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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#41;</span> Brown pigmented macules with a lentiginous appearance distributed along the plantar surface of both feet added to the presence of erythema and mild edema&#44; predominantly in both forefeet&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#41;</span> Similar lesions&#44; smaller in size and fewer in number&#44; on both palms of the hands&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">C&#41;</span> Dermatoscopic image of a plantar lesion showing a parallel ridge pattern with spared acrosyringium &#40;arrows&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Capecitabine is an orally administered prodrug of 5-fluorouracil &#40;5-FU&#41;&#44; which is converted into its active metabolite through the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase&#46; The primary indications for the use of capecitabine include the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This drug has been associated with various mucocutaneous adverse reactions&#44; including radiation recall phenomenon&#44; photosensitivity&#44; inflammation of actinic keratosis&#44; palmoplantar keratosis&#44; and hand-foot syndrome &#40;HFS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Pigmentation disorders&#44; particularly hyperpigmentation&#44; have been described in relation to the use of capecitabine&#44; especially in patients with darker skin types&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This hyperpigmentation can be diffuse&#44; sometimes with an acral predominance&#44; accentuation in skin folds&#44; and occasional mucosal involvement&#46; However&#44; although capecitabine-related focal pigmentation or acral lentiginosis has been reported&#44; it is likely underreported in the medical literature currently available&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the case of a 65-year-old woman with phototype IV treated with third-line chemotherapy with capecitabine due to metastatic breast carcinoma&#46; She presented with pigmented skin lesions on her palms and soles 2 months after starting treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The physical examination revealed the presence of brown&#44; focal&#44; well-demarcated pigmented macules&#8212;3 mm to 10 mm in diameter&#8212;mainly on the soles and less so on the palms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1A and figure B</a>&#41;&#46; Dermatoscopy with polarized light revealed the presence of a parallel ridge pattern in the lesions&#44; with spared acrosyringium &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1C</a>&#41;&#46; We should mention that the patient concurrently developed signs of grade II HFS&#44; along with dysesthesia&#44; erythema&#44; and discomfort while walking&#44; all of which began after the patient&#39;s third cycle of treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the observation of a parallel ridge pattern on the dermatoscopic examination&#44; these lesions were not considered suspicious due to their multifocal nature and recent appearance&#46; Therefore&#44; no histopathological examination or other complementary tests were performed on the patient&#46; Symptomatic management control measures for the HFS were advised&#44; but the patient passed away a few weeks later due to the progression of her neoplastic disease&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The occurrence of capecitabine-related focal palmoplantar pigmentation is poorly documented&#46; After a detailed review of the medical literature available&#44; only 8 cases were found in 5 different articles published from 2008 through 2019 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; we should mention that the terminology used to describe this condition in each case varies&#44; making it even more challenging to conduct a bibliographic search&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Capecitabine-induced focal acral hyperpigmentation seems to be more common in patients with darker phototypes and certain ethnic groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; data are limited&#44; and some cases have been reported in the Caucasian population as well&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Additionally&#44; over half of all cases reported have been associated with the development of HFS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a> Although the frequency of occurrence of HFS during capecitabine treatment is high&#44; there is not enough evidence to establish a clear relationship between these 2 entities&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiopathogenesis of hyperpigmentation associated with 5-FU or its prodrugs is largely unknown&#46; In some cases&#44; it has been associated with a photosensitivity mechanism&#44; but this probably doesn&#8217;t explain hyperpigmentation in non-photoexposed areas&#44; including palmoplantar skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In these locations&#44; the skin is characterized by a higher rate of basal cell proliferation and increased expression of thymidine phosphorylase&#46; This could explain a greater sensitivity to these cytotoxic drugs and has been hypothesized as a possible explanation to the development of HFS in patients treated with capecitabine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the histopathology of these lesions&#44; no available data relate specifically to capecitabine perhaps due to the absence of suspicion of malignancy and the patients&#8217; baseline characteristics&#46; However&#44; in 2 similar cases associated with tegafur&#8212;another 5-FU prodrug&#8212;variable findings included basal layer hyperpigmentation&#44; large and atypical melanocytes in the basal layer&#44; proliferation of single melanocytes without nest formation&#44; or presence of melanophages in the upper dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> In this regard&#44; Park et al&#46; suggest that tegafur-related acral lentiginosis could be due to drug-induced stimulation and hyperplasia&#46; Also&#44; they state that it disappears after treatment withdrawal&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatoscopically&#44; these lesions may show a parallel ridge pattern&#8212;which is characteristic of acral melanoma but with spared acrosyringium&#8212;as seen in our patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Less frequently&#44; other dermatoscopic patterns such as parallel furrow&#44; lattice&#44; or globular patterns have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;11</span></a> We should mention that other benign entities such as exogenous pigmentation&#44; pigmented warts&#44; or subcorneal hemorrhages can also show a parallel ridge pattern&#46; As a matter of fact&#44; certain acquired or hereditary syndromes such as the Laugier-Hunziker syndrome and the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can show pigmented acral macules with this dermatoscopic pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> The latter is particularly important regarding differential diagnosis due to these patients&#8217; predisposition to develop GI and breast tumors&#44; which by the way are the main indications for capecitabine&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CC&#44; colorectal cancer&#59; HFS&#44; hand-foot syndrome&#59; NS&#44; not specified&#59; post&#44; posterior&#59; PFP&#44; parallel furrow-pattern&#59; PRP&#44; parallel ridge pattern&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ethnic group&#47;Phototype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neoplasm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HFS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dermatoscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vickers et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Indian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stage II&#40;post&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PalmsPalms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stage II&#40;post&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PalmsOral mucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Indigenous people &#40;Canada&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stage II&#40;post&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tognetti et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Caucasian&#47;II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PRPSpared acrosyringium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Peccerillo et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Caucasian&#47;II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gastric cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Palms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PRPSpared acrosyringium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Caucasian&#47;III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PRPLattice pattern&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Villal&#243;n et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Caucasian&#47;II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Facial&#44; palms&#44; soles&#44; tongue&#43; generalized&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lattice pattern &#40;palms&#41;Globular&#44; homogenous &#40;rest&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Garc&#237;a-Lozano et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Caucasian&#47;III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dysesthesia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Palms&#44; soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PRP&#44; PFP&#44; homogenous&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#193;lvarez-Salafranca et al&#46;&#40;current case&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">W&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">South American&#47;IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Stage II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Palms&#44; soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PRP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 115. Núm. 2.
Páginas T190-T192 (febrero 2024)
Case and Research Letter
Acceso a texto completo
Capecitabine-Induced Focal Acral Pigmentation
Pigmentación focal acral inducida por capecitabina
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2527
M. Álvarez-Salafrancaa,
Autor para correspondencia
malvarezs@salud.aragon.es

