Case for diagnosis
Crateriform Nodule on the Helix of the Ear
Nódulo crateriforme en el hélix
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Maldonado, P. Herranz, M. Beato Merino" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Maldonado" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hola.paola@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Herranz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." 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He presented with a progressively growing bleeding, painful lesion that had appeared several months earlier on the pinna. The patient did not recall having suffered any trauma and had not undergone prior treatment.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Physical Examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The physical examination revealed a crateriform nodule with a diameter of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm on the left pinna; the nodule appeared infiltrated on palpation. The lesion presented a central ulcerated area covered by a necrotic crust (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). No satellite lesions or swollen cervical lymph nodes were observed.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia, abnormal liver function associated with HCV infection, and renal insufficiency, as reported previously. Tests for tumor markers in blood were negative. A biopsy of the lung nodule was negative for malignant cells.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Histopathology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histology revealed fusiform cells, together with multinucleated giant cells arranged in interlacing fascicles in the dermis. The nuclei showed varying degrees of atypia. Mitosis was abundant but no necrosis was observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Immunohistochemistry was positive for vimentin, smooth-muscle actin, and CD10 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), and negative for CD34 and S-100 protein.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is your diagnosis?</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atypical fibroxanthoma.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion was fully excised with deep margins (to the cartilage). The patient died 4 months after surgery due to the progression of his renal insufficiency.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atypical fibroxanthoma was first described by Helwig in1961.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a rare tumor that usually presents as a single nodule most frequently located on the head or neck.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It affects men more than women and generally appears in elderly patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion presents clinically as a single painless nodule that usually measures up to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> and develops over a period of between 1 and 12 months.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesion is located in the dermis. The tumor cells are of 3 types: fusiform cells (the majority) with varying degrees of nuclear atypia; histiocytoid cells, which give this tumor the name fibroxanthoma; and multinucleated giant cells. Necrosis, infiltration of deep layers of tissue, and vascular invasion, however, are more characteristic of malignant fibrous histiocytoma than of atypical fibroxanthoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Immunohistochemistry shows these cells to be positive for vimentin alone, whereas melanoma is positive for vimentin and S100 proteins; spindle cell carcinoma is positive for cytokeratin; and leiomyosarcoma is positive for vimentin and desmin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Variable positivity has been reported in atypical fibroxanthoma for CD68, factor XIIIa, and CD99 and intense positivity for CD105.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case, the clinical differential diagnosis should include lung cancer metastasis, spindle cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma, pyogenic granuloma, and desmoplastic malignant melanoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The histologic differential diagnosis should include cutaneous leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, spindle cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atypical fibroxanthoma is a cutaneous tumor that is considered to be a member of the family of fibrous histiocytic tumors. It has traditionally been thought to be a tumor of mesenchymal origin. It is thought to be a more superficial version of malignant fibrous histiocytoma because of its histologic similarity. It has been argued that atypical fibroxanthoma may be an undifferentiated variant of spindle cell carcinoma or melanoma, but immunohistochemistry findings rule out this argument and it is currently thought to be a tumor arising from fibroblasts or myofibroblasts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In terms of histology, it is a malignant tumor and may be locally aggressive, but with little tendency to metastasize (less than 1% of cases).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of atypical fibroxanthoma is the subject of debate. Most studies recommend Mohs surgery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,6</span></a> over local excision with a wide margin,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> due to a lower observed rate of local recurrence. A follow-up of at least 2 years is recommended, as most recurrences are observed before this cut-off.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Clinical History" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Physical Examination" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Additional Tests" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Histopathology" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Course and Treatment" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Comment" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Maldonado P, et al. Nódulo crateriforme en el hélix. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2011;102:629-30.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 564 "Ancho" => 477 "Tamanyo" => 80815 ] ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 594 "Ancho" => 762 "Tamanyo" => 221993 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hematoxylin–eosin (10x).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 578 "Ancho" => 762 "Tamanyo" => 188185 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CD10 marker (10x).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Atypical fibroxanthoma. Tumor Seminar: proceedings of 18th annual seminar of San Antonio society of pathologists, 1961" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E.B. Helwig" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Tex J State Med" "fecha" => "1963" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "664" "paginaFinal" => "667" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fibroxantoma atípico. Estudio clinicopatológico de 10 casos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Gómez de la Fuente" 1 => "M. Sols" 2 => "F. Pinedo" 3 => "J.G. Álvarez-Fernández" 4 => "F.J. Vicente" 5 => "E. Naz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "96" "paginaInicial" => "153" "paginaFinal" => "158" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476356" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An unusual presentation of atypical fibroxanthoma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T.W. Vandergriff" 1 => "J.A. Reed" 2 => "I.F. Orengo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Online J" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19094844" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Atypical fibroxanthoma: review of the literature and summary of 13 patients treated with Mohs micrographic surgery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Seavolt" 1 => "M. McCall" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32087.