpuras and bruises&#46; Gardner and Diamond<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> first described the autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome&#44; which is characterized by painful ecchymoses in sites within reach of the hands&#44; typically in women with psychological disorders &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig&#46; 11</a>&#41;&#46; The patients&#8217; hypersensitivity to injections of their own blood has been used as a diagnostic criterion&#46; Some authors have tried to differentiate between purpura factitia and autoerythrocyte hypersensitivity syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> In their view&#44; the latter condition is characterized by the presence of prior pain and possibly bleeding in internal organs&#44; while the appearance of lesions in purpura factitia is not preceded by pain and the results of challenge tests with the patient&#39;s own blood are negative if the site is protected with a bandage&#46; However&#44; the criteria for differentiating between purpura factitia and autoerythrocyte hypersensitivity syndrome are unclear&#46; Despite these nosological difficulties&#44; the authors of a recent review of the literature including 162 cases propose treatment with psychotropic drugs and psychotherapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> While differentiating these 2 disorders is difficult&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> the case of a patient with DA and painful bruising syndrome may be of some help&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; 3 women &#40;aged 26&#44; 27&#44; and 36 years&#41; had this condition&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spectrum of clinical presentations of DA could be even broader than that described here as the manifestations depend on the patient&#39;s imagination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diagnosis of DA is difficult to establish because of the great variety of possible dermatologic conditions&#46; The situation is further complicated by the diversity of methods used by patients to self-harm and the ingenuity they employ in doing so &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig&#46; 12</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three aspects can be used to establish a diagnosis of self-inflicted skin lesions&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> the morphology of the lesion&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> the patient&#39;s personality&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> the medical history&#46; However&#44; it is not advisable to establish a diagnosis based on just one of these criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> DA is the somatic expression of extremely serious and deeply buried mental suffering&#44; of which the patient is unaware&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In DA&#44; the normal roles of patient&#44; physician&#44; and disease are subverted&#46; This subversion takes the form of a twofold challenge&#44; psychological on the one hand and a challenge to the standards underpinning medical practice on the other&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis should not be reached merely by a process of elimination&#44; but should rather be established from among the possible alternatives&#46; The diagnosis of DA is made on the basis of a combination of positive dermatological and psychological findings and requires the collaboration of the medical team and their acceptance that DA is the expression of significant mental suffering&#44; of which the patient is unaware&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although very old&#44; the Stokes and Gardner classification is still a useful tool for establishing a diagnosis of self-inflicted lesions&#46; In the following sections we will outline the different aspects that form the basis of that classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a></p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Shape and Configuration of Lesions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis should be determined by the shape of the lesions and by ruling out other skin disorders with clearly defined characteristics&#46; Although the lesions may be caused by chemical or thermal burns&#44; they can also be the result of trauma&#46; Cutaneous artifacts caused by an instrument tend to be regular and geometric in shape &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig&#46; 13</a>&#41;&#44; an uncommon morphology in the case of spontaneous eruptions&#46; Chemical burns are regular in shape&#44; although at times their borders may be interrupted by fingerlike projections caused by the linear spread of drips of the caustic liquid used to produce the lesion&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lesions sometimes have a bizarre or fantastic appearance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0070">Figs&#46; 14 and 15</a>&#41;&#44; appearing suddenly at irregular intervals&#44; generally singly or in pairs&#46; The course may be unusually rapid&#46; When the caustic substance is applied using a needle or tweezers&#44; a method frequently used in gangrenous areas&#44; the edges of the lesion have a saw-tooth or serrated appearance&#44; caused by the repeated pricks made along the leading edge&#46; When escharotic lesions are observed&#44; they tend to be superficial and the scabbed area is separated from the normal skin by an intensely erythematous border&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is sometimes possible to determine that the nails&#44; fingers or a sharp object in the patient&#39;s possession are impregnated with the causal agent&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; to the eyes of an expert&#44; these lesions will appear odd from the very beginning and are easily recognized as unexpected and dubious&#46; The initial impression of self-harm is strong &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">Fig&#46; 16</a>&#41; and this is of great importance for the diagnosis&#59; however&#44; a diagnosis of self-harm should not be reached without careful critical analysis&#46; Closer examination of the manifestations may provide the physician with evidence that will confirm the diagnosis of a self-inflicted lesion&#46; DA is always destructive &#40;ulcers&#44; enucleations&#44; gangrene&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> although such a clinical picture alone is not enough to establish a diagnosis of DA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our series yielded a number of findings not yet reported in the literature&#58; we were able to establish that the creation of lesions in multiple sites was more common among women&#44; while solitary lesions were mainly observed in men&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Distribution of the Lesions</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions are generally located in areas accessible to the hands and tend to be more numerous in sites accessible to the right hand in right-handed patients and vice versa&#46; When choosing sites for lesions patients typically avoid the palms&#44; soles&#44; nose&#44; mouth&#44; scalp&#44; genitals&#44; and the outer ear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> The presence of lesions in an area inaccessible to the hands does not necessarily rule out a diagnosis of DA&#44; since such sites can be reached by other means&#46; Lesions are sometimes distributed regularly around a central point&#44; such as a nipple or the navel&#44; and they are often located close to a previous lesion&#44; in an attempt to extend the original damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sites found in our series were as follows&#58; the face &#40;34&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; the lower limbs &#40;25&#37;&#41;&#44; the upper limbs &#40;16&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and the hands &#40;15&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; The most common site in men was the legs &#40;51&#37;&#41; and in women the face &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If&#44; as Fabisch<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> has suggested&#44; the anatomical site of the lesion has a psychological significance that should be taken into account by the psychotherapist&#44; it is interesting to highlight the large number of women in our case series with lesions affecting the breasts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Fig&#46; 17</a>&#41;&#44; in some cases involving very destructive clinical forms&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">The Patient&#39;s Demeanor</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Great importance is placed on the appearance and demeanor of the patient with DA&#46; Typical descriptions include anxiousness&#44; fine tremor of the facial muscles&#44; tearful eyes&#44; or on the contrary&#44; a poker face or Mona Lisa expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Some patients exhibit the calm of a tense person or a gaze with erotic connotations &#40;bedroom eyes&#41;&#46; Another remarkable characteristic seen in some patients is an attitude of great mental calm and complacency about their condition &#40;what the French call <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">la belle indifference</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Young patients are sometimes accompanied by domineering parents or solicitous parents will accompany a difficult and precocious child&#46; The patient&#39;s interest in their lesions&#44; a tendency to display them and to express anger are all signs that should raise a suspicion of self-harm&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient&#39;s expression can range from guilty&#44; furtive&#44; or unfriendly to one of obvious pretense&#46; Some patients may