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consecuencia de la obstrucci&#243;n del fol&#237;culo con sebo y queratina&#44; ha sido tradicionalmente descrito como la lesi&#243;n precursora del acn&#233;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la secuencia de eventos que resulta en la formaci&#243;n de lesiones acneicas no est&#225; completamente dilucidada&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen publicaciones de hace m&#225;s de 2 d&#233;cadas en las que se relaciona estrechamente el acn&#233; vulgar con una inflamaci&#243;n subyacente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#44; pero no ha sido hasta recientemente cuando se ha producido un cambio en el entendimiento de esta patolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jeremy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> ya constataron la existencia de c&#233;lulas y mol&#233;culas inflamatorias como la IL-1 en la piel &#171;aparentemente sana&#187; de pacientes con acn&#233; de forma previa a la formaci&#243;n del comed&#243;n&#46; Este hallazgo subray&#243; el papel fundamental de la inflamaci&#243;n en las fases iniciales de la comedog&#233;nesis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; Do et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> demostraron que las lesiones inflamatorias del acn&#233; proven&#237;an en m&#225;s de la mitad de las ocasiones de microcomedones&#44; y en hasta un tercio de los casos de piel aparentemente sana&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; tanto en microcomedones como en comedones se han hallado niveles elevados de mol&#233;culas inflamatorias&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se ha encontrado un aumento de la expresi&#243;n de genes implicados en la inflamaci&#243;n y el remodelamiento de la matriz extracelular en pacientes afectos de acn&#233;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> es una bacteria saprofita anaerobia grampositiva con especial apetencia por el complejo piloseb&#225;ceo&#46; Tiene un rol principal en la aparici&#243;n y la cronificaci&#243;n de la inflamaci&#243;n en el acn&#233; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El TLR-2&#44; presente en los macr&#243;fagos perifoliculares&#44; presenta afinidad contra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> y desencadena la liberaci&#243;n de citoquinas proinflamatorias como la IL-8 o la IL-12<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; Estas interleucinas favorecen la quimiotaxis neutrof&#237;lica y la liberaci&#243;n de enzimas lisosomales que intervienen en la rotura de la pared folicular&#46; Aparentemente&#44; la expresi&#243;n de TLR-2 por las c&#233;lulas inmunes est&#225; adem&#225;s directamente relacionada con la gravedad del acn&#233;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Esto podr&#237;a explicar la raz&#243;n por la cual los retinoides t&#243;picos&#44; y en concreto el adapaleno&#44; que disminuye significativamente la expresi&#243;n de TLR-2&#44; son de utilidad en lesiones inflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> es capaz de activar el inflamasoma-NRLP3 a trav&#233;s de diversos NLR&#46; Este complejo multiproteico activar&#237;a enzimas proteol&#237;ticas&#44; como la caspasa-1&#44; que transformar&#237;an el precursor de la IL-1&#946; en su forma funcionante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Se ha demostrado la activaci&#243;n del inflamasoma en monocitos y sebocitos cut&#225;neos humanos por esta bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a>&#46; El conocimiento de esta relaci&#243;n entre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> y el inflamasoma abre una nueva perspectiva terap&#233;utica&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asimismo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> puede estimular los linfocitos T&#46; En un reciente estudio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> se demostr&#243; que el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> induc&#237;a los linfocitos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T-helper</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 y 17 a producir IL-17 y otras citoquinas proinflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En el mismo estudio se constat&#243; que la vitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A &#40;&#225;cido transretinoico&#41; y la vitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D &#40;1&#44;25-dihidroxivitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D3&#41; inhib&#237;an esa estimulaci&#243;n inflamatoria&#46; Esto podr&#237;a abrir otra puerta para el tratamiento del acn&#233;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las metaloproteasas de la matriz extracelular &#40;MMP&#41; intervienen en el mantenimiento de la matriz extracelular d&#233;rmica de forma fisiol&#243;gica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; son causantes de la destrucci&#243;n de tejidos y formaci&#243;n de cicatrices en el acn&#233;&#46; Varios estudios han constatado que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> induce un aumento de actividad de varias MMP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; probablemente existe una susceptibilidad individual a una cicatrizaci&#243;n aberrante en pacientes afectos de acn&#233;&#46; Se sabe que determinados perfiles de expresi&#243;n inflamatoria est&#225;n ligados a mayor riesgo de cicatrizaci&#243;n an&#243;mala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; De nuevo&#44; conociendo estas dianas moleculares podr&#237;an dise&#241;arse tratamientos espec&#237;ficos para modular la cicatrizaci&#243;n cut&#225;nea&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el sistema inmune innato la actuaci&#243;n de p&#233;ptidos antimicrobianos &#40;AMP&#41; como las &#946;-defensinas o las catelicidinas son relevantes para el control de la flora bacteriana residente y transitoria cut&#225;nea&#46; Se sabe que la presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> en pacientes afectos de acn&#233; estimula de forma mantenida la acci&#243;n de estos p&#233;ptidos exacerbando el ambiente inflamatorio caracter&#237;stico de esta entidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En &#250;ltima instancia&#44; el microbioma cut&#225;neo tiene un efecto directo e indirecto sobre el sistema inmune y la respuesta inflamatoria frente a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span>&#46; Se ha comprobado que esta inflamaci&#243;n var&#237;a seg&#250;n la cepa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> y la sensibilidad intr&#237;nseca de cada paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por tanto&#44; debemos deshabituarnos de la concepci&#243;n del acn&#233; como una enfermedad trif&#225;sica&#44; constituida por una etapa preinflamatoria &#40;comedones&#41;&#44; una etapa inflamatoria &#40;p&#225;pulas&#44; p&#250;stulas&#44; n&#243;dulos y quistes&#41; y una etapa postinflamatoria &#40;cicatrices e hiperpigmentaci&#243;n residual&#41;&#46; En realidad&#44; es una patolog&#237;a en la que la inflamaci&#243;n juega un papel fundamental y la define&#58; existe inflamaci&#243;n subcl&#237;nica en piel sin lesiones visibles&#44; interviene en el inicio de las lesiones &#40;microcomedones y comedones&#41; y en su perpetuaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Repercusi&#243;n en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los conocimientos de su etiopatogenia tienen una traducci&#243;n cl&#237;nica directa en forma de nuevas dianas terap&#233;uticas y replanteamiento de las indicaciones de los tratamientos actuales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a>&#46; Un ejemplo son los retinoides t&#243;picos&#44; que adem&#225;s de su conocido efecto regulador de la queratinizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> tienen un papel antiinflamatorio modulando la producci&#243;n de mol&#233;culas inflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> y quimiotaxis de los neutr&#243;filos y&#44; por tanto&#44; no solo tendr&#237;an utilidad en las tradicionalmente descritas lesiones preinflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De forma an&#225;loga&#44; la utilidad de la isotretino&#237;na oral en el acn&#233; no se debe &#250;nicamente a su efecto queratorregulador&#46; Su eficacia terap&#233;utica est&#225; tambi&#233;n mediada por su acci&#243;n antiinflamatoria&#46; Recientes estudios han demostrado que disminuye la expresi&#243;n de TLR-2 de los monocitos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Este &#250;ltimo efecto se mantiene durante meses tras la suspensi&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco&#46; Por otra parte&#44; inhibe varias MMP de la matriz extracelular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la utilidad de los antibi&#243;ticos en el acn&#233; vulgar&#44; como los macr&#243;lidos o las tetracicilinas&#44; adem&#225;s de su efecto