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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The advisories in the second part of Appendix I to Dr Az&#250;a&#39;s public health proposals&#46; This section covered the management of mucous discharges &#40;blennorrhagias&#41;&#46; &#40;Translator&#39;s note&#58; The translated instructions are of transcriptions of the versions in Del R&#237;o de la Torre&#39;s thesis on the origins of the Madrid school of dermatology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A physician&#39;s aim is to preserve health and cure illness&#44; as we have seen during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1880&#44; it was sexually transmitted infections &#40;STIs&#41; that wreaked havoc in communities&#44; and available treatments were ineffective&#46; Mercury was the only recourse&#44; and it was not always well tolerated&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr Juan de Az&#250;a y Su&#225;rez &#40;Madrid&#44; 1858&#8211;1922&#41;&#44; a dermatologist and the first full professor of dermatology and syphilology on the medical faculty of the University of Madrid&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> approached his work from the standpoint of public health&#44; or hygiene&#44; in an effort to control STI transmission&#46; He described himself as an &#8220;interventionist in this and all questions of health&#46;&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endowed with an extraordinary gift of observation as well as acumen&#44; Az&#250;a approached the Royal Health Council in 1904 with a proposal to regulate public hygiene with regard to prostitution &#40;Reglamento de la Secci&#243;n de Higiene de la Prostituci&#243;n&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> His plan centered around 11 points through which he argued in favor of innovations such as the creation of a health police force and the employment of public health physicians&#46; In an epilog to the proposal&#44; he laid out what he called his &#8220;health advisories&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">avisos sanitarios</span>&#41; in 2 appendices&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Az&#250;a had previously presented the advisories at an international medical conference in Rome in 1894&#46; They described the prophylactic treatments being used for various skin infections and STIs in patients at Hospital de San Juan de Dios in Madrid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of Az&#250;a&#39;s approach lay in his effective outreach to the general public to convey information about health and hygiene on a topic toward which attitudes had progressed little and which would have been considered a &#8220;moral&#8221; issue at the time&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advisories were meant to be printed&#46; They gave information about syphilis and the blennorrhagias&#44; or mucous discharges&#44; of gonorrhea and other infectious diseases such as leprosy and forms of ringworm&#46; Details referred to the mechanisms of contagion and precautions to take to avoid catching these diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Az&#250;a wrote the material himself and covered the cost of printing it&#44; demonstrating conscientiousness and dedication to the fight against STIs&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advisories in the 2 appendices are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1&#8211;3</a>&#46; Appendix I&#44; with 2 parts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#44; contained texts addressing patients at his hospital&#39;s clinic&#46; The first part covered the prevention of syphilis and the second treated the topic of mucous discharges in gonorrhea and other diseases&#46; Appendix II &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; addressed the clients of so-called houses of tolerance or anyone coming into contact with prostitutes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advice is written in plain language for the layperson &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">para el</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vulgo</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#41; and includes examples as well as explicit instructions delivered unceremoniously&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The information was intended to be intelligible&#44; practical&#44; and instructive&#46; By way of example&#44; consider the following excerpt&#58;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;These advisories serve<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;To make clear to readers the harms that contagious &#40;or catching&#41; diseases cause&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;To help readers keep from catching contagious diseases most of the time&#44; by means of understanding when and how they are transmitted&#46;&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advisory information had also been presented at the Ninth International Conference of Public Health and Demography &#40;Congreso Internacional de Higiene y Demograf&#237;a&#41; held in Madrid in 1898&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Az&#250;a&#39;s provision of these health advisories represents a historical milestone in Spanish dermatology&#46; By designing informative leaflets focused on preventing STIs&#44; he displayed great insight into and commitment to the health of individuals and the community&#46; To his disappointment&#44; however&#44; they failed to carry weight in society because of the widespread illiteracy of his day&#46; Nonetheless&#44; his efforts were not entirely in vain&#46; In 1910 a royal decree was issued to create a department to regulate hygiene in prostitution &#40;Servicio de Higiene de la Prostituci&#243;n&#41; under the jurisdiction of the provincial health services&#46; Yet another royal decree 8 years later empowered the Ministry of the Interior &#40;Gobernaci&#243;n&#41; to establish regulations aimed at preventing syphilis and other STIs in Spain&#46; In 1925&#44; municipal health regulation 63 obliged the creation of outpatient clinics dedicated to these infections&#46; In 1928&#44; the act of infecting others was criminalized in article 538 of the penal code&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Among the dermatologists who followed in Az&#250;a&#39;s footsteps&#44; maintaining his approach to public health education and the care of patients with STIs&#44; were Gaspar Bravo de Sobremonte&#44; Jos&#233; S&#225;nchez-Covisa&#44; and &#193;lvarez Sainz de Aja&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sainz de Aja published 4 of his own health advisories in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecos Espa&#241;oles de Dermatolog&#237;a y Sifiliograf&#237;a</span> in 1929&#46; They addressed the needs of patients with syphilis&#44; mucous discharges&#44; venereal chancers&#44; and scabies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over time&#44; the old advisory pamphlets would be replaced by new means of communication&#44; such as conferences&#44; posters&#44; and films&#46; However&#44; progress has not erased the evident value of these early efforts to raise public awareness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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History and Humanities in Dermatology