be reserved and uncommunicative or display signs of low intelligence&#44; although in Lyell&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> view a high level of intelligence is also compatible with a diagnosis of DA&#44; while a mature personality is not&#46; Obviously none of these criteria is absolute&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Timing</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recurrence following periods of stress&#44; sleepwalking episodes&#44; the patient&#39;s failure to return after several visits&#44; the appearance of lesions on certain dates&#44; and lesions that appear overnight are all signs of self-harm&#46; Another circumstance that may suggest DA is when the recurrence of lesions coincides with a new job&#44; moving house&#44; a new school&#44; the death of a family member&#44; or any other event likely to cause mental stress&#44; depending on the age and circumstances of the patient&#46; In such cases&#44; the lesion can be interpreted as an attempt at nonverbal communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a></p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients&#8217; inability to talk about the origin of their lesions or their lack of interest in the subject prevents the dermatologist from gaining a clear idea of the situation&#46; The patient&#39;s account of the lesions is sometimes so lacking in substance that Gandy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> coined the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hollow history</span>&#46; This perplexity about what is happening is expressed by the patient in bitter and hostile terms&#44; and new lesions will continue to appear as long as the conditions are favorable&#44; that is&#44; as long as the patient enjoys privacy and a supply of the necessary materials&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another term used in DA is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">melodramatic prophecy</span>&#44; referring to predictions by patients concerning when and where new lesions will appear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Many patients with DA play games with their physicians informing them 12 or 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours before the lesions appear what sites will be affected&#44; explaining that the lesion will be preceded by heat&#44; burning&#44; or some other abnormal sensation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> In other cases lesions appear in a place where the dermatologist has suggested they might occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Assessment of Neurological Signs and Symptoms</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjective sensations&#44; such as pain and burning&#44; may be exaggerated by patients with DA&#46; The patient&#39;s psychiatric history should be investigated to establish whether he or she has had any previous psychiatric diagnosis or has a family history of mental illness&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study of Motives</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of patients with a hysterical personality&#44; the motive for self-harm is to deceive&#44; but the underlying cause is solely the desire to be a sick person in order to escape personal obligations and inner conflicts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65&#44;66</span></a> even though there may be no apparent justification for the patient&#39;s conduct&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> The possible motives for DA will be as varied as are human personalities and the situations of life itself&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The motive can sometimes be a simple desire to arouse the sympathy of relatives or friends or an attempt to rationalize feelings of frustration or failure in life&#59; in other cases the behavior may be a result of conflict in the patient&#39;s social environment&#44; financial problems&#44; a lack of self-esteem&#44; atonement for guilt&#44; revenge&#44; or a way to escape responsibilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> Patients who create skin artifacts are also trying&#44; often unconsciously&#44; to attract the attention of those around them to an inner conflict for which they have no solution&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malingerers and fraudsters do not easily fool doctors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;69</span></a> because the patient who merely contrives disease is an impostor&#59; in such cases the external incentive for the behavior must be found to confirm the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Such individuals typically use lesions to achieve a secondary goal&#58; to excuse failure&#44; attract sympathy&#44; escape responsibilities&#44; or simply to delay making a payment that is due&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> They may have criminal motives&#44; such as fraud or avoidance of a legal obligation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> or even use the situation to obtain privileges&#44; money&#44; or narcotics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Histology</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A fairly common characteristic in the histology of DA is that superficial involvement predominates over deeper involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> Typically&#44; abnormal findings are restricted to the epidermis and no accumulation of lymphocytes or signs of vasculitis are found&#46; However&#44; the findings are not diagnostic and in most cases will depend on the method used to create the lesion&#46; A wide range of histologic findings have been reported&#44; including<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a> erosion&#44; acanthotic epidermis&#44; chronic perivascular infiltrate&#44; and foreign-body reaction with birefringent material&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a></p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whenever possible a biopsy should be obtained because histologic findings have in many cases been fundamental to the diagnosis&#44; particularly when other skin conditions have been confused with DA&#46; Perhaps the dermatological diagnosis most often confused with DA is pyoderma gangrenosum&#46; DA has also been confused with pyoderma and vice versa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72&#8211;74</span></a> Conditions misdiagnosed as DA on the basis of clinical findings have been shown by histologic findings to be genuine panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> By contrast&#44; a case of DA on a girl&#39;s face mimicked a lymphoma&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> while in other cases erosive lichen planus&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a> cryoglobulinemia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a> and acquired hemophilia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a> were misdiagnosed as DA&#46; In other cases DA presented clinically as vasculitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a> and trigeminal trophic syndrome was misdiagnosed as DA due to the absence of abnormal histologic findings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a></p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is sometimes essential to use more complex histologic techniques&#44; such as X-ray analysis and spectrophotometry&#46; In one case&#44; spectrophotometry demonstrated that the cause of recurrent abscesses was cellulose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82</span></a> In an earlier case&#44; electron probe microanalysis was used to determine the presence and nature of factitious granulomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">83</span></a> Friction blisters at the level of the distal stratum granulosum have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">84</span></a> The presence of birefringent material and pseudocystic spaces replacing fat are important indications that will help to establish the diagnosis of factitious panniculitis&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no doubt that DA lesions can mimic other skin processes&#46; McCormac<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> makes the point that&#44; while it is clear that a patient cannot produce lesions that simulate psoriasis or lichen planus&#44; they can create lesions with a very obvious inflammatory substrate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Differential Diagnosis</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermatological condition most likely to cause problems in the differential diagnosis of DA is neurotic excoriation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">85</span></a> While the lesions in this condition are also self-inflicted&#44; the patients do not try to deceive the physician&#59; they are victims of an irresistible urge to pick&#44; scratch&#44; or otherwise manipulate the skin&#44; nails&#44; or hair&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Another important difference between neurotic excoriation and DA is that patients with the former only use their nails while patients with DA may use a range of methods to damage the skin&#46;</p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA must be differentiated from the skin lesions produced by psychotic patients&#44; who may use their fingernails to excoriate the skin and cause ulcers that may become infected&#46; In such cases&#44; there is no doubt about the origin of the lesions because the patient causes them in view of other people&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Psychopathology</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experts concur that DA is a cutaneous manifestation of a psychiatric disorder and the condition is classified in the DSM-IV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the