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Surg" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "435" "paginaFinal" => "441" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16640694" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inmunohistochemical staining of CD10 in atypical fibroxanthomas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T.L. Hultgren" 1 => "D.J. DiMaio" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00635.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Cutan Pathol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "415" "paginaFinal" => "419" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17448198" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Atypical fibroxanthoma: A Review of the Literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "L.J. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 10 | 16 | 26 |
| 2024 Octubre | 64 | 37 | 101 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 78 | 26 | 104 |
| 2024 Agosto | 109 | 45 | 154 |
| 2024 Julio | 91 | 32 | 123 |
| 2024 Junio | 104 | 31 | 135 |
| 2024 Mayo | 77 | 36 | 113 |
| 2024 Abril | 83 | 29 | 112 |
| 2024 Marzo | 98 | 36 | 134 |
| 2024 Febrero | 82 | 31 | 113 |
| 2024 Enero | 66 | 28 | 94 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 73 | 18 | 91 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 67 | 32 | 99 |
| 2023 Octubre | 66 | 21 | 87 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 73 | 27 | 100 |
| 2023 Agosto | 63 | 22 | 85 |
| 2023 Julio | 87 | 37 | 124 |
| 2023 Junio | 74 | 21 | 95 |
| 2023 Mayo | 79 | 30 | 109 |
| 2023 Abril | 59 | 21 | 80 |
| 2023 Marzo | 49 | 30 | 79 |
| 2023 Febrero | 64 | 32 | 96 |
| 2023 Enero | 63 | 43 | 106 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 77 | 46 | 123 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 49 | 33 | 82 |
| 2022 Octubre | 36 | 27 | 63 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 36 | 36 | 72 |
| 2022 Agosto | 17 | 27 | 44 |
| 2022 Julio | 41 | 44 | 85 |
| 2022 Junio | 25 | 29 | 54 |
| 2022 Mayo | 72 | 36 | 108 |
| 2022 Abril | 78 | 44 | 122 |
| 2022 Marzo | 51 | 47 | 98 |
| 2022 Febrero | 62 | 28 | 90 |
| 2022 Enero | 49 | 37 | 86 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 51 | 42 | 93 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 57 | 50 | 107 |
| 2021 Octubre | 63 | 53 | 116 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 58 | 31 | 89 |
| 2021 Agosto | 32 | 32 | 64 |
| 2021 Julio | 54 | 43 | 97 |
| 2021 Junio | 47 | 29 | 76 |
| 2021 Mayo | 56 | 49 | 105 |
| 2021 Abril | 73 | 63 | 136 |
| 2021 Marzo | 67 | 17 | 84 |
| 2021 Febrero | 71 | 36 | 107 |
| 2021 Enero | 50 | 16 | 66 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 35 | 15 | 50 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 35 | 20 | 55 |
| 2020 Octubre | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 39 | 10 | 49 |
| 2020 Agosto | 36 | 14 | 50 |
| 2020 Julio | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 2020 Junio | 44 | 24 | 68 |
| 2020 Mayo | 31 | 21 | 52 |
| 2020 Abril | 36 | 19 | 55 |
| 2020 Marzo | 47 | 18 | 65 |
| 2020 Febrero | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2020 Enero | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Octubre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2019 Julio | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Junio | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| 2019 Mayo | 2 | 27 | 29 |
| 2019 Abril | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 Marzo | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 2019 Febrero | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 Octubre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 Julio | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2018 Junio | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2018 Mayo | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 2018 Abril | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Marzo | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2018 Febrero | 74 | 2 | 76 |
| 2018 Enero | 68 | 7 | 75 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 106 | 7 | 113 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2017 Octubre | 58 | 8 | 66 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 37 | 15 | 52 |
| 2017 Agosto | 52 | 7 | 59 |
| 2017 Julio | 47 | 5 | 52 |
| 2017 Junio | 57 | 18 | 75 |
| 2017 Mayo | 51 | 12 | 63 |
| 2017 Abril | 34 | 15 | 49 |
| 2017 Marzo | 45 | 39 | 84 |
| 2017 Febrero | 47 | 13 | 60 |
| 2017 Enero | 34 | 7 | 41 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 52 | 8 | 60 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 69 | 6 | 75 |
| 2016 Octubre | 66 | 11 | 77 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 78 | 8 | 86 |
| 2016 Agosto | 86 | 11 | 97 |
| 2016 Julio | 45 | 5 | 50 |
| 2016 Junio | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2016 Mayo | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2016 Abril | 7 | 23 | 30 |
| 2016 Marzo | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2016 Febrero | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2016 Enero | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2015 Octubre | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2015 Agosto | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2015 Julio | 108 | 8 | 116 |
| 2015 Junio | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2015 Mayo | 90 | 12 | 102 |
| 2015 Abril | 88 | 8 | 96 |
| 2015 Marzo | 53 | 14 | 67 |
| 2015 Febrero | 48 | 9 | 57 |
| 2015 Enero | 53 | 5 | 58 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 45 | 14 | 59 |
| 2014 Octubre | 53 | 16 | 69 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 28 | 8 | 36 |
| 2014 Agosto | 39 | 12 | 51 |
| 2014 Julio | 64 | 19 | 83 |
| 2014 Junio | 65 | 10 | 75 |
| 2014 Mayo | 89 | 14 | 103 |
| 2014 Abril | 63 | 11 | 74 |
| 2014 Marzo | 80 | 17 | 97 |
| 2014 Febrero | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2014 Enero | 69 | 11 | 80 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 69 | 14 | 83 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 45 | 17 | 62 |
| 2013 Octubre | 47 | 14 | 61 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2013 Agosto | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2013 Julio | 13 | 18 | 31 |
| 2013 Junio | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2013 Mayo | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 2013 Abril | 12 | 16 | 28 |
| 2013 Marzo | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2013 Febrero | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2013 Enero | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2012 Diciembre | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2012 Noviembre | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2012 Agosto | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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