Cases for Diagnosis
Extensive Skin Detachment in an Older Man
Exfoliación cutánea extensa en paciente de edad avanzada
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Krasnovska, E. Sendagorta Cudos, E.M. Pena Burgos" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Krasnovska" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Sendagorta Cudos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E.M." "apellidos" => "Pena Burgos" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731022003362?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000009/v1_202210040811/S0001731022003362/v1_202210040811/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0001731021004208" "issn" => "00017310" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2020.11.029" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-10-01" "aid" => "2811" "copyright" => "AEDV" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2022;113:895-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">CASOS PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO</span>" "titulo" => "Exfoliación cutánea extensa en paciente de edad avanzada" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "895" "paginaFinal" => "896" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Extensive Skin Detachment in an Older Man" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 759 "Ancho" => 650 "Tamanyo" => 81474 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A y B) Eritema violáceo en áreas fotoexpuestas de zona facial y cuello. C) Detalle de cara lateral de cuello con zonas papulosas algo más infiltradas. D) Eritema violáceo en zonas previamente afectas de espalda.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "D. Camacho García, L. Vallés Blanco, C. Santonja Garriga" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Camacho García" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Vallés Blanco" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Santonja Garriga" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731021004208?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000009/v1_202210040811/S0001731021004208/v1_202210040811/es/main.assets" ] "asociados" => array:1 [ 0 => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0001731021004208" "issn" => "00017310" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ad.2020.11.029" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-10-01" "aid" => "2811" "copyright" => "AEDV" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2022;113:895-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">CASOS PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO</span>" "titulo" => "Exfoliación cutánea extensa en paciente de edad avanzada" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "895" "paginaFinal" => "896" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Extensive Skin Detachment in an Older Man" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 759 "Ancho" => 650 "Tamanyo" => 81474 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A y B) Eritema violáceo en áreas fotoexpuestas de zona facial y cuello. C) Detalle de cara lateral de cuello con zonas papulosas algo más infiltradas. D) Eritema violáceo en zonas previamente afectas de espalda.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "D. Camacho García, L. Vallés Blanco, C. Santonja Garriga" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Camacho García" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Vallés Blanco" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Santonja Garriga" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001731021004208?idApp=UINPBA000044" "url" => "/00017310/0000011300000009/v1_202210040811/S0001731021004208/v1_202210040811/es/main.assets" ] ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Cases for Diagnosis</span>" "titulo" => " Extensive Skin Detachment in an Older Man" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "T895" "paginaFinal" => "T896" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "D. Camacho García, L. Vallés Blanco, C. Santonja Garriga" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Camacho García" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "diana_camacho83@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Vallés Blanco" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Santonja Garriga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General de Villalba, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Exfoliación cutánea extensa en paciente de edad avanzada" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 976 "Ancho" => 702 "Tamanyo" => 136326 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severe mucocutaneous involvement with peeling skin and the formation of erosions and scabs. (A) Facial area. (B) Oral mucosa. (C) Back. (D) Sole of foot.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Medical history</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 78-year-old man with no relevant past history was admitted to our department with extensive areas of denuded skin, involving more than 40% of the body area, which had appeared approximately 3 weeks earlier (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The patient had taken no medication in recent months and had undergone no recent infectious processes. The rash began as erythema, edema, and flaccid blisters in areas of the face, neck, and chest exposed to sunlight, and gradually spread to the torso and extremities, with involvement of the palms and soles. The rash was associated with conjunctival injection, hemorrhagic cheilitis, and erosions in the oral mucosa. Laboratory testing revealed hemoglobin levels of 7.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 47, a C-reactive protein level of 8.9, and an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:2560, positive for antinucleosome antibodies. The patient was treated with high-dose mycophenolate mofetil, intravenous immunoglobulins, and vancomycin for colonization by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>, with complete clinical resolution. Three months later, violaceous erythema appeared on the previously involved area exposed to sunlight (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Histopathology</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histologic study of the neck revealed vacuolar degeneration in the basement membrane of the epidermis, isolated apoptotic keratinocytes, a mild mucin deposit on the dermis, and a lymphocytic superficial perivascular and periadnexal infiltrate. The direct immunofluorescence (DIF) study revealed fine granular linear positivity in the dermoepidermal junction for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C1q (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is the Diagnosis?</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toxic epidermal necrolysis-like cutaneous lupus erythematosus.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Clinical Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous lupus erythematosus was diagnosed, with toxic epidermal necrolysis-like manifestation as the debut of the disease and treatment with 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg hydroxychloroquine every 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of methotrexate weekly was prescribed. The patient presented adequate control of the disease after 8 months of follow-up.