chief concerns of physicians who study DA is to identify a motive that would justify the behavior of patients who self-harm&#44; although some clinicians and dermatologists have minimized the role of the mind in the development and perpetuation of certain types of skin disease by applying the frivolous designation &#8220;nervous&#8221; and have failed to ensure that the patient receive appropriate psychiatric treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a> Fortunately&#44; the work of English&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a> Cormia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">88</span></a> and Zaidens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">89</span></a> has led to a better understanding of psychosomatic conditions and improved treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consensus about the personality type involved in DA&#46; Some authors consider that there are 2 types of patients&#44; some hysterical and others who are simply malingerers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;25&#44;67&#44;70&#44;90</span></a> Others classify patients with DA as hysterical or psychotic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68&#44;86</span></a> Michelson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> and Susskind<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">90</span></a> believe that all DA patients are hysterical&#44; while Koblenzer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a> considers them all to be borderline psychotic&#46; Factitious disease appears to be a kind of emotional safety valve in emotionally immature patients who typically present hysterical and masochistic characteristics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Lesions may be produced when patients are in an altered psychogenic&#44; borderline&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92</span></a> or dissociative state&#44; so that they are not conscious of their actions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The psychological importance of DA is that while the patients consciously produce the lesions&#44; they are unaware of the reasons for their self-destructive behavior&#46; Patients may exaggerate pain&#44; adopting the role of martyr&#44; and this posture is confirmed by their great capacity to take pleasure in tolerating pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a></p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although they cannot be considered to have psychotic personalities&#44; many patients with DA do have a borderline personality structure and are unable to develop mature relationships&#46; They use their lesions to maintain contact with others and to get the attention they desperately need to fill their emotional vacuum&#46; Another motive for self-harm may be a desire to do penance for unconscious sins or their behavior may be a displaced expression of infantile rage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a></p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Musaph<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">93</span></a> considers that patients with DA produce their symptoms unconsciously&#44; and psychiatric-psychological studies have revealed that the condition is in part due to aggressive sexual feelings directed against key figures in the patient&#39;s childhood&#46;</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zaidens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92</span></a> is the author who has perhaps contributed the most psychological and psychiatric studies on DA&#46; She believes that self-inflicted dermatitis represents frustration&#44; resentment&#44; a demand for attention&#44; anxiety&#44; hostility&#44; and helplessness&#46; The self-destruction is proportional to the severity of the underlying emotional disturbance&#46;</p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Auto-destructive mechanisms develop in dependent and timid individuals who are unable to express themselves&#46; These patients have been conceived and reared in an environment fettered by emotional barriers&#44; and their growth has not been very important to their parents&#44; particularly their mothers&#46; Most patients with DA are adults in middle-age who have not achieved their life goals or have not achieved the levels of success typical of their class models&#44; in either social or economic terms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">94</span></a> In psychological terms&#44; they use DA to get sympathy&#44; attention&#44; pity&#44; or compensation&#46; Moreover&#44; since patients with DA are unable to deal with their problems&#44; or to even admit that they have a problem&#44; the lesions provide them with an excuse they can use to rationalize their frustrations&#46;</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA sometimes appears in the context of a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">folie &#224; deux</span> or shared dementia&#46; Shared dementia is a psychotic disorder characterized by the development of a hallucinatory pattern shared by 2 people&#46; Since those affected have a long-lasting intimate relationship&#44; the disorder is not uncommon in older adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">95&#44;96</span></a> It sometimes involves a mother and her children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97</span></a> and forms part of a syndrome of childhood abuse&#46;</p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-inflicted dermatoses are also observed in patients with anorexia nervosa&#46;</p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Factitious disease involves many paradoxes&#44; the most important of which is that the patient causes the physical symptoms and seeks a remedy for them&#46; The psychodynamic etiology of factitious disorders may be related to a history of abuse or neglect in childhood&#44; early emotional deprivation&#44; or lack of care&#46; All of these factors are found frequently in the history of these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;98</span></a> Some authors have interpreted DA to be a disorder caused by borderline personality&#46; In their opinion&#44; the patient is both victim and punisher&#44; a person intent on capturing the attention of doctors while at the same time challenging them and devaluing their usefulness&#46; The additional benefit of playing the role of a sick person &#40;thereby obtaining attention&#44; support&#44; and sympathy while escaping responsibilities&#41; may also be important to these patients&#46; By simulating a disease patients can evade responsibilities and satisfy their dependence needs&#44; even though in DA this goal is achieved in a bizarre and self-destructive manner&#46;</p><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA is not indicative of a particular personality organization&#44; but the patient&#39;s personality type is a prognostic factor&#44; as is the age of onset&#46; In adolescents the disorder is usually a cry for help&#46; The most common personality type in men with DA is paranoid while in women it is hysterical&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is currently thought that DA occurs in patients with a borderline personality disorder&#44; although an association has also been described with impulse control disorder<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">99</span></a> and obsessive compulsive disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">100&#44;101</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Prognosis</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several follow-up studies have been carried out to assess the prognosis in patients with DA&#46; The first of these was undertaken by McCormack&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> who sent a questionnaire to 10 patients&#46; Only 5 answered&#44; and the findings of that study indicated that the condition is more uncommon in patients over 25 years of age&#46; Subsequently&#44; Sneddon et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">101</span></a> who studied 43 patients &#40;38 women and 5 men&#41;&#44; reported that DA was only one incident in a long history of mental illness&#46; However&#44; 30&#37; of the patients in that study &#40;12 women and one man&#41; continued to self-inflict lesions or had other mental illnesses 12 years after the onset of DA&#46; Years later&#44; Haenel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">98</span></a> invited 59 patients &#40;52 women and 7 men&#41; who had been diagnosed with DA to be reassessed&#46; Of the 36 women and 2 men who responded&#44; DA had resolved in 9&#44; but the others still had recurrent lesions&#46; Eight of the 36 women reported one or more suicide attempts&#46; In a follow-up study carried out in our own department&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;102</span></a> 61 patients who had been diagnosed with DA were invited to attend the clinic for reassessment&#46; Nine &#40;8 women and 1 man&#41; of the 34 patients who responded &#40;24 women and 10 men&#41; were still affected by DA&#44; an indication that this is a chronic and insidious disorder&#46;</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malignant transformation of a lesion was reported in a woman with DA who persistently excoriated a cholecystectomy scar over 40 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a> Another similar case involved the development of a malignant tumor in an ulcer on the face of a 49-year-old man&#44; which the patient scratched compulsively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">104</span></a> In both these cases&#44; the malignancy was a Marjolin ulcer&#44; a squamous cell carcinoma that arises in a chronic ulcer&#46; The most common complications of DA are related to infections&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Treatment</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DA