Case and Research Letter
Cutaneous Infection in a Tattoo Due to Mycobacterium Chelonae: A Report of 2 Cases and a Review of the Literature
Infección cutánea por Mycobacterium chelonae en un tatuaje. Presentación de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura
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Presentación de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "840" "paginaFinal" => "843" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous Infection in a Tattoo Due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium Chelonae</span>: A Report of 2 Cases and a Review of the Literature" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1370 "Ancho" => 978 "Tamanyo" => 317042 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caso 2. A. 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Curcó, C. Prat, X. Tarroch, P. Vives" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Curcó" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ncurco@mutuaterrassa.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Prat" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Tarroch" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Vives" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infección cutánea por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium chelonae</span> en un tatuaje. Presentación de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2285 "Ancho" => 1632 "Tamanyo" => 393591 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient 2. A, Erythematous papule in the gray area of a petal of the flower. B, Accumulation of acid-alcohol-fast bacteria in the area with abscess formation (Kinyoun, original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin complications arising from tattoos include contact dermatitis, photodermatosis, lichenoid reactions, granulomas (foreign body, sarcoid), and infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Small outbreaks of skin infections due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium chelonae</span> in contaminated tattoo ink have recently been reported.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patient 1</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient 1 was a 33-year-old man who had had a tattoo placed on his right leg 4 years previously. Three months before consulting, he had the shield outlined in black and a gray flame added. Asymptomatic lesions appeared 2 weeks later and were treated unsuccessfully with topical corticosteroids and antibiotics. The patient was then referred to the dermatology department.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination of the gray flame revealed several papulopustules measuring 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). The border drawn in black ink the same day was not affected. Analysis of a biopsy specimen revealed granulomas with abscess formation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B); Kinyoun staining was negative. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M chelonae</span> grew in culture 15 days later. The chest x-ray was normal, and laboratory tests (including serology for HIV and hepatitis) were negative. The patient was treated empirically with clarithromycin (500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h) for 3 months. The lesions disappeared.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patient 2</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient 2 was a 25-year-old woman who had had a black and grey tattoo placed on the dorsum of the foot 5 months previously by the same tattoo artist. Five days later, an asymptomatic lesion appeared on the gray areas. The lesion had been treated unsuccessfully with topical antibiotics and corticosteroids. Physical examination revealed an erythematous plaque measuring 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter that was soft to palpation with occasional pustules on its surface (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A). Analysis of a biopsy specimen revealed granulomas with abscess formation; Kinyoun staining showed a small accumulation of acid-alcohol-fast bacteria (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B), but culture was negative. The patient was treated with clarithromycin (500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h), although the drug was withdrawn in less than a month because of digestive tract intolerance. As the lesion had disappeared, no further treatment was administered.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M chelonae</span> is a fast-growing saprophytic mycobacterium that is found in tap water and water tanks and can contaminate surgical material. Skin infections have been reported in surgery, acupuncture, mesotherapy, and tattooing. In the case of tattoos, the infections affect the gray areas, as nonsterile water is added to the black ink.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first case of a tattoo infected by mycobacteria was reported in 2003. Diagnosis was based on Ziehl-Neelsen staining and positive results in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. De Quatrebarbes et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> later reported the first epidemic of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M chelonae</span> in tattoos. Twenty men presented with a rash in the gray area of their tattoos 7 to 10 days after having them performed by the same artist. Culture was positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M chelonae</span> in 13 patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Goldman et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> subsequently included these patients in a letter reporting on 48 patients who were tattooed by 2 different artists in Le Havre, France. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M chelonae</span> was found in 2 bottles of diluted black ink. New cases have since been reported in France,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Australia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and the United States.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Rodríguez-Blanco et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> recently reported 5 cases in La Coruña, Spain; 3 were culture-positive and 2 PCR-positive. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarizes the cases published to date.