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Comment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A rash similar to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in patients with acute or subacute lupus erythematosus is a diagnostic challenge. Epidermal damage similar to that which occurs in TEN has been described in other processes that are not drug-related, such as lupus erythematosus, pseudoporphyria, and graft-versus-host disease. Ting et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> therefore proposed the term <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acute syndrome of apoptotic pan-epidermolysis</span> (ASAP) to cover entities with large-scale peeling of the epidermis as the result of intense apoptosis of the basement epidermal cells.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SJS/TEN-like lupus is a painful rash with erythema, edema, and blister formation, with no clear pharmacologic or infectious trigger. It appears initially in areas exposed to sunlight and extends symmetrically, often involving the palms and soles. Nikolsky sign is usually positive and involvement of the mucosa is variable and usually mild.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Epidermal necrosis may appear on healthy skin or on pre-existing lesions of acute or subacute lupus erythematosus. Progression to epidermal peeling has been reported to be slower in SJS/TEN-like lupus than in drug-induced TEN.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Most patients have a prior diagnosis of lupus erythematosus, activity data for the disease, and meet criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> although in up to 35% of cases, TEN-like lupus is the primary manifestation of the disease. The age range is very broad, from adolescence to advanced age and women are predominantly affected. The prognosis is usually better than in classic TEN.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> All patients have specific positive autoimmunity for lupus erythematosus and a high antinuclear antibody (≥1:1.280) titer is characteristic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histology revealed different degrees of necrosis and epidermal peeling, together with some findings characteristic of lupus erythematosus, such as vacuolar degeneration, isolated apoptotic keratinocytes, perivascular and periadnexal infiltrate, and the presence of mucin in the dermis. DIF usually reveals a granular deposit on the basement membrane of more than one immunoglobulin such as IgG, IgM, C3, and IgA.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, SJS/TEN-like lupus is a severe manifestation of lupus erythematosus that is difficult to diagnose because of its similarity to classic TEN. In our patient, the lack of triggering drugs, the autoimmune study, and the development of new lupus lesions on previously affected areas exposed to sunlight made it possible to establish the definitive diagnosis.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Medical history" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Histopathology" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Clinical Course and Treatment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Comment" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 5 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 976 "Ancho" => 702 "Tamanyo" => 136326 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severe mucocutaneous involvement with peeling skin and the formation of erosions and scabs. (A) Facial area. (B) Oral mucosa. (C) Back. (D) Sole of foot.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 760 "Ancho" => 656 "Tamanyo" => 77398 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A and B) Violaceous erythema in areas of the face and neck exposed to sunlight. (C) Detail of the lateral surface of the neck with somewhat more infiltrated papular areas. (D) Violaceous erythema in previously affected areas on the back.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 570 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 138712 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histologic study of the skin biopsy taken from the neck. (A) High-magnification image showing perivascular and periadnexal lymphocytic infiltrate. (B) Greater detail of the epidermis showing vacuolar degeneration and some apoptotic keratinocytes. (C) Staining with alcian blue showing mucin deposits in the dermis. (D) Direct immunofluorescence study with granular linear deposit of C3 in the basement membrane.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toxic epidermal necrolysis-like acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and the spectrum of the acute syndrome of apoptotic panepidermolysis (ASAP): a case report, concept review and proposal for new classification of lupus erythematosus vesiculobullous skin lesions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "W. Ting" 1 => "M.S. Stone" 2 => "D. Racila" 3 => "R.H. Scofield" 4 => "R.D. Sontheimer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1191/0961203304lu2037sa" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lupus" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "941" "paginaFinal" => "950" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15645750" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vesiculobullous diseases in relation to lupus erythematosus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Rutnin" 1 => "K. Chanprapaph" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2147/CCID.S220906" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "653" "paginaFinal" => "667" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lupus-associated toxic epidermal necrolysis: a novel manifestation of lupus?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Mandelcorn" 1 => "N.H. 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Kerdel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaad.2011.10.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "417" "paginaFinal" => "421" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101216" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toxic epidermal necrolysis-like acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of a case and review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "L.S. Romero" 1 => "O. Bari" 2 => "C.J. Forbess Smith" 3 => "J.A. Schneider" 4 => "P.R. Cohen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dermatol Online J" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "24" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29906016" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toxic epidermal necrolysis-like cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a series of three patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C. Cisneros" 1 => "R. Romiti" 2 => "C.G. Sant" 3 => "V. Aoki" 4 => "N.Y.S. Valente" 5 => "M.S. 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