probably represents one of the greatest therapeutic challenges in dermatology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Consoli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> suggested that the 3 pillars of treatment should be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> restructuring the patient&#39;s personality&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> drug treatment for the psychiatric condition&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> medical treatment of the skin lesions&#46; A prolonged period during which a friendly relationship can be established with the patient may help to prevent abrupt termination of treatment when the patient is finally confronted with the real situation&#46; If this initial confrontation does not provoke a negative reaction or cause the patient to abandon treatment&#44; a mental health treatment plan can be implemented&#44; if possible including inpatient treatment&#46; A supportive approach avoiding condemnation is always preferable&#46; The dermatologist should be prepared for a prolonged course of treatment with repeated relapses and should never express disappointment or hostility over these failures&#46; The cost of treating DA in 1 patient over 5 years of consultations has been estimated at &#8364;64&#160;500&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">105</span></a></p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of factitious disease is often unsatisfactory&#44; whether it is managed by a dermatologist&#44; a psychiatrist&#44; or both&#46; Maybe the underlying reason is that these patients are in hiding and although they have to consult a physician because their symptoms are so obvious they do not wish to be cured&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ideal approach is to refer the patient to a psychiatrist&#44; but patients find such a referral incomprehensible because they believe they have a dermatological condition and do not understand why the dermatologist does not want to cure the lesions&#46; As Sneddon<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> has said&#44; the treatment of patients with DA is difficult because&#44; although they need the help of a psychiatrist&#44; they reject this advice and any suggestion that their disease is not organic leads to a traumatic and conflictive visit after which they change doctors&#46; When it is impossible to convince the patient to consult a psychiatrist&#44; therapy with psychotropic drugs can be very helpful&#46; The following drugs have been shown to be useful&#58; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> pimozide &#40;0&#46;5-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#41;&#44; aripiprazole &#40;2-5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#41;&#44; or risperidone &#40;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106&#44;107</span></a> Other measures and treatments that have been proposed include relaxation therapy&#44; anxiolytics&#44; antidepressants&#44; and low doses of second-generation antipsychotics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">108</span></a>The skin lesions can be cured with the aid of occlusive dressings &#40;adhesive zinc or sometimes plaster wrap&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">106</span></a> Rapid healing of a bandaged ulcer that has previously proved refractory to all treatment is a sign of great diagnostic value&#44; as is the appearance of new lesions on unbandaged and&#44; in most cases&#44; previously unaffected areas&#46; As occlusive bandages can be pierced by sharp instruments and patients can inject substances through the dressing&#44; a sheet of aluminum foil may be included in the dressing to record the evidence of any such manipulations on the part of the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace concerning the publication of patient data&#44; and that all the patients included in this study have been appropriately informed and gave their written informed consent to participate in this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no private patient data are disclosed in this article</p></span></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of Interests</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:17 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres295308"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279229"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres295309"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279230"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Definition"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Epidemiology"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Clinical Features"
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Diagnosis"
          "secciones" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Shape and Configuration of Lesions"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Distribution of the Lesions"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "The Patient&#39;s Demeanor"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Timing"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Assessment of Neurological Signs and Symptoms"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Study of Motives"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Histology"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Differential Diagnosis"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Psychopathology"
        ]
        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Prognosis"
        ]
        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Treatment"
        ]
        14 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        15 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0105"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interests"
        ]
        16 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-23"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-10-14"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279229"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Dermatitis artefacta"
            1 => "Self-inflicted lesions"
            2 => "Factitious dermatitis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec279230"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Dermatitis artefacta"
            1 => "Lesiones autoprovocadas"
            2 => "Dermatitis facticia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermatitis artefacta is a rarely diagnosed disorder that is often a source of perplexity and anxiety for dermatologists because they know less about the cause of this self-inflicted condition than the patients themselves&#46; It differs from other skin disorders in that diagnosis is made by exclusion rather than on the basis of histologic and biochemical findings and therefore involves a considerable investment of time and resources&#46; Based on the findings of a study of 201 patients diagnosed with dermatitis artefacta between 1976 and 2006&#44; we review the different clinical presentations of this skin disorder and discuss its diagnosis and treatment&#46; The series analyzed comprised 152 women and 49 men &#40;female to male ratio of 3&#46;1&#58;1&#41; with a mean age of 31&#46;2 years&#46; The patients were mostly single and had a low educational level and few or no job qualifications or skills&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La dermatitis artefacta &#40;DA&#41; es un diagn&#243;stico excepcional&#44; que genera perplejidad y ansiedad al dermat&#243;logo al encontrase ante una patolog&#237;a autoprovocada y de la que el paciente sabe m&#225;s que el m&#233;dico en cuanto a su etiolog&#237;a&#46; Al contrario que otras dermatosis en la que existen pruebas histol&#243;gicas o bioqu&#237;micas&#44; en la DA el diagn&#243;stico es de exclusi&#243;n lo que exige un gran consumo de recursos y de tiempo&#46; En el presente trabajo repasamos las diversas formas cl&#237;nicas&#44; criterios diagn&#243;sticos y manejo de estos pacientes y para ello nos basamos en la experiencia del estudio que realizamos de 201 casos de DA diagnosticados entre 1976 y 2006&#44; de los cuales 152 eran mujeres y 49 varones&#44; con una proporci&#243;n de mujeres&#47;varones de 3&#46;1&#47;1&#46; La edad media fue de 31&#46;2 a&#241;os y estaba mayoritariamente constituida por personas con escasa o nula cualificaci&#243;n laboral&#44; bajo nivel cultural y mayoritariamente solteros&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Rodr&#237;guez Pichardo A&#44; Garc&#237;a Bravo B&#46; Dermatitis artefacta&#58; revisi&#243;n&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2013&#59;104&#58;854&#8211;866&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:19 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1141
            "Ancho" => 2670
            "Tamanyo" => 155040
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution by sex of various clinical forms of dermatitis artefacta&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1171
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 82193
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear excoriations on the forearm of a girl in a star pattern&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 987
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 115134
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear excoriations produced with the nails&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 776
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 129660
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Excoriations made using an abrasive scouring pad&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 565
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 89487
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eschars caused by ammonia burns&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 675