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the cases involved the appearance of papulopustules in the gray areas of the tattoo 1 to 2 weeks after placement. No systemic involvement was recorded. The diagnostic delay (1-5 mo) is noteworthy, as the patients were initially diagnosed with an allergic reaction or bacterial infection and were treated with topical antibiotics, corticosteroids, or both. No standard treatment has been defined, although the most widely used agent is clarithromycin, which, according to Drage et al,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> should be prescribed for at least 6 months; however, digestive tract intolerance makes this difficult.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Some clinicians have combined clarithromycin with quinolones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>; others have found a 1-month course of minocycline to be successful.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tattoo artist claimed to have used disposable material with each patient. The gray color was obtained by mixing black ink with rose water bought at the pharmacy. We assume that this water or the mixture became contaminated and was thus the cause of the infection, although we were unable to verify this, as all the material had been disposed of.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As tattooing is increasingly common, we wish to stress the importance of using disposable material and sterile products in order to avoid this type of infection. Furthermore, black ink should be mixed with sterile saline or water when the tattoo is being placed in order to avoid subsequent contamination; the mixture should not be stored.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinicians should suspect this infection and be able to recognize it, since staining is usually negative and culture positive in only 40% to 60% of cases. New PCR techniques can help to confirm the diagnosis.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Patient 1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patient 2" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Curcó N, et al. Infección cutánea por Mycobacterium chelonae en un tatuaje. Presentación de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103:842-5.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2285 "Ancho" => 1632 "Tamanyo" => 563763 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient 1. A, Papulopustules only affecting the gray area of the flame. B, Granuloma with abscess formation and occasional giant cells (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2285 "Ancho" => 1632 "Tamanyo" => 393591 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient 2. A, Erythematous papule in the gray area of a petal of the flower. B, Accumulation of acid-alcohol-fast bacteria in the area with abscess formation (Kinyoun, original magnification<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation: ND, no data.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author/Year/Country \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. of Cases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time to Appearance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time to Diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Histology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mycobacterial Staining \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Culture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wolf and Wolf/2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>/Israel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Granulomatous dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>atypical mycobacteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Goldman et al./2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>/France<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3-35 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 mo (mean) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50% granulomas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ND<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13+/30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarithromycin in 41 patients<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>tobramycin (10 patients) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kluger et al./2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>/France \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10-21 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2-5 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inflammatory dermatitis and granulomatous reaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– (+ in ink) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Minocycline (1 mo) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Preda et al./2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>/Australia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inflammatory and granulomatous dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarithromycin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>moxifloxacin4 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Drage et al./2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>/United States \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1-2 wk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean 17.6 (range, 10-22) wk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inflammatory dermatitis (3 cases)Granulomatous dermatitis (3 cases) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3+/6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarithromycin 6 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rodríguez-Blanco et al./2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>/Spain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3-30 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inflammatory dermatitis (3 cases)Granulomatous dermatitis (2 cases) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 + \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarithromycin 3-5 mo (2 patients) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kappel and Cotliar/2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>/United States \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 wk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inflammatory and granulomatous dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarithromycin and levofloxacin, 6 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Present report, 2011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5-15 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3-5 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Granulomatous dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clarithromycin, 1-3 mo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab182587.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Includes 20 cases reported by De Quatrebarbes et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> in 2005.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">The article by De Quatrebarbes et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> appears to include some positive cases, although the exact number is not given.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cases of Skin Infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium chelonae</span> in Tattoos.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reacciones cutáneas adversas por tatuajes y piercings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 9 | 7 | 16 |
