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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> INTRODUCCION</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo &#40;tinea capitis&#41; es una dermatofitosis del cuero cabelludo y del pelo asociada que afecta generalmente a ni&#241;os menores de 10 a&#241;os<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span>&#44; y es rara despu&#233;s de la pubertad<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-8</span>&#46; La frecuencia de los principales agentes etiol&#243;gicos se ha modificado seg&#250;n el &#225;mbito geogr&#225;fico&#44; y ha sufrido variaciones con el paso del tiempo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;9-13</span>&#46; Es importante que el especialista conozca los microorganismos prevalentes responsables de cada dermatofitosis en su &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica&#46; En Espa&#241;a&#44; como en otros pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; la ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo est&#225; causada por dermatofitos zoof&#237;licos&#44; en su mayor&#237;a Microsporum canis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13-24</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La finalidad de este estudio retrospectivo es evaluar los datos en ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo en el &#225;rea de Santiago de Compostela&#44; haciendo especial hincapi&#233; en los casos en adultos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">MATERIAL Y M&#201;TODOS</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Se estudiaron retrospectivamente un total de 196 casos de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo diagnosticados entre los meses de enero de 1985 y diciembre de 1999&#44; en el laboratorio de micolog&#237;a de nuestro servicio&#44; sobre un total de 512 muestran cl&#237;nicas obtenidas de pacientes con lesiones sospechosas de dicha dermatofitosis procedentes de la consulta de urgencias del servicio de dermatolog&#237;a&#46; Se recogieron los datos referentes a edad&#44; sexo&#44; contacto con animales&#44; tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#44; fecha de toma de muestra&#44; dermatofito aislado&#44; tratamiento pautado&#44; respuesta terap&#233;utica y seguimiento&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A todos los pacientes con sospecha cl&#237;nica de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo que acudieron a consulta se les realiz&#243; una toma de muestra &#40;escamas y pelo&#41; mediante raspado cuidadoso con un escalpelo del borde de la lesi&#243;n&#44; deposit&#225;ndola sobre un portaobjetos est&#233;ril&#44; previa desinfecci&#243;n con alcohol et&#237;lico de 70&#176;&#44; as&#237; como la recogida de pelo que parecieran estar afectados &#40;cortos&#44; descoloridos o que presentan alguna alteraci&#243;n morfol&#243;gica&#41; con la ayuda de pinzas de depilar&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En todos los casos se realiz&#243; examen microsc&#243;pico directo de los pelos y escamas tras a&#241;adirle unas gotas de soluci&#243;n acuosa de KOH al 40 &#37;&#44; as&#237; como la siembra en agar Sabouraud dextrosa m&#225;s cloranfenicol &#40;ASD&#41;&#44; agar Sabouraud con ciclohexamida &#40;Mycobiotic Difco&#41; y Dermatophyte test Medium &#40;DTM&#41;&#46; Una vez efectuado el cultivo se incub&#243; en estufa a 28 y 32 &#176;C durante al menos 30 d&#237;as&#44; con una revisi&#243;n peri&#243;dica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La identificaci&#243;n de las diferentes especies se bas&#243; en los rasgos morfol&#243;gicos macro y microsc&#243;picos de las colonias &#40;velocidad de crecimiento&#44; aspecto&#44; color&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; siguiendo los criterios de Rebell y Taplin&#44; y cuando fue necesario se recurri&#243; tambi&#233;n a las pruebas de perforaci&#243;n del pelo in vitro o de la ureasa&#44; requerimientos nutricionales y&#47;o vitam&#237;nicos&#44; etc&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> RESULTADOS</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la tabla 1 se muestran las especies de dermatofitos aisladas en ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo respecto a la edad y el sexo de los pacientes&#46; En 196 &#40;38&#44;2 &#37;&#41; de un total de 512 sospechosos de estar afectados de esta dermatofitosis de cuero cabelludo se confirm&#243; el diagn&#243;stico&#44; basado en el cultivo positivo en 185 casos y en el examen microsc&#243;pico directo positivo en 175 de las muestras&#46; No se confirmaron posteriormente por el cultivo 11 de los ex&#225;menes microsc&#243;picos directos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="103v94n09-13053954tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El