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It was remarkable for its orange-peel appearance&#44; with symmetrical depressed dimples &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Palpation revealed edema with pitting&#46; No edema was observed on the lower limbs or vulva&#44; and there were no palpable enlarged inguinal lymph nodes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Histopathology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology analysis revealed marked dermal edema&#44; with mild superficial and deep chronic perivascular inflammation&#44; as well as fibrosis in the dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; Staining for podoplanin &#40;D2-40&#41; highlighted irregular superficial lymphangiectasia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Additional Tests</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soft tissue ultrasound &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; revealed diffuse thickening of the dermis and subcutaneous cellular tissue&#44; with marked local accumulation of fluid &#40;visible as linear anechoic tracts&#41;&#46; Doppler mode revealed no increase in vascularization&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is Your Diagnosis&#63;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was diagnosed with lymphedema of the lower abdominal wall secondary to pregnancy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Course and Treatment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After delivery&#44; the plaque involuted gradually&#44; leaving no scar tissue&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Commentary</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary lymphedema is a congenital disease caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic system&#46; Secondary&#44; or acquired&#44; lymphedema is more common and may have multiple underlying causes leading to obstruction of lymph drainage&#46; The main cause of abdominal lymphedema is involvement of the regional lymph nodes that collect the drainage from the abdominal wall owing to resection&#44; ablation&#44; or radiation of the nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It may also result from invasion of the lymph node by a tumor or infection by filariae&#46; Similarly&#44; lymphedema of the abdominal wall may appear suddenly after high-impact injury&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In morbidly obese patients&#44; lymphedema may appear in the infraumbilical area and is known as panniculus morbidus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This can grow very large&#44; taking on the appearance of a pedunculated tumor&#46; It is also thought to be caused mainly by obstruction of lymphatic drainage &#40;owing to the mass effect of abdominal obesity&#41; from the infraumbilical abdominal wall&#44; which is collected in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes and in the common iliac lymph nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The lymphatic vessels of the supraumbilical abdominal wall&#44; in contrast&#44; drain to the parasternal or axillary lymph nodes&#44; thus explaining why lymphedema usually appears in the infraumbilical area&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abdominal lymphedema is rarely reported in pregnant women&#46; The differential diagnosis should include malignant entities such as lymphangitis carcinomatosa&#44; liposarcoma&#44; and angiosarcoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The patient should also be screened for infections such as cellulitis and erysipelas&#46; Other differential diagnoses include scleredema of Buschke<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and eosinophilic fasciitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The pathogenic mechanism in pregnant women is similar to that of morbidly obese individuals owing to obstruction of lymph drainage from the abdominal wall&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most definitive histological characteristic is marked dermal edema&#44; together with lymphangiectasia and the variable presence of dermal fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This disease does not require treatment in the case of pregnant women&#44; since the edema usually resolves after delivery&#46; The recommendation in the case of morbidly obese patients is weight loss combined with other conservative options&#44; such as lymphatic drainage via massage or abdominal compression bandages&#46; If these measures fail&#44; surgical resection of the redundant tissue is an option&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Vol. 114. Núm. 3.
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Vol. 114. Núm. 3.
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Cases for Diagnosis
Open Access
Edematous Infraumbilical Plaque in a Pregnant Woman
Placa edematosa infraumbilical en paciente gestante
Visitas
6215
J. Cruañes-Monferrera,
Autor para correspondencia
joanacm93@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Gil Liñanb, A. Ramírez Andreoa
a Servicio de Dermatología y Venereología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Contenido relacionado
Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2023;114:257-810.1016/j.ad.2021.05.029
J. Cruañes-Monferrer, A. Gil Liñan, A. Ramírez Andreo
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Medical History

A 22-year-old primipara in her 36th week of gestation (body mass index, 22) came to the clinic because of a change in the appearance of the skin below the umbilicus. The skin first began to change 2 weeks previously and was associated with pain and itching. The patient was afebrile and did not recall previous injury in the area.

Physical Examination

Physical examination revealed a clearly delimited nonerythematous indurated plaque with well-defined borders in the infraumbilical area (15cm×10cm). It was remarkable for its orange-peel appearance, with symmetrical depressed dimples (Fig. 1). Palpation revealed edema with pitting. No edema was observed on the lower limbs or vulva, and there were no palpable enlarged inguinal lymph nodes.

Figure 1.

Infraumbilical edematous plaque, with an orange peel appearance and well-defined borders.