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 133559
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ulcers with &#8220;capricious&#8221; shapes on a man&#39;s forearm&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1067
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 124977
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear friction blister in the form of a cross&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 675
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 73596
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Panniculitis on the wrist and the dorsum of the hands caused by injection of a silicone material&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 9"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 564
            "Ancho" => 901
            "Tamanyo" => 121271
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Panniculitis on the leg of a novice nun&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0050"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 10"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1098
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 151988
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crusting sores on the lips of a patient with anorexia nervosa&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0055"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 11"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 954
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 100312
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Painful bruising in a 36-year-old woman with a severe psychological disorder&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0060"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 12"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1006
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 139723
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Symptoms caused by the application of a liquid photosensitizer before exposure to UV radiation in a tanning booth&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0065"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 13"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1051
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 129455
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A burn probably caused by an iron&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0070"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 14"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 541
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 90607
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Geometric exulcerations on the face and dorsum of the nose&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0075"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 15"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1504
            "Ancho" => 801
            "Tamanyo" => 158291
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Burns on the upper right limb of a left-handed patient&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      15 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0080"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 16"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 581
            "Ancho" => 900
            "Tamanyo" => 87982
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Superficial burns on the forearms&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      16 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0085"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 17"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr17.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 484
            "Ancho" => 901
            "Tamanyo" => 83154
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Burns on breasts and mirrored lesions on the submammary region&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      17 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Gupta et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Primary psychiatric symptom that manifests as a dermatological condition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#41; Delirium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b&#41; Hallucinations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#41; Body dysmorphic disorder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Disorders associated with self-inflicted dermatoses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#41; Dermatitis artefacta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b&#41; Neurotic excoriations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#41; Excoriated acne&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#41; Trichotillomania&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; Miscellaneous syndromes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#41; Burning mouth syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>b&#41; Psychogenic pruritus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#41; Psychogenic purpura syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab430512.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Associations of Skin Disease with Psychiatric Disorders&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      18 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; DSM-IV&#58; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&#46; Intentional production or feigning of physical &#40;but not psychological symptoms&#41; signs or symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&#46; A psychological need to assume the role of a sick person&#44; evidenced by the absence of any external incentive for the behavior&#44; such as economic gain&#44; obtaining better care&#44; or improving physical well-being&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#46; The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of an axis 1 disorder&#44; such as schizophrenia&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab430511.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DSM-IV Criteria for Factitious Disorder with Predominantly Physical Signs and Symptoms &#40;300&#46;19&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:108 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#46; Clinical study of 201 patients &#40;1976-2006&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "titulo" => "21 World Congress of Dermatology"
                        "conferencia" => "Buenos Aires Argentina"
                        "serieFecha" => "2007"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychodermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1067/mjd.2000.109274"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "848"
                        "paginaFinal" => "853"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychotropic drugs in dermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "214"
                        "paginaFinal" => "219"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychodermatology&#58; an update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1030"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1046"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychodermatology&#58; A guide to understanding common psychocutaneous disorders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "203"
                        "paginaFinal" => "213"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious disorders in dermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07327.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "361"
                        "paginaFinal" => "372"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico y clasificaci&#243;n en psicodermatolog&#237;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Dermatolog&#237;a y Psiquiatr&#237;a&#46; Historias cl&#237;nicas comentadas"
                        "paginaInicial" => "133"
                        "paginaFinal" => "142"
                        "serieFecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders &#40;DSM-IV&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "edicion" => "4th ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "editorial" => "American Psychiatric Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#46; Clinical features and approaches to treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "paginaFinal" => "55"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in relation to the syndrome of contrived disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1976"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "109"
                        "paginaFinal" => "126"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Piel"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cutaneous artificial disease &#40;a review&#44; amplified by personal experience&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "391"
                        "paginaFinal" => "407"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; A general review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "5"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pathomimie&#58; Une pathologie fronti&#232;re"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Med Psychosom"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "45"
                        "paginaFinal" => "59"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psycho-cutaneous disorders&#58; an epidemiological study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03236.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "945"
                        "paginaFinal" => "947"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychogenic skin diseases&#58; A review of 35 cases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "149"
                        "paginaInicial" => "636"
                        "paginaFinal" => "643"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefactas cien a&#241;os atr&#225;s&#44; por Juan de Az&#250;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "100"