dermatofito aislado con mayor frecuencia fue Microsporum canis &#40;75&#44;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de Trichophyton mentagrophytes  var&#46;  mentagrophytes &#40;15&#44;6 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; tonsurans &#40;7 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; verrucosum &#40;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; soudanense &#40;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; megninii &#40;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; violaceum &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; schoenleinii &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; quinckeanum &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41; y M&#46; gypseum &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En los per&#237;odos de enero a marzo y octubre a diciembre se observaron el mayor n&#250;mero de casos &#40;60 &#37;&#41;&#46; S&#243;lo 16 de los pacientes refer&#237;an m&#225;s de 3 meses de evoluci&#243;n de su afectaci&#243;n de cuero cabelludo antes de acudir a la consulta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En relaci&#243;n al sexo destaca un ligero predominio del var&#243;n&#58; 107 casos &#40;54&#44;8 &#37;&#41; frente a 89 mujeres &#40;45&#44;1 &#37;&#41;&#46; En ambos sexos&#44;  M&#46; canis fue el agente etiol&#243;gico principal&#44; con unos valores de 71&#44;5 y 79&#44;5 &#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El 84&#44;1 &#37; de un total de 82 pacientes relataban haber estado en contacto con gato&#44; perro y&#47;u otro animal&#46; El 76 &#37; de los pacientes eran menores de 10 a&#241;os&#44; y s&#243;lo el 11&#44;7 &#37; &#40;23&#41; mayores de 20 a&#241;os&#46; Curiosamente&#44; en la edad adulta las mujeres representaban el 69&#44;5 &#37; &#40;16&#41;&#44; siendo el 75 &#37; de ellas &#40;12&#41; mayores de 45 a&#241;os&#46; En 13 de los 23 pacientes en edad adulta se pudieron recoger datos sobre sus antecedentes patol&#243;gicos&#44; y se encontraron en dos una diabetes mellitus tipo II&#44; 2 pacientes se encontraban bajo tratamiento inmunosupresor y uno ten&#237;a un histiocitoma fibroso maligno con met&#225;stasis pulmonares&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El 30&#44;4 &#37; de los adultos con ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo &#40;7 casos&#41; presentaban otra dermatofitosis&#44; principalmente tinea corporis&#46; A esta edad los agentes causales fueron M&#46; canis &#40;6 casos&#41;&#44; T&#46; mentagrophytes  &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; tonsurans &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; megninii &#40;2&#41; y T&#46; schoenleinii &#40;1&#41;&#46; En 5 casos&#44; pese a ser el examen microsc&#243;pico directo positivo&#44; no se confirm&#243; el organismo causante mediante el cultivo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El la tabla 2 se esquematizan los f&#225;rmacos empleados y su respuesta terap&#233;utica&#46; Noventa de los 196 pacientes fueron tratados por su pediatra o por m&#233;dicos privados&#44; y no se pudieron recuperar estos datos&#46; Los restantes 106 acudieron posteriormente a las consultas externas de dermatolog&#237;a&#44; paut&#225;ndose el tratamiento&#46; En 88 casos se administr&#243; griseofulvina oral asociada o no a distintos antimic&#243;ticos t&#243;picos&#44; logr&#225;ndose una resoluci&#243;n del cuadro en el 96&#44;2 &#37; de los que acudieron a revisiones posteriores&#46; La terbinafina y el itraconazol por v&#237;a oral se emplearon en dos ocasiones&#44; con excelente respuesta en todos los pacientes&#46; En determinadas circunstancias&#44; como el embarazo o el per&#237;odo neonatal&#44; fue preciso establecer &#250;nicamente tratamiento t&#243;pico&#44; con buena respuesta s&#243;lo en el 42&#44;8 &#37; de los casos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="103v94n09-13053954tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> DISCUSION</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En los pa&#237;ses europeos los agentes etiol&#243;gicos han cambiado de dermatofitos antropof&#237;licos a zoof&#237;licos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;10&#44;12&#44;21&#44;25-30</span>&#59; sin embargo&#44; en ciudades como Par&#237;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span>&#44; Madrid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#44; Londres<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span>&#44; Birmingham<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span>&#44; el &#225;rea de Cardiff<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span> y pa&#237;ses como Holanda<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#44; los dermatofitos antropof&#237;licos han reaparecido como consecuencia de la inmigraci&#243;n desde pa&#237;ses