Cases and Research Letters
Cutaneous CD8+ T-cell Infiltrates Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infiltración cutánea por linfocitos T CD8+ asociada a virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
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Aportación de un nuevo caso" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 900 "Ancho" => 1750 "Tamanyo" => 186693 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Infiltrated plaques with orange-peel skin. A, Deltoid area. B, Lower back.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Castellanos-González, G. Petiti-Martín, C. Postigo, J.L. Rodriguez-Peralto" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Castellanos-González" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Petiti-Martín" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." 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Fernández-Morano, M. Aguilar-Bernier, J. del Boz, R. Fúnez-Liébana" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Morano" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "tfm_84@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Aguilar-Bernier" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "del Boz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Fúnez-Liébana" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infiltración cutánea por linfocitos T CD8+ asociada a virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1277 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 143069 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Progress after treatment: decrease in the number of lesions, weight gain, and regrowth of hair on the scalp and eyebrows.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inflammatory skin diseases are common in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in those who are severely immunocompromised. In addition, there is a marked association between inflammatory skin diseases and aggressive lymphomas, particularly in cases of extranodal disease. Although most cases with this association are B-cell lymphomas, the most common primary cutaneous lymphomas are cutaneous T-cell tumors.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 60-year-old man with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for which he occasionally used an inhaler presented with intensely pruritic skin lesions on exposed areas that had first appeared 8 months previously. He also reported generalized hair loss, weight loss, and a sensation of unmeasured temperature variability. Physical examination revealed generalized lichenified and erythematous plaques, together with alopecia universalis and signs of inflammatory infiltration on the face, especially above the eyebrows, giving him a leonine appearance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Palmoplantar involvement, lymphadenopathy, and visceromegaly were not observed.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At low-magnification biopsy specimens taken from lesions on the scalp and upper right arm revealed a moderate perivascular inflammatory infiltrate in the superficial dermis, with focal involvement of the epidermis and hair follicles. Increased magnification revealed that the superficial dermal inflammatory infiltrate was composed of lymphocytes with enlarged, irregular nuclei and involving points of mild epidermal spongiosis. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD3 revealed mainly CD8 positivity and scant CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> cells. Staining for CD30 was negative (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Testing to detect clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (JH segment) and T-γ and T-β receptor gene was negative.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was admitted for evaluation of a constitutional syndrome. The most notable findings in the laboratory workup were elevated peripheral eosinophil counts and frequency (570/μL, 20.9%) and a high lactate dehydrogenase concentration (877 U/L). Serology for HIV was positive, whereas tests for other entities (syphilis, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus) and tumor markers were negative. Cytometry revealed a low CD4:CD8 ratio (0.15; reference range, 1-4), reduced absolute CD4 lymphocyte count (197/μL), increased absolute CD8 lymphocyte count (1291/μL), and a low viral load (1293/mL). Computed tomography of the chest revealed centrilobular emphysema but no masses or enlarged nodes. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a hypertrophic prostate with an adenomatous appearance. The electrocardiogram revealed mild tricuspid insufficiency. No findings of interest were observed in the computed tomography of the head.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These data confirmed a diagnosis of HIV-associated atypical cutaneous CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> T-cell infiltrate or cutaneous CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> pseudolymphoma. After 3 months of systemic antiretroviral therapy (ritonavir, atazanavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir) and tapered oral prednisolone (starting at 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/d), the patient's progress was good, with a decrease in the number of lesions, resolution of pruritus, and weight gain. In addition, the hair on his scalp and eyebrows began to grow back again (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mucocutaneous disorders are very common in HIV-infected patients. Lymphomas are the second most common HIV-associated malignancy after Kaposi sarcoma. Most cases involve non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with a higher incidence of aggressive B-cell subtypes and extranodal disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> although cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma have also been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> HIV-associated polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorders have recently been reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4,5</span></a>; however, these can mimic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma both clinically and histologically, as occurred in the case we report.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–7</span></a> Cutaneous CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> pseudolymphoma is uncommon in HIV-infected patients and its pathogenesis poorly understood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6</span></a> It usually presents as extensive plaques or erythroderma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,4,6,8</span></a> and is often associated with eosinophilia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Histology generally reveals a massive dermal infiltrate composed of CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> T cells, with or without involvement of the epidermis, and negative results in the clonality study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4,6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The literature contains few cases of HIV-associated cutaneous CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> pseudolymphoma,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4,6,7</span></a> which usually appears in later stages of the disease and is associated with severe CD4 lymphopenia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,6</span></a> The disease is usually treated with systemic corticosteroids, although a favorable response to antiretroviral therapy has been reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patient, diagnosis was based on the correlation between clinical and pathology findings, including clinical course, response to antiretroviral therapy, and the results of immunohistochemistry and the molecular biology techniques used for the clonality study.