                        "paginaInicial" => "657"
                        "paginaFinal" => "660"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis facticia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "South Med J"
                        "fecha" => "1973"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1279"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1285"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflected skin diseases&#46; A retrospective analysis of 57 patients with dermatitis artefacta seen in a dermatology department"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/00015550510038250"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Derm Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "85"
                        "paginaInicial" => "512"
                        "paginaFinal" => "515"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; retrospective study in 31 patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta of the breast&#58; a retrospective analysis of 27 patients &#40;1975-2006&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03403.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "270"
                        "paginaFinal" => "274"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in pediatric patients&#58; experience at the National Institute of Pediatrics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21303.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "205"
                        "paginaFinal" => "211"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Artefactual skin disease in children and adolescents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Australas J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "264"
                        "paginaFinal" => "270"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-mutilation&#44; do not overlook the obvious"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "369"
                        "paginaFinal" => "370"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The concept and clinical aspects of factitial dermatitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "South Med J"
                        "fecha" => "1953"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "551"
                        "paginaFinal" => "555"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Dermatolog&#237;a y Psiquiatr&#237;a&#46; Historias cl&#237;nicas comentadas"
                        "paginaInicial" => "143"
                        "paginaFinal" => "163"
                        "serieFecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Simulated disease&#58; Problems in diagnosis and management &#40;The Parkes Weber lecture 1982&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J R Coll Physicians Lond"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "199"
                        "paginaFinal" => "205"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Friction blisters as a manifestation of pathomimia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Derm Venereol &#40;Stockh&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "65"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A case of bullous dermatitis artefacta possibly induced by a deodorant spray"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00007.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "40"
                        "paginaFinal" => "42"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bullous cryothermic dermatitis artefacta induced by deodorant spray abuse"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03861.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "978"
                        "paginaFinal" => "982"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial Weber-Christian syndrome"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1966"
                        "volumen" => "198"
                        "paginaInicial" => "163"
                        "paginaFinal" => "166"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inoculation with milk as a cause of recurrent cellulitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can Med Asoc J"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "112"
                        "paginaInicial" => "605"
                        "paginaFinal" => "606"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial traumatic panniculitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "988"
                        "paginaFinal" => "994"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial paniculitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.det.2008.05.013"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "519"
                        "paginaFinal" => "527"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Les cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Presse Med"
                        "fecha" => "1967"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2763"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2784"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Localized crusting as an artefact"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "573"
                        "paginaFinal" => "574"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious lip crusting"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "117"
                        "paginaInicial" => "338"
                        "paginaFinal" => "340"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1983"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "368"
                        "paginaFinal" => "372"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cheilites squamo-crouteuses factices"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "111"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1007"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1011"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial cheilitis in an adolescent"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "12"
                        "paginaFinal" => "15"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exfoliative cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Oral Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1973"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "357"
                        "paginaFinal" => "359"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exfoliative cheilitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Oral Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "52"
                        "paginaFinal" => "55"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exfoliative cheilitis&#58; a factitious disorder"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Oral Maxilofac Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "313"
                        "paginaFinal" => "317"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cheilitis et lesions des levres artificiallement provoqu&#233;es"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "117"
                        "paginaInicial" => "477"
                        "paginaFinal" => "486"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "45"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric syndromes of interest to dermatologist"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "82"
                        "paginaFinal" => "88"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "46"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Skin signs in anorexia nerviosa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dermatoendocrinol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "268"
                        "paginaFinal" => "270"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "47"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "236"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "48"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Contact Dermat"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "93"
                        "paginaFinal" => "94"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "49"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oedeme dur et hiperplasie traumatique du metacarpe dorsal"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Med Suisse Romande"
                        "fecha" => "1911"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "409"
                        "paginaFinal" => "415"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "50"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Secretan&#39;s syndrome&#58; an artefact edema of the hand"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Contact Dermatitis"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "345"
                        "paginaFinal" => "346"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "51"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious lymphedema of the hand"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Bone Joint Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "89"
                        "paginaFinal" => "94"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "52"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious pseudoainhum of the nipple"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cutis"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "80"
                        "paginaFinal" => "81"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "53"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gangrene of the tongue following self-application of a rubber band"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "62"
                        "paginaInicial" => "956"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "54"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Elastic band artifact"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Proc R Soc Med"
                        "fecha" => "1975"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "paginaInicial" => "383"