africanos&#44; India y Pakist&#225;n&#44; donde dichos agentes son muy prevalentes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;37-43</span>&#46; Esto podr&#237;a ser comparable a la expansi&#243;n de T&#46; tonsurans  en Estados Unidos&#44; donde este pat&#243;geno es la causa m&#225;s frecuente de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44-47</span>&#44; presumiblemente extendido por inmigrantes de origen hispano procedentes de Am&#233;rica del sur y central&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Nuestros resultados revelan la existencia de un claro predominio de especies zoof&#237;licas&#46; M&#46; canis es el agente aislado con mayor frecuencia&#44; lo que coincide con lo publicado por otros autores espa&#241;oles<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13-24</span>&#46; El elevado porcentaje de casos por M&#46; canis puede relacionarse con el incremento de animales de compa&#241;&#237;a&#44; fundamentalmente gatos&#44; que dan lugar a contagios en varios miembros de una misma familia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15&#44;19&#44;25-28&#44;48&#44;49</span>&#46; T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; mentagrophytes ser&#237;a la segunda especie en frecuencia&#44; asoci&#225;ndose al contacto con conejos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;50-53</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La dermatofitosis del cuero cabelludo es rara en los adultos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;54</span>&#44; puesto que la secreci&#243;n seb&#225;cea y la colonizaci&#243;n por Malassezia tras la pubertad suponen una protecci&#243;n del cuero cabelludo frente a la invasi&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;55</span>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; representan el 11&#44;7 &#37; de todos nuestros casos&#44; lo que sugiere que aqu&#233;lla podr&#237;a ser relativamente frecuente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span> y ser&#237;a infradiagnosticada por su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica at&#237;pica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;55</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Nuestros datos indican una mayor frecuencia de mujeres en edad posmenop&#225;usica&#44; coincidiendo con los hallazgos de otros autores<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;21&#44;56</span>&#44; y se oponen al predominio de los varones entre la poblaci&#243;n joven&#46; El hecho de que las mujeres posmenop&#225;usicas desarrollen ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo m&#225;s a menudo que otros adultos se explica por alteraciones cualitativas y&#47;o cuantitativas del sebo secundarias a cambios hormonales<span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se han descrito casos en asociaci&#243;n a deficiencia celular y&#47;o humoral&#44; neoplasias&#44; diabetes y terapia inmunodepresora<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;55</span>&#46; Otra posible explicaci&#243;n incluye la extensi&#243;n de una dermatofitosis a otro nivel&#44; y la autoinoculaci&#243;n se considera un factor clave<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;55</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Es conocido que los dermatofitos aislados en el cuero cabelludo tienden a desaparecer tras la pubertad&#44; excepto T&#46; schoenleinii y otros dermatofitos de gravitaci&#243;n tipo endotrix<span class="elsevierStyleSup">58-60</span>&#46; Uno de nuestro casos en adultos&#44; una mujer de 92 a&#241;os de edad con tinea favosa de 90 a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n&#44; a nuestro entender se trata de la persona de mayor edad con un cuadro de dermatofitosis de cuero cabelludo descrito<span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se han presentado 2 dermatofitosis de cuero cabelludo debidos a T&#46; megninii&#44; que apoyan publicaciones previas que sit&#250;an su mayor incidencia en la edad adulta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span>&#44; y un  favus por T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; quinckeanum&#44; caso de gran rareza<span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La griseofulvina es todav&#237;a hoy el medicamento de elecci&#243;n en el tratamiento de la mayor&#237;a de los casos de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span>&#44; 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Tinea capitis en el área sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela
Tinea capitis in the Santiago de Compostela health district
Benigno Monteagudoa, Manuel Pereiro Jra, Carmen Peteiroa, Jaime Toribioa
a Servicio de Dermatología. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario. Facultad de Medicina. Santiago de Compostela. España.