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, this diagnosis should be considered when an HIV-infected patient has intensely pruritic skin infiltration, alopecia universalis, weight loss, and eosinophilia. Nevertheless, differential diagnosis should include cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, primary hypereosinophilic syndrome (>1500/μL in peripheral blood for more than 6 months with no other apparent explanation), toxicoderma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, parasitic infestation, and other HIV-associated skin diseases, such as papuloerythroderma of Ofuji.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as:Fernández-Morano T, Aguilar-Bernier M, del Boz J, Fúnez-Liébana R. Infiltración cutánea por linfocitos T CD8+ asociada a virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Actas Dermosifiliogr.2012;103:638-640.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1265 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 162954 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alopecia universalis and infiltration on the face, especially above the eyebrows, giving the patient a leonine appearance.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 761 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 239917 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A, Presence of a superficial dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes with enlarged, irregular nuclei and involving points of mild epidermal spongiosis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification ×400). B, Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity with anti-CD8 antibody (Novocastra streptavidin-biotin-diaminobenzidine, original magnification ×100).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1277 "Ancho" => 951 "Tamanyo" => 143069 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Progress after treatment: decrease in the number of lesions, weight gain, and regrowth of hair on the scalp and eyebrows.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous CD8+ T-cell infiltrates in advanced HIV infection" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 7 | 16 | 23 |
| 2024 Octubre | 65 | 46 | 111 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 65 | 31 | 96 |
| 2024 Agosto | 95 | 71 | 166 |
| 2024 Julio | 71 | 39 | 110 |
| 2024 Junio | 93 | 52 | 145 |
| 2024 Mayo | 77 | 36 | 113 |
| 2024 Abril | 78 | 25 | 103 |
| 2024 Marzo | 79 | 32 | 111 |
| 2024 Febrero | 80 | 26 | 106 |
| 2024 Enero | 75 | 38 | 113 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 75 | 19 | 94 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 70 | 30 | 100 |
| 2023 Octubre | 50 | 26 | 76 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 66 | 31 | 97 |
| 2023 Agosto | 37 | 17 | 54 |
| 2023 Julio | 61 | 31 | 92 |
| 2023 Junio | 52 | 17 | 69 |
| 2023 Mayo | 70 | 31 | 101 |
| 2023 Abril | 48 | 20 | 68 |
| 2023 Marzo | 41 | 19 | 60 |
| 2023 Febrero | 41 | 23 | 64 |
| 2023 Enero | 42 | 36 | 78 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 59 | 33 | 92 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 22 | 28 | 50 |
| 2022 Octubre | 27 | 30 | 57 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 33 | 27 | 60 |
| 2022 Agosto | 19 | 30 | 49 |
| 2022 Julio | 24 | 35 | 59 |
| 2022 Junio | 25 | 29 | 54 |
| 2022 Mayo | 36 | 36 | 72 |
| 2022 Abril | 51 | 46 | 97 |
| 2022 Marzo | 49 | 60 | 109 |
| 2022 Febrero | 48 | 43 | 91 |
| 2022 Enero | 52 | 40 | 92 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 32 | 42 | 74 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 36 | 47 | 83 |
| 2021 Octubre | 51 | 59 | 110 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 31 | 40 | 71 |
| 2021 Agosto | 68 | 34 | 102 |
| 2021 Julio | 41 | 22 | 63 |
| 2021 Junio | 44 | 26 | 70 |
| 2021 Mayo | 23 | 31 | 54 |
| 2021 Abril | 41 | 31 | 72 |
| 2021 Marzo | 54 | 29 | 83 |
| 2021 Febrero | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2021 Enero | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 27 | 18 | 45 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2020 Octubre | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2020 Agosto | 72 | 24 | 96 |
| 2020 Julio | 32 | 12 | 44 |
| 2020 Junio | 20 | 22 | 42 |
| 2020 Mayo | 15 | 15 | 30 |
| 2020 Abril | 22 | 18 | 40 |
| 2020 Marzo | 34 | 17 | 51 |
| 2020 Febrero | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2019 Julio | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019 Junio | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| 2019 Mayo | 2 | 26 | 28 |
| 2019 Abril | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Marzo | 2 | 9 | 11 |
| 2019 Enero | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Octubre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 Febrero | 43 | 6 | 49 |
| 2018 Enero | 28 | 6 | 34 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 43 | 7 | 50 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 30 | 4 | 34 |
| 2017 Octubre | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 44 | 11 | 55 |
| 2017 Agosto | 56 | 14 | 70 |
| 2017 Julio | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2017 Junio | 64 | 12 | 76 |
| 2017 Mayo | 66 | 4 | 70 |
| 2017 Abril | 53 | 9 | 62 |
| 2017 Marzo | 55 | 25 | 80 |
| 2017 Febrero | 46 | 18 | 64 |
| 2017 Enero | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 49 | 9 | 58 |
| 2016 Octubre | 78 | 20 | 98 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 86 | 6 | 92 |
| 2016 Agosto | 38 | 8 | 46 |
| 2016 Julio | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2016 Junio | 9 | 14 | 23 |
| 2016 Mayo | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2016 Abril | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2016 Marzo | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2016 Febrero | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2016 Enero | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 24 | 4 | 28 |
| 2015 Octubre | 16 | 2 | 18 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2015 Agosto | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2015 Julio | 100 | 2 | 102 |
| 2015 Junio | 64 | 11 | 75 |
| 2015 Mayo | 86 | 9 | 95 |
| 2015 Abril | 97 | 12 | 109 |
| 2015 Marzo | 55 | 5 | 60 |
| 2015 Febrero | 63 | 9 | 72 |
| 2015 Enero | 67 | 14 | 81 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 73 | 13 | 86 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 47 | 10 | 57 |
| 2014 Octubre | 86 | 14 | 100 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 73 | 14 | 87 |
| 2014 Agosto | 43 | 9 | 52 |
| 2014 Julio | 27 | 6 | 33 |
| 2014 Junio | 49 | 6 | 55 |
| 2014 Mayo | 57 | 6 | 63 |
| 2014 Abril | 41 | 1 | 42 |
| 2014 Marzo | 66 | 9 | 75 |
| 2014 Febrero | 55 | 7 | 62 |
| 2014 Enero | 51 | 9 | 60 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2013 Octubre | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2013 Agosto | 26 | 14 | 40 |
| 2013 Julio | 10 | 15 | 25 |
| 2013 Junio | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| 2013 Mayo | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2013 Abril | 14 | 9 | 23 |
| 2013 Marzo | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2013 Febrero | 40 | 3 | 43 |
| 2013 Enero | 65 | 6 | 71 |
| 2012 Diciembre | 52 | 5 | 57 |
| 2012 Octubre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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