                        "paginaFinal" => "384"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "55"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Erotic imagery and self-castration"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sexual Med"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "63"
                        "paginaFinal" => "66"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            55 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "56"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Autoerythrocyte sensitization&#58; a form of purpura producing painful bruising following autosensitization to red blood cells in certain women"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Blood"
                        "fecha" => "1955"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "675"
                        "paginaFinal" => "690"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            56 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "57"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Purpura facticia&#46; An analysis of criteria for its differentiation from autoerythrocyte sensitization purpura"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1972"
                        "volumen" => "106"
                        "paginaInicial" => "238"
                        "paginaFinal" => "241"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            57 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "58"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome &#40;Gardner-Diamond syndrome&#41;&#58; review of the literature"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03096.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "499"
                        "paginaFinal" => "504"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            58 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "59"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychogenic purpura &#40;autoerythrocyte sensitizations&#41;&#58; an unsolved dilemma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "87"
                        "paginaInicial" => "16N"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21N"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            59 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "60"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Undiagnosed purpura&#58; a case of autoerythtocyte sensitization syndrome associated with dermatitis artefacta and pseudo-ainhum"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "379"
                        "paginaFinal" => "381"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            60 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "61"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diagnostic clues to dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cutis"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "214"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            61 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "62"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The diagnosis of self-inflicted dermatoses and their psychodynamics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1929"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "438"
                        "paginaFinal" => "443"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            62 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0315"
              "etiqueta" => "63"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious dermatoses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1915"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1622"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1628"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            63 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0320"
              "etiqueta" => "64"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric aspects of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "29"
                        "paginaFinal" => "34"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            64 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0325"
              "etiqueta" => "65"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What is dermatitis artefacta&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1981"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "427"
                        "paginaFinal" => "428"
                        "link" => array:1 [ …1]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            65 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0330"
              "etiqueta" => "66"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychosomatic studies in dermatology&#46; A&#41; The motivation of self-induced eruptions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1945"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "245"
                        "paginaFinal" => "250"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            66 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0335"
              "etiqueta" => "67"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflicted hysterical lesions of the skin&#44; with special reference to the after-history"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [ …2]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol Syph"
                        "fecha" => "1926"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "371"
                         …1
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            67 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "68"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La pathomimie"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            68 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "69"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patomimias&#46; Revisi&#243;n de casu&#237;stica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            69 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0350"
              "etiqueta" => "70"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Skin disorders and the psyche"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            70 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "71"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-induced skin lesions&#58; a review of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            71 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0360"
              "etiqueta" => "72"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pyoderma gangrenosum masquerading as dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archderm.142.11.1509-a"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            72 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "73"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta masquerading as pyoderma gangrenosum"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            73 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "74"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cutaneous M&#252;nchausen syndrome with presentation simulating pyoderma gangrenosum"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            74 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "75"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A case with an indolent course of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma demonstrating Eptein-Barr virus positivity and simulating dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2165/11311060-000000000-00000"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            75 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0380"
              "etiqueta" => "76"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in a 12-year-old girl mimicking cutaneous T-cell lymphoma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00417.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            76 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
              "etiqueta" => "77"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Erosive lichen planus on an atypical site mimicking a factitial dermatitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            77 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0390"
              "etiqueta" => "78"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cryoglobulinaemia mimicking dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            78 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0395"
              "etiqueta" => "79"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Acquired haemophilia mimicking dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2340/00015555-0569"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            79 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0400"
              "etiqueta" => "80"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta presenting as vasculitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            80 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0405"
              "etiqueta" => "81"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Misdiagnosis of dermatitis artefacta&#58; how did we get it wrong&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02859.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            81 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "82"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            82 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "83"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitial cutaneous ulcers and nodules&#58; The use of electron-probe microanalysis in diagnosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            83 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "84"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bullous dermatitis self-induced"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            84 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "85"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Neurotic excoriations and dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            85 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "86"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychocutaneous disorders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            86 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "87"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of emotion in disorders of the skin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            87 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