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> INTRODUCCION</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo &#40;tinea capitis&#41; es una dermatofitosis del cuero cabelludo y del pelo asociada que afecta generalmente a ni&#241;os menores de 10 a&#241;os<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span>&#44; y es rara despu&#233;s de la pubertad<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-8</span>&#46; La frecuencia de los principales agentes etiol&#243;gicos se ha modificado seg&#250;n el &#225;mbito geogr&#225;fico&#44; y ha sufrido variaciones con el paso del tiempo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;9-13</span>&#46; Es importante que el especialista conozca los microorganismos prevalentes responsables de cada dermatofitosis en su &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica&#46; En Espa&#241;a&#44; como en otros pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; la ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo est&#225; causada por dermatofitos zoof&#237;licos&#44; en su mayor&#237;a Microsporum canis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13-24</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La finalidad de este estudio retrospectivo es evaluar los datos en ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo en el &#225;rea de Santiago de Compostela&#44; haciendo especial hincapi&#233; en los casos en adultos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">MATERIAL Y M&#201;TODOS</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Se estudiaron retrospectivamente un total de 196 casos de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo diagnosticados entre los meses de enero de 1985 y diciembre de 1999&#44; en el laboratorio de micolog&#237;a de nuestro servicio&#44; sobre un total de 512 muestran cl&#237;nicas obtenidas de pacientes con lesiones sospechosas de dicha dermatofitosis procedentes de la consulta de urgencias del servicio de dermatolog&#237;a&#46; Se recogieron los datos referentes a edad&#44; sexo&#44; contacto con animales&#44; tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#44; fecha de toma de muestra&#44; dermatofito aislado&#44; tratamiento pautado&#44; respuesta terap&#233;utica y seguimiento&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A todos los pacientes con sospecha cl&#237;nica de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo que acudieron a consulta se les realiz&#243; una toma de muestra &#40;escamas y pelo&#41; mediante raspado cuidadoso con un escalpelo del borde de la lesi&#243;n&#44; deposit&#225;ndola sobre un portaobjetos est&#233;ril&#44; previa desinfecci&#243;n con alcohol et&#237;lico de 70&#176;&#44; as&#237; como la recogida de pelo que parecieran estar afectados &#40;cortos&#44; descoloridos o que presentan alguna alteraci&#243;n morfol&#243;gica&#41; con la ayuda de pinzas de depilar&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En todos los casos se realiz&#243; examen microsc&#243;pico directo de los pelos y escamas tras a&#241;adirle unas gotas de soluci&#243;n acuosa de KOH al 40 &#37;&#44; as&#237; como la siembra en agar Sabouraud dextrosa m&#225;s cloranfenicol &#40;ASD&#41;&#44; agar Sabouraud con ciclohexamida &#40;Mycobiotic Difco&#41; y Dermatophyte test Medium &#40;DTM&#41;&#46; Una vez efectuado el cultivo se incub&#243; en estufa a 28 y 32 &#176;C durante al menos 30 d&#237;as&#44; con una revisi&#243;n peri&#243;dica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La identificaci&#243;n de las diferentes especies se bas&#243; en los rasgos morfol&#243;gicos macro y microsc&#243;picos de las colonias &#40;velocidad de crecimiento&#44; aspecto&#44; color&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; siguiendo los criterios de Rebell y Taplin&#44; y cuando fue necesario se recurri&#243; tambi&#233;n a las pruebas de perforaci&#243;n del pelo in vitro o de la ureasa&#44; requerimientos nutricionales y&#47;o vitam&#237;nicos&#44; etc&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> RESULTADOS</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la tabla 1 se muestran las especies de dermatofitos aisladas en ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo respecto a la edad y el sexo de los pacientes&#46; En 196 &#40;38&#44;2 &#37;&#41; de un total de 512 sospechosos de estar afectados de esta dermatofitosis de cuero