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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor:</span>" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "265" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "R. Valverde, C. Garrido, V. Leis, E. Ruiz-Bravo" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Valverde" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ricardo.valverdega@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Garrido" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Leis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Bravo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Arteritis macular: ¿en el espectro de la poliarteritis nudosa cutánea?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 406462 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lymphocytic vasculitis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, endothelial swelling, luminal stenosis, and a concentric fibrin structure in the lumen (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×100).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macular arteritis was first described in 2003 by Fein et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Since then, fewer than 15 cases have been reported. The disease mainly affects women with a mean age of 40 years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and usually presents as vaguely oval and pigmented macules on the legs.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macular arteritis is confirmed by microscopy, which shows lymphocytic vasculitis selectively affecting the arterioles at the dermal subcutaneous junction. Macular arteritis is also known as lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis because of the induction of endothelial swelling, luminal stenosis, and, occasionally, concentric fibrin deposition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a> Laboratory analyses reveal antinuclear antibodies in 30% of cases and anticardiolipin antibodies in up to 60%, although no apparent correlation with other manifestations of antiphospholid syndrome has been found.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with no past history of interest who consulted for slowly progressive pigmented macules with poorly defined borders that had begun to appear 3 years earlier (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Biopsy revealed lymphocytic vasculitis selectively affecting the arterioles at the dermal subcutaneous junction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), with very noticeable lymphocytic cuffing, marked endothelial swelling, and narrowing of the vascular lumen, in which concentric fibrin deposition was visible (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). The workup comprised a complete coagulation study, serology for autoimmune diseases, hepatotropic viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody, and protein electrophoresis, all of which yielded normal or negative results. These findings led us to make a diagnosis of macular arteritis. The lesions stabilized or abated very slightly without treatment during the summer months, and no other cutaneous or systemic manifestations were observed after 1 year of follow-up.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macular arteritis may be considered a minor form of antiphospholipid syndrome, although its only aspect in common with this condition is the occasional slight increase in anticardiolipin antibody titer, since the patient does not present the characteristic manifestations of thrombophilia or underlying thrombotic vasculopathy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It seems that increased anticardiolipin antibody titer is associated with the vascular insult, although it has also been recorded in 7% of healthy patients and after episodes of infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Potentially associated conditions include thrombophilic and lymphocytic vasculitis with systemic involvement, such as Degos disease and livedo vasculitis, or Sneddon syndrome<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a>; however, none of the reported cases of macular arteritis involved extracutaneous manifestations, and the lesions observed in this condition are completely different from the porcelain-like atrophic or livedoid lesions that are characteristic of the first 2 conditions. The fibrin ring observed under microscopy seems to be a focal phenomenon<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and is in no way comparable to the intense multisystem thrombosis observed in Degos disease and Sneddon syndrome.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differentiation of macular arteritis from cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is more complicated. Despite its name, cutaneous PAN does not include the multisystem manifestations of classic or microscopic PAN. In addition, the disease selectively affects the arterioles of the dermal subcutaneous junction, as was the case in our patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There are characteristic features that help to differentiate macular arteritis from cutaneous PAN, namely, the clinical manifestations, with the presence of livedo reticularis, nodules, and ulceration in PAN. The changes in the microscopic findings over time also appear to differ between macular arteritis and PAN. The initial infiltrate in PAN has abundant polymorphonuclear cells, but this changes to a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, and there are also differences in the sites of the lesions, which are localized to the vascular bifurcations in PAN, with intense focal necrosis that can manifest as a rosette pattern with the formation of microaneurysms. None of these findings have been reported in macular arteritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, there have been cases reported as lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis that, despite presenting clinical features (livedo rash) and histological features (residual nuclear dust together with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate and a vascular rosette pattern) of PAN, were very probably genuine cutaneous PAN.