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1-cm wide&#44; erythematous nodules in the perianal area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The nodules were hard with superficial ulceration and much discharge&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A punch biopsy of a nodule in the perianal area was performed&#46; Hematoxylin&#8211;eosin staining showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with exocytosis and parakeratosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the dermis&#44; acute and chronic inflammation with mixed lymphohistiocytes&#44; eosinophils&#44; neutrophils and plasma cells were noticed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">His latest CD4 count&#44; measured one month prior to the development of ulcerative nodules&#44; was 427&#47;&#956;L &#40;normal range&#58; 500&#8211;1500&#47;&#956;L&#41;&#46; The spirochete immunostain and periodic acid-Schiff stain were both negative&#46; Moreover&#44; the venereal disease research laboratory test showed 1&#58;1 &#40;weakly reactive&#41;&#44; and viral isolation by culture from the tissue specimen was positive for herpes simplex type 2 &#40;HSV-2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nodular perianal herpes simplex&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical course and treatment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After diagnosis with herpes simplex&#44; he was treated with 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of valcyclovir twice daily for two subsequent months with the nearly complete resolution of the cutaneous lesions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HIV-positive patients have high rates of HSV-2 infection&#44; ranging from 50&#37; to 90&#37; in different studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The relationship between genital HSV-2 and HIV has been termed a syndemic&#46; Genital HSV-2 infection is the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide&#44; particularly in immunocompromised patients&#46; However&#44; the clinical presentations of genital HSV-2 infection in HIV are variable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical manifestations of HSV-2 in HIV include nodular&#44; 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and viral isolation by culture from the tissue specimen was positive for HSV-2&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In previous studies&#44; most cases of HSV in HIV-positive patients have presented with a prolonged clinical course of disease and only a few were rapidly growing masses&#46; The present case showed a relatively rapid growth of only three weeks duration&#46; Two 1-cm painful nodules exhibited superficial ulceration&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of atypical HSV infection in HIV-positive individuals requires a high-dose and long-term therapy with acyclovir&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Antiviral therapies are effective and safe for suppressive and episodic treatment of HSV in HIV-positive patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case for Diagnosis
Ulcerative nodules on the perineum
Nódulos ulcerados perianales
C.-F. Yena, K.-L. Chenb, T.-F. Tsaib,
Autor para correspondencia
tftsai@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
a Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
b Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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        "titulo" => "N&#243;dulos ulcerados perianales"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Medical history</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 34-year-old&#44; homosexual male patient with a history of infection with human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41;&#44; disseminated tuberculosis&#44; Salmonella infectious diarrhea&#44; herpes zoster and neurosyphilis presented to our dermatology clinic with a 3-week history of painful perianal nodules&#46; At first&#44; he had been taking 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of oral cephalexin four times a day and using topical chloramphenicol ointment for several weeks without improvement&#46; He had been under treatment with antiretroviral therapy regularly&#58; 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of efavirenz daily and one tablet of lamivudine&#47;zidovudine twice daily for HIV for seven years&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Physical examination</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination showed two painful&#44; 1-cm wide&#44; erythematous nodules in the perianal area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The nodules were hard with superficial ulceration and much discharge&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A punch biopsy of a nodule in the perianal area was performed&#46; Hematoxylin&#8211;eosin staining showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with exocytosis and parakeratosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the dermis&#44; acute and chronic inflammation with mixed lymphohistiocytes&#44; eosinophils&#44; neutrophils and plasma cells were noticed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">His latest CD4 count&#44; measured one month prior to the development of ulcerative nodules&#44; was 427&#47;&#956;L &#40;normal range&#58; 500&#8211;1500&#47;&#956;L&#41;&#46; The spirochete immunostain and periodic acid-Schiff stain were both negative&#46; Moreover&#44; the venereal disease research laboratory test showed 1&#58;1 &#40;weakly reactive&#41;&#44; and viral isolation by culture from the tissue specimen was positive for herpes simplex type 2 &#40;HSV-2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nodular perianal herpes simplex&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical course and treatment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After diagnosis with herpes simplex&#44; he was treated with 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of valcyclovir twice daily for two subsequent months with the nearly complete resolution of the cutaneous lesions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Comment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HIV-positive patients have high rates of HSV-2 infection&#44; ranging from 50&#37; to 90&#37; in different studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The relationship between genital HSV-2 and HIV has been termed a syndemic&#46; Genital HSV-2 infection is the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide&#44; particularly in immunocompromised patients&#46; However&#44; the clinical presentations of genital HSV-2 infection in HIV are variable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical manifestations of HSV-2 in HIV include nodular&#44; hypertrophic&#44; tumor-like&#44; vegetative or ulcerative growths simulating neoplasms&#46; It has been suggested that an overstimulated inflammatory response that follows immune restoration after highly active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41; initiation could be responsible for nodular and vegetative presentations of genital herpes infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; our patient developed nodular HSV lesions seven years after HAART initiation&#44; in marked contrast to what most studies have reported&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The nodular HSV lesions were of atypical morphology and mimicked other opportunistic infections such as syphilis&#44; molluscum contagiosum&#44; Kaposi sarcoma&#44; and other lymphoproliferative tumors&#46; Thus&#44; biopsy was often necessary for correct diagnosis&#46; Because HIV-positive individuals are also at higher risk of developing anogenital malignancies and lymphomas&#44; when an HIV-infected individual presents with a nodular mass that lacks the characteristic clinical and histopathological features of herpes&#44; HSV is often overlooked and the concern for lymphoma or anogenital malignancies rises&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathologically&#44; features of herpes generally show a dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of plasma cells mixed with eosinophils and lymphocytes&#46; Typically&#44; there are also multinucleated giant cells with steel-gray molded nuclei&#44; ground-glass chromatin&#44; and acantholytic keratinocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; the histology may fail to show typical viral inclusion bodies or multinucleated giant cells&#44; and HSV cultures are often negative&#46; Polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry may be necessary to detect the virus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Our case showed a large number of plasma cells mixed with eosinophils and lymphocytes in the dermis&#44; and viral isolation by culture from the tissue specimen was positive for HSV-2&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In previous studies&#44; most cases of HSV in HIV-positive patients have presented with a prolonged clinical course of disease and only a few were rapidly growing masses&#46; The present case showed a relatively rapid growth of only three weeks duration&#46; Two 1-cm painful nodules exhibited superficial ulceration&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of atypical HSV infection in HIV-positive individuals requires a high-dose and long-term therapy with acyclovir&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Antiviral therapies are effective and safe for suppressive and episodic treatment of HSV in HIV-positive patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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