Case and Research Letter
A Case of Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica in a Patient With COVID-19 Infection
Un caso de pitiriasis liquenoide crónica en una paciente infectada por COVID-19
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Pápulas eritematosas en la espalda con estructuras costrosas hemorrágicas en el centro. b. Pápulas y placas liquenificadas de tonalidad de eritematosa a púrpura en el aspecto lateral del tronco. c. Pápulas y placas de tonalidad de eritematosa a púrpura en la pierna.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "I.N. Durusu, G. Gurel, C. Tokyol" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I.N." "apellidos" => "Durusu" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Gurel" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." 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"apellidos" => "Durusu" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "iremnurdurusu@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Gurel" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Tokyol" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pathology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Un caso de pitiriasis liquenoide crónica en una paciente infectada por COVID-19" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 632 "Ancho" => 1501 "Tamanyo" => 103151 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A, Erythematous papules on the back with hemorrhagic crusted structures in the center. B, Lichenified erythematous-purple papules and plaques on the lateral aspect of the trunk. C, Erythematous-purple papules and plaques on the leg.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) is a rare skin disease characterized by slowly progressive red-to-brown erythematous papules with central scaling. Although some cases have been reported in conjunction with viral illnesses, the etiology of PLC is uncertain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> COVID-19 is an ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> We present a case of PLC that developed shortly after COVID-19 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 42-year-old woman presented with pruritic lesions that had appeared over the course of 5 months. Skin examination showed extensive areas of erythematous-purple lichenoid papules and plaques on the trunk and extremities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A–C). The oral and genital mucosa and nails were normal. The patient reported that she had been diagnosed with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 just 10 days before the lesions had appeared. She had not been hospitalized for COVID-19, but did receive treatment with favipiravir and analgesics. The information provided was confirmed by consulting the local COVID-19 database. The infection subsided within 5 days, and the skin lesions began to appear shortly afterwards. The patient did not consult a doctor, as she hoped that the lesions would disappear on their own. The relationship between COVID-19 and the skin lesions was not therefore recorded at the time, which is a weakness of this report. The differential diagnosis included lichen planus, lichenoid drug eruption, PLC, atypical pityriasis rosea, and prurigo. Histopathologic examination showed hyperkeratosis, irregular acanthosis, focal spongiosis, lymphocyte exocytosis in the epidermis, and a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate and melanophages in the superficial dermis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Based on the clinical and histologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with PLC and treated with oral doxycycline, topical corticosteroids, and emollients. The lesions did not improve after 1 month of doxycycline, and the patient was started on narrowband UV-B therapy.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed for PL in the literature: an inflammatory reaction triggered by infectious agents, an inflammatory response secondary to T-cell dyscrasia, and immune complex–mediated hypersensitivity vasculitis. PL has been described in association with several infectious agents, namely, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxoplasma gondii,</span> Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, staphylococci, and β-hemolytic streptococci.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> An association with vaccines has also been speculated. Filippi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> recently described a case of PL triggered by the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been divided into 6 clinical patterns: an urticarial rash, a morbilliform rash, papulovesicular exanthem, a chilblain-like acral pattern, a livedo reticularis-like pattern, and a purpuric-vasculitic pattern.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other skin manifestations, such as petechiae, cutaneous mottling, eruptive cherry angioma, violaceous macules with porcelain-appearance, non-necrotic or necrotic purpura, aphthous ulcers, purpuric exanthema, telogen effluvium, and relapsing livedo reticularis are also defined as less commonly seen dermatological findings of COVID-19.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> To our knowledge, PLC has not yet been reported in association with COVID-19. Oral antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin), topical corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors are recommended as the initial treatment for PLC. Narrowband UV-B/psoralen plus UV-A phototherapy may be considered as a second-line treatment for more resistant disease, followed by methotrexate, acitretin, dapsone, cyclosporine, or a combination of these.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 632 "Ancho" => 1501 "Tamanyo" => 103151 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A, Erythematous papules on the back with hemorrhagic crusted structures in the center. B, Lichenified erythematous-purple papules and plaques on the lateral aspect of the trunk. C, Erythematous-purple papules and plaques on the leg.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 957 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 245518 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer and lymphocyte exocytosis (arrow) in the epidermis. Perivascular (star to the right) band-like lymphocytic infiltrate (star under the epidermis) (hematoxylin–eosin, original magnification ×200).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pityriasis lichenoides" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Khachemoune" 1 => "M.L. Blyumin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2165/00128071-200708010-00004" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Dermatol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "36" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17298104" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: current knowledge and future perspectives" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G. Genovese" 1 => "C. Moltrasio" 2 => "E. Berti" 3 => "A.V. 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Oh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jdin.2020.12.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAAD Int" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "119" "paginaFinal" => "133" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33479703" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00017310/00000113000000S1/v1_202212200523/S0001731022008791/v1_202212200523/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "6160" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cartas científico-clínicas" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00017310/00000113000000S1/v1_202212200523/S0001731022008791/v1_202212200523/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000044&text.app=https://actasdermo.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731022008791?idApp=UINPBA000044" ]
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