bacteriost&#225;tico sobre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>acnes</span>&#44; tienen un efecto antiinflamatorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> incluso a dosis subantimicrobianas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Este efecto adem&#225;s explica la mayor parte de su acci&#243;n terap&#233;utica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por tanto&#44; dado que el acn&#233; vulgar es una patolog&#237;a inflamatoria cr&#243;nica&#44; deberemos ajustar la dosis y la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento para prevenir el desarrollo de resistencias antibi&#243;ticas&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El per&#243;xido de benzoilo &#40;POB&#41; act&#250;a contra el P&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>acnes debido a su efecto oxidativo y adem&#225;s tiene propiedades queratol&#237;ticas y antiinflamatorias&#46; Es especialmente &#250;til de forma combinada con retinoides o antibi&#243;ticos t&#243;picos dificultando la aparici&#243;n de estas resistencias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De especial inter&#233;s cl&#237;nico es conocer la existencia de diversas entidades&#44; actualmente englobadas bajo el t&#233;rmino de enfermedades autoinflamatorias&#44; en las que se ha involucrado en su etiopatogenia una actividad aberrante de la IL-1&#946; y participaci&#243;n directa de neutr&#243;filos&#46; En estas patolog&#237;as&#44; la presencia de lesiones acneiformes o pustulosas es frecuente&#46; Ejemplos de estos s&#237;ndromes ser&#237;an el s&#237;ndrome SAPHO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> y las enfermedades autoinflamatorias relacionadas con el s&#237;ndrome PAPA&#44; como el PASH&#44; el PAPASH o el PASS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; En estas patolog&#237;as&#44; el bloqueo de la v&#237;a de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n de la IL-1 con f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos como el anakinra o con anti-TNF mejora significativamente su sintomatolog&#237;a&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; f&#225;rmacos que act&#250;an bloqueando esta v&#237;a a trav&#233;s de otras citoquinas &#40;IL-12&#44; IL-23 o IL-17&#41;&#44; involucradas en la fisiopatolog&#237;a del acn&#233; vulgar y que adem&#225;s son dianas terap&#233;uticas de la psoriasis&#44; est&#225;n resultando de utilidad en su tratamiento y&#44; por tanto&#44; constituyen otra alternativa a explorar en el tratamiento del acn&#233;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se ha asociado la dieta occidental con alteraciones metabol&#243;micas que empeoran la inflamaci&#243;n existente en el acn&#233; vulgar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; Si bien las gu&#237;as actuales para el tratamiento del acn&#233; no sugieren modificaciones diet&#233;ticas espec&#237;ficas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#44; datos emergentes de estudios sugieren la utilidad de una dieta &#171;paleol&#237;tica&#187;&#44; compuesta por hidratos de carbono de bajo &#237;ndice gluc&#233;mico y &#225;cidos grasos omega-3 antiinflamatorios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El futuro del tratamiento de esta patolog&#237;a se muestra prometedor gracias al mejor entendimiento de su fisiopatolog&#237;a&#46; Adem&#225;s de nuevas formulaciones de combinaciones preexistentes &#40;adapaleno 0&#44;3&#37;-per&#243;xido de benzoilo 2&#44;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#44; clindamicina fosfato 1&#44;2&#37;-per&#243;xido de benzoilo 3&#44;75&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> o dapsona 7&#44;5&#37; t&#243;pica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#41;&#44; nuevos f&#225;rmacos eminentemente antiinflamatorios &#8212;como un inhibidor de la coenzima-A carboxilasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#44; un jab&#243;n de minociclina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#44; &#243;xido n&#237;trico t&#243;pico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> e incluso una suspensi&#243;n de micropart&#237;culas de s&#237;lice recubiertas en oro para su uso en terapia fotodin&#225;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#8212; ampliar&#225;n nuestro armamento terap&#233;utico&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; el acn&#233; es una patolog&#237;a inflamatoria cr&#243;nica de la unidad piloseb&#225;cea en la cual <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> participa de forma activa cronificando el proceso inflamatorio&#46; Al entender c&#243;mo se relacionan el sistema inmune innato y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> podemos dilucidar nuevas ventanas terap&#233;uticas para enfrentarnos a esta patolog&#237;a y explorar reg&#237;menes de tratamiento &#243;ptimos que reduzcan la inflamaci&#243;n sin contribuir a la resistencia a los antibi&#243;ticos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">V&#237;as inflamatorias implicadas en la patog&#233;nesis del acn&#233; vulgar&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propionibacterium acnes</span> puede interactuar directamente con los linfocitos T &#40;Lf-T&#41; y favorecer la liberaci&#243;n de citoquinas inflamatorias como la interleucina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46; Asimismo&#44; a trav&#233;s de los receptores TLR-2 y 4 de las c&#233;lulas inflamatorias perifoliculares se favorece la s&#237;ntesis de otras citoquinas inflamatorias&#46; El inflamasoma NRLP-3 juega tambi&#233;n un papel relevante en la producci&#243;n de la IL-1&#946;&#46; La liberaci&#243;n de todas estas citoquinas proinflamatorias al medio extracelular conduce a la rotura de la pared folicular mediada por c&#233;lulas inflamatorias&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> tambi&#233;n induce un incremento de varias metaloproteasas &#40;MMPs&#41; a trav&#233;s del factor de transcripci&#243;n &#171;prote&#237;na activadora-1&#187; &#40;AP1&#41;&#46; Estas enzimas intervienen activamente en la destrucci&#243;n tisular y cicatrizaci&#243;n&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; la bacteria es capaz de producir una activaci&#243;n inveterada de p&#233;ptidos antimicrobianos &#40;AMPs&#41; que perpet&#250;an el microambiente inflamatorio&#46;</p>"
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Artículo de opinión
Importancia de la inmunidad innata en el acné
The Importance of Innate Immunity in Acne
O.M. Moreno-Arrones
Autor para correspondencia
o.m.m.arrones@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, P. Boixeda
Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">V&#237;as inflamatorias implicadas en la patog&#233;nesis del acn&#233; vulgar&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propionibacterium acnes</span> puede interactuar directamente con los linfocitos T &#40;Lf-T&#41; y favorecer la liberaci&#243;n de citoquinas inflamatorias como la interleucina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46; Asimismo&#44; a trav&#233;s de los receptores TLR-2 y 4 de las c&#233;lulas inflamatorias perifoliculares se favorece la s&#237;ntesis de otras citoquinas inflamatorias&#46; El inflamasoma NRLP-3 juega tambi&#233;n un papel relevante en la producci&#243;n de la IL-1&#946;&#46; La liberaci&#243;n de todas estas citoquinas proinflamatorias al medio extracelular conduce a la rotura de la pared folicular mediada por c&#233;lulas inflamatorias&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> tambi&#233;n induce un incremento de varias metaloproteasas &#40;MMPs&#41; a trav&#233;s del factor de transcripci&#243;n &#171;prote&#237;na activadora-1&#187; &#40;AP1&#41;&#46; Estas enzimas intervienen activamente en la destrucci&#243;n tisular y cicatrizaci&#243;n&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; la bacteria es capaz de producir una activaci&#243;n inveterada de p&#233;ptidos antimicrobianos &#40;AMPs&#41; que perpet&#250;an el microambiente inflamatorio&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Inmunidad innata</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las funciones de la piel est&#225; la de constituir una barrera f&#237;sica&#44; qu&#237;mica y biol&#243;gica contra los pat&#243;genos&#46; Esta funci&#243;n barrera est&#225; englobada dentro del sistema inmunol&#243;gico&#46; El sistema inmune posee una rama innata&#44; de respuesta r&#225;pida y estereotipada&#44; y una rama adaptativa&#44; de mayor latencia y de actuaci&#243;n dirigida&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la piel&#44; los integrantes del sistema inmune innato son las c&#233;lulas hematopoy&#233;ticas&#44; como las c&#233;lulas pertenecientes al sistema mononuclear-fagoc&#237;tico o las c&#233;lulas NK&#44; los factores solubles como el complemento&#44; las citoquinas&#44; las metaloproteasas o los p&#233;ptidos antimicrobianos&#44; y por &#250;ltimo&#44; las propias c&#233;lulas