Dr Juan de Azúa's Health Advisory Pamphlets: Health Requires as Much Care as Disease
Los avisos sanitarios del Dr. Juan de Azúa: la salud necesita tanto cuidado como la enfermedad
M. Martín de Santa-Olalla y Llanes
Autor para correspondencia
mmdsantaolalla@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, R.M. Díaz-Díaz
Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
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He described himself as an &#8220;interventionist in this and all questions of health&#46;&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endowed with an extraordinary gift of observation as well as acumen&#44; Az&#250;a approached the Royal Health Council in 1904 with a proposal to regulate public hygiene with regard to prostitution &#40;Reglamento de la Secci&#243;n de Higiene de la Prostituci&#243;n&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> His plan centered around 11 points through which he argued in favor of innovations such as the creation of a health police force and the employment of public health physicians&#46; In an epilog to the proposal&#44; he laid out what he called his &#8220;health advisories&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">avisos sanitarios</span>&#41; in 2 appendices&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Az&#250;a had previously presented the advisories at an international medical conference in Rome in 1894&#46; They described the prophylactic treatments being used for various skin infections and STIs in patients at Hospital de San Juan de Dios in Madrid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of Az&#250;a&#39;s approach lay in his effective outreach to the general public to convey information about health and hygiene on a topic toward which attitudes had progressed little and which would have been considered a &#8220;moral&#8221; issue at the time&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advisories were meant to be printed&#46; They gave information about syphilis and the blennorrhagias&#44; or mucous discharges&#44; of gonorrhea and other infectious diseases such as leprosy and forms of ringworm&#46; Details referred to the mechanisms of contagion and precautions to take to avoid catching these diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Az&#250;a wrote the material himself and covered the cost of printing it&#44; demonstrating conscientiousness and dedication to the fight against STIs&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advisories in the 2 appendices are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1&#8211;3</a>&#46; Appendix I&#44; with 2 parts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#44; contained texts addressing patients at his hospital&#39;s clinic&#46; The first part covered the prevention of syphilis and the second treated the topic of mucous discharges in gonorrhea and other diseases&#46; Appendix II &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; addressed the clients of so-called houses of tolerance or anyone coming into contact with prostitutes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advice is written in plain language for the layperson &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">para el</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vulgo</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#41; and includes examples as well as explicit instructions delivered unceremoniously&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The information was intended to be intelligible&#44; practical&#44; and instructive&#46; By way of example&#44; consider the following excerpt&#58;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;These advisories serve<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;To make clear to readers the harms that contagious &#40;or catching&#41; diseases cause&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;To help readers keep from catching contagious diseases most of the time&#44; by means of understanding when and how they are transmitted&#46;&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advisory information had also been presented at the Ninth International Conference of Public Health and Demography &#40;Congreso Internacional de Higiene y Demograf&#237;a&#41; held in Madrid in 1898&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Az&#250;a&#39;s provision of these health advisories represents a historical milestone in Spanish dermatology&#46; By designing informative leaflets focused on preventing STIs&#44; he displayed great insight into and commitment to the health of individuals and the community&#46; To his disappointment&#44; however&#44; they failed to carry weight in society because of the widespread illiteracy of his day&#46; Nonetheless&#44; his efforts were not entirely in vain&#46; In 1910 a royal decree was issued to create a department to regulate hygiene in prostitution &#40;Servicio de Higiene de la Prostituci&#243;n&#41; under the jurisdiction of the provincial health services&#46; Yet another royal decree 8 years later empowered the Ministry of the Interior &#40;Gobernaci&#243;n&#41; to establish regulations aimed at preventing syphilis and other STIs in Spain&#46; In 1925&#44; municipal health regulation 63 obliged the creation of outpatient clinics dedicated to these infections&#46; In 1928&#44; the act of infecting others was criminalized in article 538 of the penal code&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Among the dermatologists who followed in Az&#250;a&#39;s footsteps&#44; maintaining his approach to public health education and the care of patients with STIs&#44; were Gaspar Bravo de Sobremonte&#44; Jos&#233; S&#225;nchez-Covisa&#44; and &#193;lvarez Sainz de Aja&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sainz de Aja published 4 of his own health advisories in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecos Espa&#241;oles de Dermatolog&#237;a y Sifiliograf&#237;a</span> in 1929&#46; They addressed the needs of patients with syphilis&#44; mucous discharges&#44; venereal chancers&#44; and scabies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over time&#44; the old advisory pamphlets would be replaced by new means of communication&#44; such as conferences&#44; posters&#44; and films&#46; However&#44; progress has not erased the evident value of these early efforts to raise public awareness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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