(0.15MB).
Histopathology

Histopathology analysis revealed marked dermal edema, with mild superficial and deep chronic perivascular inflammation, as well as fibrosis in the dermis (Fig. 2A). Staining for podoplanin (D2-40) highlighted irregular superficial lymphangiectasia (Fig. 2B).

Figure 2.

Staining with hematoxylin–eosin. (A) Note the dermal edema, interspersed with fibrosis and a scant superficial perivascular lymphoid infiltrate. (B) Staining with podoplanin (D2-40) highlighting lymphangiectasia in the dermis (B).

(0.36MB).
Additional Tests

Soft tissue ultrasound (Fig. 3) revealed diffuse thickening of the dermis and subcutaneous cellular tissue, with marked local accumulation of fluid (visible as linear anechoic tracts). Doppler mode revealed no increase in vascularization.

Figure 3.

Soft tissue ultrasound. Note the accumulation of fluid in the area, seen as linear anechoic tracts.

(0.13MB).

What is Your Diagnosis?

Diagnosis

The patient was diagnosed with lymphedema of the lower abdominal wall secondary to pregnancy.

Clinical Course and Treatment

After delivery, the plaque involuted gradually, leaving no scar tissue.

Commentary

Primary lymphedema is a congenital disease caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic system. Secondary, or acquired, lymphedema is more common and may have multiple underlying causes leading to obstruction of lymph drainage. The main cause of abdominal lymphedema is involvement of the regional lymph nodes that collect the drainage from the abdominal wall owing to resection, ablation, or radiation of the nodes.1 It may also result from invasion of the lymph node by a tumor or infection by filariae. Similarly, lymphedema of the abdominal wall may appear suddenly after high-impact injury.

In morbidly obese patients, lymphedema may appear in the infraumbilical area and is known as panniculus morbidus.2 This can grow very large, taking on the appearance of a pedunculated tumor. It is also thought to be caused mainly by obstruction of lymphatic drainage (owing to the mass effect of abdominal obesity) from the infraumbilical abdominal wall, which is collected in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes and in the common iliac lymph nodes.1 The lymphatic vessels of the supraumbilical abdominal wall, in contrast, drain to the parasternal or axillary lymph nodes, thus explaining why lymphedema usually appears in the infraumbilical area.

Abdominal lymphedema is rarely reported in pregnant women. The differential diagnosis should include malignant entities such as lymphangitis carcinomatosa, liposarcoma, and angiosarcoma.3 The patient should also be screened for infections such as cellulitis and erysipelas. Other differential diagnoses include scleredema of Buschke4 and eosinophilic fasciitis.5 The pathogenic mechanism in pregnant women is similar to that of morbidly obese individuals owing to obstruction of lymph drainage from the abdominal wall.6

The most definitive histological characteristic is marked dermal edema, together with lymphangiectasia and the variable presence of dermal fibrosis.6

This disease does not require treatment in the case of pregnant women, since the edema usually resolves after delivery. The recommendation in the case of morbidly obese patients is weight loss combined with other conservative options, such as lymphatic drainage via massage or abdominal compression bandages. If these measures fail, surgical resection of the redundant tissue is an option.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
H. Kurt, C.A. Arnold, J.E. Payne, M.J. Miller, R.J. Skoracki, O.H. Iwenofu.
Massive localized lymphedema: a clinicopathologic study of 46 patients with an enrichment for multiplicity.
Mod Pathol, 29 (2016), pp. 75-82
[2]
M.G. Fadel, M. Chatzikonstantinou, C. Gilchrist, B. Andrews.
Panniculus morbidus: obesity-related abdominal wall lymphoedema.
[3]
M.S. El-Sharkawy, A.C. Al-Rikabi, N. AlArfaj, F.M. Al Mugaren.
Localized massive lymphedema masquerading as an anterior abdominal mass mimicking a liposarcoma.
Am J Med Sci, 347 (2014), pp. 84-85
[4]
C.S. Vinod, H. Ambika, H. Ambika, N. Reddy, J. Kumar De.
Scleredema adultorum of Buschke over an unusual site associated with pregnancy.
Indian Dermatol Online J, 5 (2014), pp. 466-468
[5]
E. Zuelgaray, S. Chevret, M. Jachiet, P. Cacoub, J.E. Kahn, M. Groh, et al.
Trunk involvement and peau d’orange aspect are poor prognostic factors in eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman's disease): a multicenter retrospective study of 119 patients.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 88 (2023), pp. 160-163
[6]
B.R. Reed, S. Burke, M. Bozeman, L.E. Golitz, J.C. Huff.
Lymphedema of the lower abdominal wall in pregnancy.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 12 (1985), pp. 930-932
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