cut&#225;neas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El sistema innato no es inespec&#237;fico&#44; sus c&#233;lulas poseen receptores que reconocen patrones moleculares de pat&#243;genos y productos metab&#243;licos resultantes del estr&#233;s celular altamente conservados a nivel evolutivo&#46; Estos receptores son los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toll-like receptors</span> &#40;TLR&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; presentes en las membranas celulares&#44; y los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nod-like receptors</span> &#40;NLR&#41; citos&#243;licos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Una pieza fundamental de la inmunidad innata&#44; de inter&#233;s creciente&#44; es el inflamasoma&#46; Se localiza a nivel intracelular de c&#233;lulas efectoras del sistema inmune innato como los neutr&#243;filos y los macr&#243;fagos&#46; El inflamasoma es un complejo proteico intracelular&#44; constituido por prote&#237;nas de la familia NALP&#44; que supone el nexo entre los TLR y NLR con la liberaci&#243;n de citoquinas pro-inflamatorias&#44; como la interleucina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#946;&#44; por estas c&#233;lulas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es el responsable de emitir una respuesta inflamatoria ante diversos est&#237;mulos de &#237;ndole muy diversa&#58; desde ARN bacteriano hasta cristales de &#225;cido &#250;rico&#44; pasando por radiaci&#243;n ultravioleta UVB<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7</span></a>&#46; Existen varios inflamasomas&#44; siendo probablemente el mejor caracterizado el inflamasoma NRLP3&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Relaci&#243;n entre acn&#233; vulgar e inflamaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El acn&#233; es la dermopat&#237;a juvenil y del adulto joven m&#225;s prevalente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#58; hasta un 80&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n se ver&#225; afectada en alg&#250;n momento de su vida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Su fisiopatolog&#237;a es compleja y cl&#225;sicamente se han descrito 4 actores implicados&#58; la hiperqueratinizaci&#243;n folicular&#44; el aumento de producci&#243;n de sebo&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propionibacterium acnes</span> y la inflamaci&#243;n secundaria&#46; El microcomed&#243;n&#44; consecuencia de la obstrucci&#243;n del fol&#237;culo con sebo y queratina&#44; ha sido tradicionalmente descrito como la lesi&#243;n precursora del acn&#233;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la secuencia de eventos que resulta en la formaci&#243;n de lesiones acneicas no est&#225; completamente dilucidada&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen publicaciones de hace m&#225;s de 2 d&#233;cadas en las que se relaciona estrechamente el acn&#233; vulgar con una inflamaci&#243;n subyacente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#44; pero no ha sido hasta recientemente cuando se ha producido un cambio en el entendimiento de esta patolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jeremy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> ya constataron la existencia de c&#233;lulas y mol&#233;culas inflamatorias como la IL-1 en la piel &#171;aparentemente sana&#187; de pacientes con acn&#233; de forma previa a la formaci&#243;n del comed&#243;n&#46; Este hallazgo subray&#243; el papel fundamental de la inflamaci&#243;n en las fases iniciales de la comedog&#233;nesis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; Do et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> demostraron que las lesiones inflamatorias del acn&#233; proven&#237;an en m&#225;s de la mitad de las ocasiones de microcomedones&#44; y en hasta un tercio de los casos de piel aparentemente sana&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; tanto en microcomedones como en comedones se han hallado niveles elevados de mol&#233;culas inflamatorias&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se ha encontrado un aumento de la expresi&#243;n de genes implicados en la inflamaci&#243;n y el remodelamiento de la matriz extracelular en pacientes afectos de acn&#233;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> es una bacteria saprofita anaerobia grampositiva con especial apetencia por el complejo piloseb&#225;ceo&#46; Tiene un rol principal en la aparici&#243;n y la cronificaci&#243;n de la inflamaci&#243;n