Corresponding author.
, J. Sánchez-Bernalb, I. Martínez-Pallása
a Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Ernest Lluch, Calatayud (Zaragoza), Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Huesca, Spain
Contenido relacionado
Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2024;115:190-210.1016/j.ad.2022.06.026
M. Álvarez-Salafranca, J. Sánchez-Bernal, I. Martínez-Pallás
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Table 1. Previously published case reports of capecitabine-induced acral focal pigmentation.
Texto completo
To the Director,

Capecitabine is an orally administered prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is converted into its active metabolite through the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. The primary indications for the use of capecitabine include the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer.1 This drug has been associated with various mucocutaneous adverse reactions, including radiation recall phenomenon, photosensitivity, inflammation of actinic keratosis, palmoplantar keratosis, and hand-foot syndrome (HFS).2 Pigmentation disorders, particularly hyperpigmentation, have been described in relation to the use of capecitabine, especially in patients with darker skin types.3 This hyperpigmentation can be diffuse, sometimes with an acral predominance, accentuation in skin folds, and occasional mucosal involvement. However, although capecitabine-related focal pigmentation or acral lentiginosis has been reported, it is likely underreported in the medical literature currently available.

This is the case of a 65-year-old woman with phototype IV treated with third-line chemotherapy with capecitabine due to metastatic breast carcinoma. She presented with pigmented skin lesions on her palms and soles 2 months after starting treatment.

The physical examination revealed the presence of brown, focal, well-demarcated pigmented macules—3 mm to 10 mm in diameter—mainly on the soles and less so on the palms (figure 1A and figure B). Dermatoscopy with polarized light revealed the presence of a parallel ridge pattern in the lesions, with spared acrosyringium (figure 1C). We should mention that the patient concurrently developed signs of grade II HFS, along with dysesthesia, erythema, and discomfort while walking, all of which began after the patient's third cycle of treatment.

Figure 1.

A) Brown pigmented macules with a lentiginous appearance distributed along the plantar surface of both feet added to the presence of erythema and mild edema, predominantly in both forefeet. B) Similar lesions, smaller in size and fewer in number, on both palms of the hands. C) Dermatoscopic image of a plantar lesion showing a parallel ridge pattern with spared acrosyringium (arrows).