              "etiqueta" => "88"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Suction blisters mimicking pemphigoid&#46; An unusual case of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            88 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0445"
              "etiqueta" => "89"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflicted dermatoses and their psychodynamics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            89 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0450"
              "etiqueta" => "90"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychosomatic medicine&#58; II&#46; Psychosomatic aspects of skin diseases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            90 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0455"
              "etiqueta" => "91"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychosomatic concepts in dermatology&#46; A dermatologist-psychoanalyst&#39;s viewpoint"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            91 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0460"
              "etiqueta" => "92"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-induced dermatoses&#58; Psychodynamics and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            92 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0465"
              "etiqueta" => "93"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Aggression and symptom formation in dermatology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            93 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0470"
              "etiqueta" => "94"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pickers&#44; pluckers and impostors&#46; A panorama of cutaneous self-mutilation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            94 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0475"
              "etiqueta" => "95"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Folie &#224; deux&#46; Factitious ulcers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            95 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0480"
              "etiqueta" => "96"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#218;lceras genitales artefactas de aparici&#243;n simult&#225;nea en pareja"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            96 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0485"
              "etiqueta" => "97"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factitious skin lesions in a mother and two sons"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            97 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0490"
              "etiqueta" => "98"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Die bedeutung von hautartefakten"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            98 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0495"
              "etiqueta" => "99"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta in a patient affected by impulse control disorder&#58; Case report"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            99 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0500"
              "etiqueta" => "100"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            100 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0505"
              "etiqueta" => "101"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Self-inflicted injury&#58; A follow-up study of 43 patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            101 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0510"
              "etiqueta" => "102"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta&#58; A clinical study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ …4]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            102 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0515"
              "etiqueta" => "103"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Malignant change in dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            103 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0520"
              "etiqueta" => "104"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising over a factitial dermatitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1684/ejd.2008.0532"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            104 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0525"
              "etiqueta" => "105"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Learning the cost of dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [ …5]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            105 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0530"
              "etiqueta" => "106"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dermatitis artefacta de localizaci&#243;n periorbitaria y perioral"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [ …6]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            106 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0535"
              "etiqueta" => "107"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The current management of delusional parasitosis and dermatitis artefacta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            107 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0540"
              "etiqueta" => "108"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric treatment in dermatology&#58; an update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [ …1]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03497.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [ …7]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002370/v1_201311281142/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "6177"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Reviews"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15782190/0000010400000010/v1_201311281142/S1578219013002370/v1_201311281142/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1578219013002370?idApp=UINPBA000044"
]
Información del artículo
ISSN: 15782190
Idioma original: Inglés
Datos actualizados diariamente
año/Mes Html Pdf Total
2024 Noviembre 62 37 99
2024 Octubre 463 131 594
2024 Septiembre 322 80 402
2024 Agosto 335 108 443
2024 Julio 316 67 383
2024 Junio 313 82 395
2024 Mayo 279 94 373
2024 Abril 273 49 322
2024 Marzo 293 89 382
2024 Febrero 407 61 468
2024 Enero 369 69 438
2023 Diciembre 328 47 375
2023 Noviembre 413 66 479
2023 Octubre 381 63 444
2023 Septiembre 418 61 479
2023 Agosto 295 57 352
2023 Julio 275 141 416
2023 Junio 306 55 361
2023 Mayo 342 63 405
2023 Abril 334 70 404
2023 Marzo 300 71 371
2023 Febrero 247 70 317
2023 Enero 236 63 299
2022 Diciembre 157 79 236
2022 Noviembre 120 65 185
2022 Octubre 107 60 167
2022 Septiembre 99 95 194
2022 Agosto 118 53 171
2022 Julio 117 64 181
2022 Junio 136 117 253
2022 Mayo 248 95 343
2022 Abril 288 83 371
2022 Marzo 327 82 409
2022 Febrero 227 106 333
2022 Enero 321 114 435
2021 Diciembre 185 135 320
2021 Noviembre 236 83 319
2021 Octubre 306 124 430
2021 Septiembre 218 106 324
2021 Agosto 278 112 390
2021 Julio 231 104 335
2021 Junio 242 83 325
2021 Mayo 365 109 474
2021 Abril 678 296 974
2021 Marzo 278 166 444
2021 Febrero 247 164 411
2021 Enero 171 69 240
2020 Diciembre 185 75 260
2020 Noviembre 168 48 216
2020 Octubre 182 43 225
2020 Septiembre 169 64 233
2020 Agosto 114 58 172
2020 Julio 135 55 190
2020 Junio 108 57 165
2020 Mayo 109 58 167
2020 Abril 53 57 110
2020 Marzo 37 56 93
2020 Febrero 10 51 61
2020 Enero 5 29 34
2019 Diciembre 9 56 65
2019 Noviembre 5 19 24
2019 Octubre 0 36 36
2019 Septiembre 7 41 48
2019 Agosto 6 24 30
2019 Julio 7 29 36
2019 Junio 5 82 87
2019 Mayo 9 158 167
2019 Abril 19 81 100
2019 Marzo 4 22 26
2019 Febrero 8 36 44
2019 Enero 9 27 36
2018 Diciembre 3 15 18
2018 Noviembre 13 13 26
2018 Octubre 19 16 35
2018 Septiembre 7 15 22
2018 Agosto 0 45 45
2018 Julio 0 20 20
2018 Junio 0 11 11
2018 Mayo 0 9 9
2018 Abril 0 4 4
2018 Marzo 29 15 44
2018 Febrero 193 27 220
2018 Enero 159 23 182
2017 Diciembre 196 24 220
2017 Noviembre 201 40 241
2017 Octubre 195 36 231
2017 Septiembre 177 24 201
2017 Agosto 190 35 225
2017 Julio 189 25 214
2017 Junio 212 55 267
2017 Mayo 206 31 237
2017 Abril 107 25 132
2017 Marzo 126 53 179
2017 Febrero 328 38 366
2017 Enero 196 28 224
2016 Diciembre 190 21 211
2016 Noviembre 294 49 343
2016 Octubre 316 68 384
2016 Septiembre 431 37 468
2016 Agosto 395 65 460
2016 Julio 211 30 241
2016 Junio 3 23 26
2016 Mayo 7 20 27
2016 Abril 6 1 7
2016 Marzo 9 8 17
2016 Febrero 11 13 24
2016 Enero 4 5 9
2015 Diciembre 7 1 8
2015 Noviembre 12 2 14
2015 Octubre 6 3 9
2015 Septiembre 2 2 4
2015 Agosto 4 3 7
2015 Julio 445 14 459
2015 Junio 387 16 403
2015 Mayo 440 30 470
2015 Abril 449 12 461
2015 Marzo 443 5 448
2015 Febrero 358 7 365
2015 Enero 322 7 329
2014 Diciembre 234 6 240
2014 Noviembre 251 7 258
2014 Octubre 302 5 307
2014 Septiembre 271 2 273
2014 Agosto 185 5 190
2014 Julio 203 7 210
2014 Junio 254 8 262
2014 Mayo 205 15 220
2014 Abril 196 11 207
2014 Marzo 191 8 199
2014 Febrero 165 12 177
2014 Enero 93 9 102
2013 Diciembre 59 7 66
2013 Noviembre 1 2 3
Mostrar todo

Siga este enlace para acceder al texto completo del artículo

Idiomas
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?