en el acn&#233; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El TLR-2&#44; presente en los macr&#243;fagos perifoliculares&#44; presenta afinidad contra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> y desencadena la liberaci&#243;n de citoquinas proinflamatorias como la IL-8 o la IL-12<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; Estas interleucinas favorecen la quimiotaxis neutrof&#237;lica y la liberaci&#243;n de enzimas lisosomales que intervienen en la rotura de la pared folicular&#46; Aparentemente&#44; la expresi&#243;n de TLR-2 por las c&#233;lulas inmunes est&#225; adem&#225;s directamente relacionada con la gravedad del acn&#233;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Esto podr&#237;a explicar la raz&#243;n por la cual los retinoides t&#243;picos&#44; y en concreto el adapaleno&#44; que disminuye significativamente la expresi&#243;n de TLR-2&#44; son de utilidad en lesiones inflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> es capaz de activar el inflamasoma-NRLP3 a trav&#233;s de diversos NLR&#46; Este complejo multiproteico activar&#237;a enzimas proteol&#237;ticas&#44; como la caspasa-1&#44; que transformar&#237;an el precursor de la IL-1&#946; en su forma funcionante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Se ha demostrado la activaci&#243;n del inflamasoma en monocitos y sebocitos cut&#225;neos humanos por esta bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a>&#46; El conocimiento de esta relaci&#243;n entre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> y el inflamasoma abre una nueva perspectiva terap&#233;utica&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asimismo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> puede estimular los linfocitos T&#46; En un reciente estudio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> se demostr&#243; que el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> induc&#237;a los linfocitos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T-helper</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 y 17 a producir IL-17 y otras citoquinas proinflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En el mismo estudio se constat&#243; que la vitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A &#40;&#225;cido transretinoico&#41; y la vitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D &#40;1&#44;25-dihidroxivitamina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D3&#41; inhib&#237;an esa estimulaci&#243;n inflamatoria&#46; Esto podr&#237;a abrir otra puerta para el tratamiento del acn&#233;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las metaloproteasas de la matriz extracelular &#40;MMP&#41; intervienen en el mantenimiento de la matriz extracelular d&#233;rmica de forma fisiol&#243;gica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; son causantes de la destrucci&#243;n de tejidos y formaci&#243;n de cicatrices en el acn&#233;&#46; Varios estudios han constatado que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> induce un aumento de actividad de varias MMP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; probablemente existe una susceptibilidad individual a una cicatrizaci&#243;n aberrante en pacientes afectos de acn&#233;&#46; Se sabe que determinados perfiles de expresi&#243;n inflamatoria est&#225;n ligados a mayor riesgo de cicatrizaci&#243;n an&#243;mala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; De nuevo&#44; conociendo estas dianas moleculares podr&#237;an dise&#241;arse tratamientos espec&#237;ficos para modular la cicatrizaci&#243;n cut&#225;nea&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el sistema inmune innato la actuaci&#243;n de p&#233;ptidos antimicrobianos &#40;AMP&#41; como las &#946;-defensinas o las catelicidinas son relevantes para el control de la flora bacteriana residente y transitoria cut&#225;nea&#46; Se sabe que la presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> en pacientes afectos de acn&#233; estimula de forma mantenida la acci&#243;n de estos p&#233;ptidos exacerbando el ambiente inflamatorio caracter&#237;stico de esta entidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En &#250;ltima instancia&#44; el microbioma cut&#225;neo tiene un efecto directo e indirecto sobre el sistema inmune y la respuesta inflamatoria frente a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span>&#46; Se ha comprobado que esta inflamaci&#243;n var&#237;a seg&#250;n la cepa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> y