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case we report, the cutaneous manifestation, namely, pigmented macules on the thighs, suggests a diagnosis of macular arteritis. These lesions are characteristic of macular arteritis and clearly differ from the habitual manifestations of PAN. In addition, histopathology in our patient revealed the absence of an acute phase with abundant polymorphonuclear cells. It is questionable whether macular arteritis has sufficient defining features to be considered a separate entity from cutaneous PAN; however, given our currently limited knowledge of the pathogenic and immunologic mechanisms underlying these conditions, we cannot rule out the possibility that macular arteritis is at one end of the spectrum<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> that includes systemic PAN as its most relevant disease. The range of potential manifestations is affected by immune complex size, localization to venous/arterial endothelium, selectivity for skin or other organs, chemotactic potential for different types of cells, and persistence of the antigen (eg, drugs, hepatitis B or C virus, and neoplasms),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> as well as the ability to eliminate it.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Valverde R, et al. Arteritis macular: ¿en el espectro de la poliarteritis nudosa cutánea? Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:263–5.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2303 "Ancho" => 1335 "Tamanyo" => 411955 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oval, pigmented macules with poorly defined margins on the anteromedial aspect of the thigh.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 307177 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prominent lymphocytic cuffs around the arterioles of the reticular dermis and dermal subcutaneous junction, with no abnormalities in the superficial dermis or epidermis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×20).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 406462 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lymphocytic vasculitis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, endothelial swelling, luminal stenosis, and a concentric fibrin structure in the lumen (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×100).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous arteritis presenting with hyperpigmented macules: macular arteritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. 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2022 Enero | 77 | 30 | 107 |
2021 Diciembre | 49 | 44 | 93 |
2021 Noviembre | 74 | 40 | 114 |
2021 Octubre | 72 | 75 | 147 |
2021 Septiembre | 49 | 49 | 98 |
2021 Agosto | 61 | 28 | 89 |
2021 Julio | 52 | 42 | 94 |
2021 Junio | 89 | 39 | 128 |
2021 Mayo | 59 | 27 | 86 |
2021 Abril | 123 | 48 | 171 |
2021 Marzo | 79 | 21 | 100 |
2021 Febrero | 65 | 12 | 77 |
2021 Enero | 45 | 16 | 61 |
2020 Diciembre | 43 | 9 | 52 |
2020 Noviembre | 33 | 8 | 41 |
2020 Octubre | 30 | 13 | 43 |
2020 Septiembre | 33 | 14 | 47 |
2020 Agosto | 35 | 14 | 49 |
2020 Julio | 29 | 20 | 49 |
2020 Junio | 33 | 17 | 50 |
2020 Mayo | 26 | 17 | 43 |
2020 Abril | 25 | 23 | 48 |
2020 Marzo | 39 | 15 | 54 |
2020 Febrero | 8 | 15 | 23 |
2019 Diciembre | 4 | 5 | 9 |
2019 Noviembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2019 Octubre | 0 | 4 | 4 |
2019 Septiembre | 8 | 4 | 12 |
2019 Agosto | 0 | 8 | 8 |
2019 Julio | 0 | 7 | 7 |
2019 Junio | 6 | 12 | 18 |
2019 Mayo | 3 | 16 | 19 |
2019 Abril | 12 | 22 | 34 |
2019 Marzo | 0 | 9 | 9 |
2019 Febrero | 3 | 0 | 3 |
2018 Diciembre | 6 | 0 | 6 |
2018 Noviembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
2018 Octubre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2018 Septiembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2018 Mayo | 0 | 3 | 3 |
2018 Abril | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2018 Marzo | 6 | 5 | 11 |
2018 Febrero | 41 | 5 | 46 |
2018 Enero | 42 | 8 | 50 |
2017 Diciembre | 56 | 5 | 61 |
2017 Noviembre | 45 | 9 | 54 |
2017 Octubre | 48 | 5 | 53 |
2017 Septiembre | 24 | 8 | 32 |
2017 Agosto | 34 | 22 | 56 |
2017 Julio | 29 | 7 | 36 |
2017 Junio | 57 | 55 | 112 |
2017 Mayo | 45 | 14 | 59 |
2017 Abril | 51 | 13 | 64 |
2017 Marzo | 33 | 33 | 66 |
2017 Febrero | 47 | 3 | 50 |
2017 Enero | 30 | 4 | 34 |
2016 Diciembre | 64 | 7 | 71 |
2016 Noviembre | 56 | 7 | 63 |
2016 Octubre | 81 | 9 | 90 |
2016 Septiembre | 81 | 15 | 96 |
2016 Agosto | 58 | 9 | 67 |
2016 Julio | 37 | 12 | 49 |
2016 Junio | 5 | 10 | 15 |
2016 Mayo | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2016 Abril | 8 | 8 | 16 |
2016 Marzo | 3 | 10 | 13 |
2016 Febrero | 6 | 7 | 13 |
2016 Enero | 11 | 3 | 14 |
2015 Diciembre | 5 | 5 | 10 |
2015 Noviembre | 4 | 2 | 6 |
2015 Octubre | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2015 Septiembre | 4 | 4 | 8 |
2015 Agosto | 9 | 1 | 10 |
2015 Julio | 94 | 114 | 208 |
2015 Junio | 69 | 13 | 82 |
2015 Mayo | 79 | 23 | 102 |
2015 Abril | 75 | 13 | 88 |
2015 Marzo | 27 | 4 | 31 |
2015 Febrero | 27 | 29 | 56 |
2015 Enero | 27 | 5 | 32 |
2014 Diciembre | 33 | 8 | 41 |
2014 Noviembre | 20 | 6 | 26 |
2014 Octubre | 49 | 4 | 53 |
2014 Septiembre | 33 | 7 | 40 |
2014 Agosto | 26 | 8 | 34 |
2014 Julio | 21 | 7 | 28 |
2014 Junio | 29 | 9 | 38 |
2014 Mayo | 54 | 13 | 67 |
2014 Abril | 49 | 5 | 54 |
2014 Marzo | 50 | 9 | 59 |
2014 Febrero | 35 | 7 | 42 |
2014 Enero | 28 | 8 | 36 |
2013 Diciembre | 34 | 9 | 43 |
2013 Noviembre | 30 | 6 | 36 |
2013 Octubre | 18 | 2 | 20 |
2013 Septiembre | 19 | 4 | 23 |
2013 Agosto | 30 | 17 | 47 |
2013 Julio | 3 | 2 | 5 |
2013 Junio | 4 | 6 | 10 |
2013 Mayo | 1 | 3 | 4 |
2013 Abril | 2 | 1 | 3 |