(0.26MB).

Despite the observation of a parallel ridge pattern on the dermatoscopic examination, these lesions were not considered suspicious due to their multifocal nature and recent appearance. Therefore, no histopathological examination or other complementary tests were performed on the patient. Symptomatic management control measures for the HFS were advised, but the patient passed away a few weeks later due to the progression of her neoplastic disease.

The occurrence of capecitabine-related focal palmoplantar pigmentation is poorly documented. After a detailed review of the medical literature available, only 8 cases were found in 5 different articles published from 2008 through 2019 (table 1). However, we should mention that the terminology used to describe this condition in each case varies, making it even more challenging to conduct a bibliographic search.

Table 1.

Previously published case reports of capecitabine-induced acral focal pigmentation.

Reference  Gender  Age  Ethnic group/Phototype  Neoplasm  HFS  Location  Dermatoscopy 
Vickers et al.  49  Indian  CC  Stage II(post)  PalmsPalms  NS 
  58  Asian  CC  Stage II(post)  PalmsOral mucosa  NS 
  54  Indigenous people (Canada)  CC  Stage II(post)  Palms  NS 
Tognetti et al.  37  Caucasian/II  Breast cancer  No  Palms  PRPSpared acrosyringium 
Peccerillo et al.  50  Caucasian/II  Gastric cancer  NS  Palms  PRPSpared acrosyringium 
  40  Caucasian/III  Breast cancer  NS  Soles  PRPLattice pattern 
Villalón et al.  58  Caucasian/II  Breast cancer  Yes  Facial, palms, soles, tongue+ generalized  Lattice pattern (palms)Globular, homogenous (rest) 
García-Lozano et al.  55  Caucasian/III  Breast cancer  Dysesthesia  Palms, soles  PRP, PFP, homogenous. 
Álvarez-Salafranca et al.(current case)  65  South American/IV  Breast cancer  Stage II  Palms, soles  PRP 

CC, colorectal cancer; HFS, hand-foot syndrome; NS, not specified; post, posterior; PFP, parallel furrow-pattern; PRP, parallel ridge pattern.

Capecitabine-induced focal acral hyperpigmentation seems to be more common in patients with darker phototypes and certain ethnic groups.4 However, data are limited, and some cases have been reported in the Caucasian population as well.5,6 Additionally, over half of all cases reported have been associated with the development of HFS.4,6 Although the frequency of occurrence of HFS during capecitabine treatment is high, there is not enough evidence to establish a clear relationship between these 2 entities.

The etiopathogenesis of hyperpigmentation associated with 5-FU or its prodrugs is largely unknown. In some cases, it has been associated with a photosensitivity mechanism, but this probably doesn’t explain hyperpigmentation in non-photoexposed areas, including palmoplantar skin.3 In these locations, the skin is characterized by a higher rate of basal cell proliferation and increased expression of thymidine phosphorylase. This could explain a greater sensitivity to these cytotoxic drugs and has been hypothesized as a possible explanation to the development of HFS in patients treated with capecitabine.8

Regarding the histopathology of these lesions, no available data relate specifically to capecitabine perhaps due to the absence of suspicion of malignancy and the patients’ baseline characteristics. However, in 2 similar cases associated with tegafur—another 5-FU prodrug—variable findings included basal layer hyperpigmentation, large and atypical melanocytes in the basal layer, proliferation of single melanocytes without nest formation, or presence of melanophages in the upper dermis.9,10 In this regard, Park et al. suggest that tegafur-related acral lentiginosis could be due to drug-induced stimulation and hyperplasia. Also, they state that it disappears after treatment withdrawal.

Dermatoscopically, these lesions may show a parallel ridge pattern—which is characteristic of acral melanoma but with spared acrosyringium—as seen in our patient.5,6 Less frequently, other dermatoscopic patterns such as parallel furrow, lattice, or globular patterns have been reported.7,11 We should mention that other benign entities such as exogenous pigmentation, pigmented warts, or subcorneal hemorrhages can also show a parallel ridge pattern. As a matter of fact, certain acquired or hereditary syndromes such as the Laugier-Hunziker syndrome and the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can show pigmented acral macules with this dermatoscopic pattern.12,13 The latter is particularly important regarding differential diagnosis due to these patients’ predisposition to develop GI and breast tumors, which by the way are the main indications for capecitabine.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

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