la sensibilidad intr&#237;nseca de cada paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por tanto&#44; debemos deshabituarnos de la concepci&#243;n del acn&#233; como una enfermedad trif&#225;sica&#44; constituida por una etapa preinflamatoria &#40;comedones&#41;&#44; una etapa inflamatoria &#40;p&#225;pulas&#44; p&#250;stulas&#44; n&#243;dulos y quistes&#41; y una etapa postinflamatoria &#40;cicatrices e hiperpigmentaci&#243;n residual&#41;&#46; En realidad&#44; es una patolog&#237;a en la que la inflamaci&#243;n juega un papel fundamental y la define&#58; existe inflamaci&#243;n subcl&#237;nica en piel sin lesiones visibles&#44; interviene en el inicio de las lesiones &#40;microcomedones y comedones&#41; y en su perpetuaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Repercusi&#243;n en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los conocimientos de su etiopatogenia tienen una traducci&#243;n cl&#237;nica directa en forma de nuevas dianas terap&#233;uticas y replanteamiento de las indicaciones de los tratamientos actuales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a>&#46; Un ejemplo son los retinoides t&#243;picos&#44; que adem&#225;s de su conocido efecto regulador de la queratinizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> tienen un papel antiinflamatorio modulando la producci&#243;n de mol&#233;culas inflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> y quimiotaxis de los neutr&#243;filos y&#44; por tanto&#44; no solo tendr&#237;an utilidad en las tradicionalmente descritas lesiones preinflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De forma an&#225;loga&#44; la utilidad de la isotretino&#237;na oral en el acn&#233; no se debe &#250;nicamente a su efecto queratorregulador&#46; Su eficacia terap&#233;utica est&#225; tambi&#233;n mediada por su acci&#243;n antiinflamatoria&#46; Recientes estudios han demostrado que disminuye la expresi&#243;n de TLR-2 de los monocitos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Este &#250;ltimo efecto se mantiene durante meses tras la suspensi&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco&#46; Por otra parte&#44; inhibe varias MMP de la matriz extracelular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la utilidad de los antibi&#243;ticos en el acn&#233; vulgar&#44; como los macr&#243;lidos o las tetracicilinas&#44; adem&#225;s de su efecto bacteriost&#225;tico sobre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>acnes</span>&#44; tienen un efecto antiinflamatorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> incluso a dosis subantimicrobianas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Este efecto adem&#225;s explica la mayor parte de su acci&#243;n terap&#233;utica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por tanto&#44; dado que el acn&#233; vulgar es una patolog&#237;a inflamatoria cr&#243;nica&#44; deberemos ajustar la dosis y la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento para prevenir el desarrollo de resistencias antibi&#243;ticas&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El per&#243;xido de benzoilo &#40;POB&#41; act&#250;a contra el P&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>acnes debido a su efecto oxidativo y adem&#225;s tiene propiedades queratol&#237;ticas y antiinflamatorias&#46; Es especialmente &#250;til de forma combinada con retinoides o antibi&#243;ticos t&#243;picos dificultando la aparici&#243;n de estas resistencias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De especial inter&#233;s cl&#237;nico es conocer la existencia de diversas entidades&#44; actualmente englobadas bajo el t&#233;rmino de enfermedades autoinflamatorias&#44; en las que se ha involucrado en su etiopatogenia una actividad aberrante de la IL-1&#946; y participaci&#243;n directa de neutr&#243;filos&#46; En estas patolog&#237;as&#44; la presencia de lesiones acneiformes o pustulosas es frecuente&#46; Ejemplos de estos s&#237;ndromes ser&#237;an el s&#237;ndrome SAPHO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> y las enfermedades autoinflamatorias relacionadas con el s&#237;ndrome PAPA&#44; como el PASH&#44; el PAPASH o el PASS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; En estas patolog&#237;as&#44; el bloqueo de la v&#237;a de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n de la IL-1 con f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos como el anakinra o con anti-TNF mejora significativamente su sintomatolog&#237;a&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; f&#225;rmacos