cabelludo se confirm&#243; el diagn&#243;stico&#44; basado en el cultivo positivo en 185 casos y en el examen microsc&#243;pico directo positivo en 175 de las muestras&#46; No se confirmaron posteriormente por el cultivo 11 de los ex&#225;menes microsc&#243;picos directos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="103v94n09-13053954tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El dermatofito aislado con mayor frecuencia fue Microsporum canis &#40;75&#44;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de Trichophyton mentagrophytes  var&#46;  mentagrophytes &#40;15&#44;6 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; tonsurans &#40;7 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; verrucosum &#40;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; soudanense &#40;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; megninii &#40;1 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; violaceum &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; schoenleinii &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#44; T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; quinckeanum &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41; y M&#46; gypseum &#40;0&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En los per&#237;odos de enero a marzo y octubre a diciembre se observaron el mayor n&#250;mero de casos &#40;60 &#37;&#41;&#46; S&#243;lo 16 de los pacientes refer&#237;an m&#225;s de 3 meses de evoluci&#243;n de su afectaci&#243;n de cuero cabelludo antes de acudir a la consulta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En relaci&#243;n al sexo destaca un ligero predominio del var&#243;n&#58; 107 casos &#40;54&#44;8 &#37;&#41; frente a 89 mujeres &#40;45&#44;1 &#37;&#41;&#46; En ambos sexos&#44;  M&#46; canis fue el agente etiol&#243;gico principal&#44; con unos valores de 71&#44;5 y 79&#44;5 &#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El 84&#44;1 &#37; de un total de 82 pacientes relataban haber estado en contacto con gato&#44; perro y&#47;u otro animal&#46; El 76 &#37; de los pacientes eran menores de 10 a&#241;os&#44; y s&#243;lo el 11&#44;7 &#37; &#40;23&#41; mayores de 20 a&#241;os&#46; Curiosamente&#44; en la edad adulta las mujeres representaban el 69&#44;5 &#37; &#40;16&#41;&#44; siendo el 75 &#37; de ellas &#40;12&#41; mayores de 45 a&#241;os&#46; En 13 de los 23 pacientes en edad adulta se pudieron recoger datos sobre sus antecedentes patol&#243;gicos&#44; y se encontraron en dos una diabetes mellitus tipo II&#44; 2 pacientes se encontraban bajo tratamiento inmunosupresor y uno ten&#237;a un histiocitoma fibroso maligno con met&#225;stasis pulmonares&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El 30&#44;4 &#37; de los adultos con ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo &#40;7 casos&#41; presentaban otra dermatofitosis&#44; principalmente tinea corporis&#46; A esta edad los agentes causales fueron M&#46; canis &#40;6 casos&#41;&#44; T&#46; mentagrophytes  &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; tonsurans &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; megninii &#40;2&#41; y T&#46; schoenleinii &#40;1&#41;&#46; En 5 casos&#44; pese a ser el examen microsc&#243;pico directo positivo&#44; no se confirm&#243; el organismo causante mediante el cultivo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El la tabla 2 se esquematizan los f&#225;rmacos empleados y su respuesta terap&#233;utica&#46; Noventa de los 196 pacientes fueron tratados por su pediatra o por m&#233;dicos privados&#44; y no se pudieron recuperar estos datos&#46; Los restantes 106 acudieron posteriormente a las consultas externas de dermatolog&#237;a&#44; paut&#225;ndose el tratamiento&#46; En 88 casos se administr&#243; griseofulvina oral asociada o no a distintos antimic&#243;ticos t&#243;picos&#44; logr&#225;ndose una resoluci&#243;n del cuadro en el 96&#44;2 &#37; de los que acudieron a revisiones posteriores&#46; La terbinafina y el itraconazol por v&#237;a oral se emplearon en dos ocasiones&#44; con excelente respuesta en todos los pacientes&#46; En determinadas circunstancias&#44; como el embarazo o el per&#237;odo neonatal&#44; fue preciso establecer &#250;nicamente tratamiento t&#243;pico&#44; con buena respuesta s&#243;lo en el 42&#44;8 &#37; de los