| 2024 Octubre | 103 | 47 | 150 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 112 | 43 | 155 |
| 2024 Agosto | 138 | 75 | 213 |
| 2024 Julio | 127 | 44 | 171 |
| 2024 Junio | 128 | 50 | 178 |
| 2024 Mayo | 89 | 44 | 133 |
| 2024 Abril | 96 | 36 | 132 |
| 2024 Marzo | 97 | 28 | 125 |
| 2024 Febrero | 69 | 30 | 99 |
| 2024 Enero | 66 | 45 | 111 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 81 | 39 | 120 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 82 | 26 | 108 |
| 2023 Octubre | 80 | 47 | 127 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 82 | 35 | 117 |
| 2023 Agosto | 61 | 18 | 79 |
| 2023 Julio | 97 | 56 | 153 |
| 2023 Junio | 61 | 31 | 92 |
| 2023 Mayo | 93 | 24 | 117 |
| 2023 Abril | 72 | 25 | 97 |
| 2023 Marzo | 55 | 36 | 91 |
| 2023 Febrero | 48 | 23 | 71 |
| 2023 Enero | 41 | 34 | 75 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 61 | 52 | 113 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 27 | 29 | 56 |
| 2022 Octubre | 34 | 28 | 62 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 46 | 43 | 89 |
| 2022 Agosto | 40 | 39 | 79 |
| 2022 Julio | 40 | 35 | 75 |
| 2022 Junio | 32 | 35 | 67 |
| 2022 Mayo | 70 | 55 | 125 |
| 2022 Abril | 112 | 57 | 169 |
| 2022 Marzo | 78 | 59 | 137 |
| 2022 Febrero | 90 | 42 | 132 |
| 2022 Enero | 114 | 42 | 156 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 76 | 47 | 123 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 105 | 51 | 156 |
| 2021 Octubre | 76 | 54 | 130 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 69 | 44 | 113 |
| 2021 Agosto | 45 | 31 | 76 |
| 2021 Julio | 51 | 30 | 81 |
| 2021 Junio | 51 | 27 | 78 |
| 2021 Mayo | 42 | 34 | 76 |
| 2021 Abril | 147 | 67 | 214 |
| 2021 Marzo | 77 | 62 | 139 |
| 2021 Febrero | 98 | 25 | 123 |
| 2021 Enero | 40 | 26 | 66 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 27 | 17 | 44 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 49 | 19 | 68 |
| 2020 Octubre | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 72 | 8 | 80 |
| 2020 Agosto | 48 | 18 | 66 |
| 2020 Julio | 67 | 14 | 81 |
| 2020 Junio | 34 | 24 | 58 |
| 2020 Mayo | 44 | 21 | 65 |
| 2020 Abril | 712 | 22 | 734 |
| 2020 Marzo | 32 | 18 | 50 |
| 2020 Febrero | 3 | 9 | 12 |
| 2020 Enero | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2019 Octubre | 0 | 13 | 13 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2019 Agosto | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 Julio | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| 2019 Junio | 4 | 15 | 19 |
| 2019 Mayo | 4 | 27 | 31 |
| 2019 Abril | 2 | 24 | 26 |
| 2019 Marzo | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2019 Febrero | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2018 Octubre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2018 Marzo | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2018 Febrero | 46 | 2 | 48 |
| 2018 Enero | 52 | 5 | 57 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 60 | 6 | 66 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 51 | 0 | 51 |
| 2017 Octubre | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2017 Agosto | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| 2017 Julio | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2017 Junio | 58 | 8 | 66 |
| 2017 Mayo | 43 | 4 | 47 |
| 2017 Abril | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2017 Marzo | 37 | 4 | 41 |
| 2017 Febrero | 39 | 8 | 47 |
| 2017 Enero | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 65 | 9 | 74 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 81 | 4 | 85 |
| 2016 Octubre | 74 | 14 | 88 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 93 | 4 | 97 |
| 2016 Agosto | 91 | 12 | 103 |
| 2016 Julio | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| 2016 Junio | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2016 Mayo | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2016 Abril | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2016 Marzo | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2016 Febrero | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2016 Enero | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 18 | 2 | 20 |
| 2015 Octubre | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 7 | 9 | 16 |
| 2015 Agosto | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2015 Julio | 76 | 12 | 88 |
| 2015 Junio | 62 | 6 | 68 |
| 2015 Mayo | 100 | 10 | 110 |
| 2015 Abril | 90 | 14 | 104 |
| 2015 Marzo | 82 | 8 | 90 |
| 2015 Febrero | 72 | 10 | 82 |
| 2015 Enero | 74 | 7 | 81 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 98 | 11 | 109 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 69 | 19 | 88 |
| 2014 Octubre | 60 | 8 | 68 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 34 | 7 | 41 |
| 2014 Agosto | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2014 Julio | 33 | 7 | 40 |
| 2014 Junio | 48 | 3 | 51 |
| 2014 Mayo | 55 | 7 | 62 |
| 2014 Abril | 49 | 6 | 55 |
| 2014 Marzo | 79 | 5 | 84 |
| 2014 Febrero | 50 | 10 | 60 |
| 2014 Enero | 45 | 8 | 53 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 39 | 10 | 49 |
| 2013 Octubre | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2013 Agosto | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 2013 Julio | 11 | 14 | 25 |
| 2013 Junio | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2013 Mayo | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2013 Abril | 16 | 8 | 24 |
| 2013 Marzo | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2013 Febrero | 35 | 1 | 36 |
| 2013 Enero | 23 | 5 | 28 |
| 2012 Diciembre | 28 | 16 | 44 |
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