que act&#250;an bloqueando esta v&#237;a a trav&#233;s de otras citoquinas &#40;IL-12&#44; IL-23 o IL-17&#41;&#44; involucradas en la fisiopatolog&#237;a del acn&#233; vulgar y que adem&#225;s son dianas terap&#233;uticas de la psoriasis&#44; est&#225;n resultando de utilidad en su tratamiento y&#44; por tanto&#44; constituyen otra alternativa a explorar en el tratamiento del acn&#233;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se ha asociado la dieta occidental con alteraciones metabol&#243;micas que empeoran la inflamaci&#243;n existente en el acn&#233; vulgar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; Si bien las gu&#237;as actuales para el tratamiento del acn&#233; no sugieren modificaciones diet&#233;ticas espec&#237;ficas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#44; datos emergentes de estudios sugieren la utilidad de una dieta &#171;paleol&#237;tica&#187;&#44; compuesta por hidratos de carbono de bajo &#237;ndice gluc&#233;mico y &#225;cidos grasos omega-3 antiinflamatorios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El futuro del tratamiento de esta patolog&#237;a se muestra prometedor gracias al mejor entendimiento de su fisiopatolog&#237;a&#46; Adem&#225;s de nuevas formulaciones de combinaciones preexistentes &#40;adapaleno 0&#44;3&#37;-per&#243;xido de benzoilo 2&#44;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#44; clindamicina fosfato 1&#44;2&#37;-per&#243;xido de benzoilo 3&#44;75&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> o dapsona 7&#44;5&#37; t&#243;pica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#41;&#44; nuevos f&#225;rmacos eminentemente antiinflamatorios &#8212;como un inhibidor de la coenzima-A carboxilasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#44; un jab&#243;n de minociclina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#44; &#243;xido n&#237;trico t&#243;pico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> e incluso una suspensi&#243;n de micropart&#237;culas de s&#237;lice recubiertas en oro para su uso en terapia fotodin&#225;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#8212; ampliar&#225;n nuestro armamento terap&#233;utico&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; el acn&#233; es una patolog&#237;a inflamatoria cr&#243;nica de la unidad piloseb&#225;cea en la cual <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> participa de forma activa cronificando el proceso inflamatorio&#46; Al entender c&#243;mo se relacionan el sistema inmune innato y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> podemos dilucidar nuevas ventanas terap&#233;uticas para enfrentarnos a esta patolog&#237;a y explorar reg&#237;menes de tratamiento &#243;ptimos que reduzcan la inflamaci&#243;n sin contribuir a la resistencia a los antibi&#243;ticos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Relaci&#243;n entre acn&#233; vulgar e inflamaci&#243;n"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">V&#237;as inflamatorias implicadas en la patog&#233;nesis del acn&#233; vulgar&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propionibacterium acnes</span> puede interactuar directamente con los linfocitos T &#40;Lf-T&#41; y favorecer la liberaci&#243;n de citoquinas inflamatorias como la interleucina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46; Asimismo&#44; a trav&#233;s de los receptores TLR-2 y 4 de las c&#233;lulas inflamatorias perifoliculares se favorece la s&#237;ntesis de otras citoquinas inflamatorias&#46; El inflamasoma NRLP-3 juega tambi&#233;n un papel relevante en la producci&#243;n de la IL-1&#946;&#46; La liberaci&#243;n de todas estas citoquinas proinflamatorias al medio extracelular conduce a la rotura de la pared folicular mediada por c&#233;lulas inflamatorias&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">acnes</span> tambi&#233;n induce un incremento de varias metaloproteasas &#40;MMPs&#41; a trav&#233;s del factor de transcripci&#243;n &#171;prote&#237;na activadora-1&#187; &#40;AP1&#41;&#46; Estas enzimas intervienen activamente en la destrucci&#243;n tisular y cicatrizaci&#243;n&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; la bacteria es capaz de producir una activaci&#243;n inveterada de p&#233;ptidos antimicrobianos &#40;AMPs&#41; que perpet&#250;an el microambiente inflamatorio&#46;</p>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00017310
Idioma original: Español
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