casos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="103v94n09-13053954tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> DISCUSION</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En los pa&#237;ses europeos los agentes etiol&#243;gicos han cambiado de dermatofitos antropof&#237;licos a zoof&#237;licos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;10&#44;12&#44;21&#44;25-30</span>&#59; sin embargo&#44; en ciudades como Par&#237;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span>&#44; Madrid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#44; Londres<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span>&#44; Birmingham<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span>&#44; el &#225;rea de Cardiff<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span> y pa&#237;ses como Holanda<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#44; los dermatofitos antropof&#237;licos han reaparecido como consecuencia de la inmigraci&#243;n desde pa&#237;ses africanos&#44; India y Pakist&#225;n&#44; donde dichos agentes son muy prevalentes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;37-43</span>&#46; Esto podr&#237;a ser comparable a la expansi&#243;n de T&#46; tonsurans  en Estados Unidos&#44; donde este pat&#243;geno es la causa m&#225;s frecuente de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44-47</span>&#44; presumiblemente extendido por inmigrantes de origen hispano procedentes de Am&#233;rica del sur y central&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Nuestros resultados revelan la existencia de un claro predominio de especies zoof&#237;licas&#46; M&#46; canis es el agente aislado con mayor frecuencia&#44; lo que coincide con lo publicado por otros autores espa&#241;oles<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13-24</span>&#46; El elevado porcentaje de casos por M&#46; canis puede relacionarse con el incremento de animales de compa&#241;&#237;a&#44; fundamentalmente gatos&#44; que dan lugar a contagios en varios miembros de una misma familia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15&#44;19&#44;25-28&#44;48&#44;49</span>&#46; T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; mentagrophytes ser&#237;a la segunda especie en frecuencia&#44; asoci&#225;ndose al contacto con conejos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;50-53</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La dermatofitosis del cuero cabelludo es rara en los adultos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7&#44;8&#44;54</span>&#44; puesto que la secreci&#243;n seb&#225;cea y la colonizaci&#243;n por Malassezia tras la pubertad suponen una protecci&#243;n del cuero cabelludo frente a la invasi&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;55</span>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; representan el 11&#44;7 &#37; de todos nuestros casos&#44; lo que sugiere que aqu&#233;lla podr&#237;a ser relativamente frecuente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span> y ser&#237;a infradiagnosticada por su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica at&#237;pica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;55</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Nuestros datos indican una mayor frecuencia de mujeres en edad posmenop&#225;usica&#44; coincidiendo con los hallazgos de otros autores<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;21&#44;56</span>&#44; y se oponen al predominio de los varones entre la poblaci&#243;n joven&#46; El hecho de que las mujeres posmenop&#225;usicas desarrollen ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo m&#225;s a menudo que otros adultos se explica por alteraciones cualitativas y&#47;o cuantitativas del sebo secundarias a cambios hormonales<span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#44;57</span>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se han descrito casos en asociaci&#243;n a deficiencia celular y&#47;o humoral&#44; neoplasias&#44; diabetes y terapia inmunodepresora<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;55</span>&#46; Otra posible explicaci&#243;n incluye la extensi&#243;n de una dermatofitosis a otro nivel&#44; y la autoinoculaci&#243;n se considera un factor clave<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;55</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Es conocido que los dermatofitos aislados en el cuero cabelludo tienden a desaparecer tras la pubertad&#44; excepto T&#46; schoenleinii y otros dermatofitos de gravitaci&#243;n tipo endotrix<span class="elsevierStyleSup">58-60</span>&#46; Uno de nuestro casos en adultos&#44; una mujer de 92 a&#241;os de edad con tinea favosa de 90 a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n&#44; a nuestro entender se trata de la persona de mayor edad con un cuadro de dermatofitosis de cuero cabelludo descrito<span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se han presentado 2 dermatofitosis de cuero cabelludo debidos a T&#46; megninii&#44; que apoyan publicaciones previas que sit&#250;an su mayor incidencia en la edad adulta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span>&#44; y un  favus por T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; quinckeanum&#44; caso de gran rareza<span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La griseofulvina es todav&#237;a hoy el medicamento de elecci&#243;n en el tratamiento de la mayor&#237;a de los casos de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span>&#44; obteni&#233;ndose los mejores resultados con su asociaci&#243;n con antimic&#243;ticos t&#243;picos&#44; que pueden reducir el riesgo de transmisi&#243;n en los estadios iniciales del tratamiento sist&#233;mico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span>&#46; El itraconazol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;38&#44;65-68</span> y la terbinafina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;41&#44;42&#44;69-72</span> son medicamentos eficaces y seguros&#44; pero se han descrito resistencias y recidivas en el tratamiento con terbinafina oral cuando el agente causal es M&#46; canis&#44; que precisa per&#237;odos de tratamiento m&#225;s largos o una mayor dosis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">73-75</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Otras opciones terap&#233;uticas&#44; como el fluconazol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#44;76-78</span> y el ketoconazol oral&#44; son menos empleadas por sus efectos adversos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span>&#44; especialmente el &#250;ltimo a pesar de su demostrada eficacia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El empleo de tratamiento t&#243;pico en forma de monoterapia es a menudo ineficaz&#44; y no debe realizarse salvo en pacientes que no toleren medicaciones orales<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44&#44;45</span>&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "En un estudio realizado en nuestro servicio entre los a&#241;os 1985 y 1999 se observaron 196 casos de ti&#241;a del cuero cabelludo&#44; y se aislaron 185 cepas de dermatofitos&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum canis &#40;139&#41;&#44; Trichophyton mentagrophytes var&#46; mentagrophytes &#40;29&#41;&#44; T&#46; tonsurans &#40;7&#41;&#44; T&#46; verrucosum &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; soudanense &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; megninii &#40;2&#41;&#44; T&#46; violaceum &#40;1&#41;&#44; T&#46; schoenleinii &#40;1&#41;&#44; T&#46; mentagrophytes var&#46; quinckeanum &#40;1&#41; y M&#46; gypseum &#40;1&#41;</span>&#46; El grupo de edad afectado con m&#225;s frecuencia corresponde a los menores de 10 a&#241;os&#44; apreci&#225;ndose un leve predominio de los varones&#46; Veintitr&#233;s &#40;11&#44;7 &#37;&#41; pacientes eran adultos&#44; 12 de ellos mujeres mayores de 45 a&#241;os&#46;"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00017310
Idioma original: Español
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2012 Septiembre 19 1 20
2012 Agosto 2 0 2
2012 Julio 1 0 1
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2011 Abril 5 0 5
2011 Marzo 12 0 12
2011 Febrero 13 0 13
2011 Enero 15 0 15
2010 Diciembre 8 0 8
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2010 Octubre 31 0 31
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2010 Agosto 1 0 1
2010 Julio 2 0 2
2010 Abril 12 0 12
2010 Marzo 14 0 14
2010 Febrero 1 0 1
2010 Enero 2 0 2
2009 Diciembre 3 0 3
2009 Noviembre 1 0 1
2009 Octubre 2 0 2
2009 Septiembre 15 0 15
2009 Agosto 13 0 13
2009 Julio 3 0 3
2009 Junio 4 0 4
2009 Mayo 4 0 4
2009 Abril 2 0 2
2009 Enero 1 0 1
2008 Noviembre 1 0 1
2008 Octubre 2 0 2
2008 Agosto 2 0 2
2008 Julio 3 0 3
2008 Junio 2 0 2
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