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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Red ear syndrome &#40;RES&#41; is a syndrome of neurovascular origin that is probably underdiagnosed&#46; It poses both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 66-year-old woman allergic to penicillin presented with a 10-year history of left external ear pain&#44; redness&#44; and swelling that resolved spontaneously within hours or days&#46; The episodes had become more frequent in the previous 6 months&#44; and she was now experiencing 5 a month&#46; Her past medical history included surgical treatment of an ipsilateral jaw fracture 40 years earlier&#46; She had no systemic symptoms&#44; denied use of topical and systemic drugs&#44; and was unaware of any other possible triggers&#46; Physical examination revealed redness and swelling of the left external ear &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A and B&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the clinical findings and exclusion of other causes&#44; a diagnosis of RES was made&#46; The patient responded well to conservative treatment with physical measures &#40;including the local application of cold&#41; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RES was first described by Lance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 1994&#46; It is clinically characterized by paroxysmal episodes of redness of the external ear with pain or a burning sensation that can radiate to the ipsilateral cheek&#44; jaw&#44; or occipital area&#46; Attacks can be unilateral &#40;60&#37;&#41;&#44; bilateral &#40;30&#37;&#41;&#44; or alternating &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#46; They usually last between minutes and hours&#44; and their frequency is variable&#46; They occur spontaneously or are triggered by physical stimuli such as hair brushing&#44; teeth cleaning&#44; chewing&#44; ear manipulation&#44; and mobilization of the cervical vertebrae&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensory innervation of the ear is complex&#46; The anterosuperior region of the ear and the tragus are innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve &#40;collateral branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve&#41;&#46; The lobe and posteroinferior region are innervated by the greater auricular nerve &#40;branch of the superficial cervical plexus&#44; which is formed by anastomosis between the branches of the C2&#8211;C3 cervical spinal nerves&#41;&#46; Vascular supply is mainly provided by branches of the external carotid artery &#40;middle temporal and posterior auricular arteries&#41;&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; is sensorially innervated by the trigeminal nerve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Vasomotor control of the skin of the outer ear is regulated primarily by variations in sympathetic tone and secondarily by variations in parasympathetic tone&#46; The flushing seen in RES is probably due to excessive vasodilation secondary to activation of parasympathetic fibers and inhibition of sympathetic tone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RES can be primary or secondary&#46; In 2013&#44; Lambru et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> proposed a series of clinical criteria for diagnosing primary RES &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Primary RES usually occurs in young women with migraine&#44; during either the prodromal phase or the attacks&#46; Dysfunction of the peripheral cervical nerves or the central nerves of the trigeminal-autonomic pathways has been attributed a possible role in the etiology and pathogenesis of primary RES&#46; Secondary RES&#44; by contrast&#44; is more common in older women without a history of migraine&#46; It can occur in association with intracranial or cervical spine lesions&#44; temporomandibular joint dysfunction&#44; thalamic pain syndrome&#44; herpes zoster&#44; pleomorphic adenoma of carotid body&#44; and toxicity due to drugs such as cytarabine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RES must be distinguished from relapsing polychondritis&#44; contact dermatitis&#44; herpes zoster&#44; and erysipelas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Pressure urticaria and flushing should also be considered in the differential diagnosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is based on addressing the underlying cause and achieving symptomatic relief&#46; Results&#44; however&#44; are generally unsatisfactory&#46; Conservative measures include physical therapy&#44; local application of cold or manual compression several times a day&#44; head movements&#44; and use of dental plates&#46; Topical treatments include emollients&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and calcineurin inhibitors&#46; Systemic treatments are usually reserved for highly symptomatic cases or episodes associated with migraine attacks&#46; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs&#44; tricyclic antidepressants&#44; serotonergic agonists and antagonists&#44; &#946;-blockers&#44; calcium channel blockers&#44; antiepileptic drugs&#44; and oral ivermectin have also been used&#46; Invasive procedures involving botulinum toxin injections and nerve blocks with local anesthetics have been used in more severe cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; RES is a rare disease that is little known to dermatologists&#46; Exclusion of other clinical entities and possible causes through a detailed physical examination and a targeted history&#44; including medical and surgical history&#44; is crucial&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unilateral location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate to intense severity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Triggered by cutaneous or thermal stimulation of the ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; The ear pain is associated with ipsilateral redness</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; Attacks occur with a frequency of &#8805;1 a day&#44; although cases with lower frequency may occur</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#46; Not attributed to other underlying causes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Primary Red Ear Syndrome&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          0 => array:3 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; B&#44; burning&#59; Bi&#44; bilateral&#59; I&#44; itching&#59; P&#44; pain&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Red ear syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relapsing polychondritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Contact dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Herpes zoster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Erysipelas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pressure urticaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Flushing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Symptoms&#58; P&#44; B&#44; I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P&#44; B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&#44; I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P&#44; B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P&#44; B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duration of episodes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">min&#47;h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frequency of episodes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Single episode&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Single episode&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ear involvement&#58; U or Bi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">U<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bi<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bi<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">U&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">U&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bi<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Skin signs other than redness and swelling&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chondritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Scaling and blisters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blisters and crusts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Suppuration and port of entry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Systemic manifestations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fever&#44; nasal or airway chondritis&#44; polyarthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eczema in other body locations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Triggers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical stimulus in area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Topical products&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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Vol. 113. Issue S1.
Cartas Científico-Clínicas de interés
Pages TS23-TS25 (December 2022)
Case and Research Letter
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Red Ear: A Poorly Understood Syndrome
El síndrome de la oreja roja: un gran desconocido
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P. Garbayo-Salmons
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pgarbayo@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, V. Expósito-Serrano, M. Ribera Pibernat
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí de Sabadell, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2022;113 Supl 1:S23-S2510.1016/j.ad.2021.07.008
P. Garbayo-Salmons, V. Expósito-Serrano, M. Ribera Pibernat
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Cartas Científico-Clínicas de interés

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To the Editor,

Red ear syndrome (RES) is a syndrome of neurovascular origin that is probably underdiagnosed. It poses both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

A 66-year-old woman allergic to penicillin presented with a 10-year history of left external ear pain, redness, and swelling that resolved spontaneously within hours or days. The episodes had become more frequent in the previous 6 months, and she was now experiencing 5 a month. Her past medical history included surgical treatment of an ipsilateral jaw fracture 40 years earlier. She had no systemic symptoms, denied use of topical and systemic drugs, and was unaware of any other possible triggers. Physical examination revealed redness and swelling of the left external ear (Fig. 1A and B)

Figure 1.

(A) Erythema and swelling of the left external ear. (B) Unaffected right ear.

(0.13MB).

Based on the clinical findings and exclusion of other causes, a diagnosis of RES was made. The patient responded well to conservative treatment with physical measures (including the local application of cold) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

RES was first described by Lance1 in 1994. It is clinically characterized by paroxysmal episodes of redness of the external ear with pain or a burning sensation that can radiate to the ipsilateral cheek, jaw, or occipital area. Attacks can be unilateral (60%), bilateral (30%), or alternating (10%). They usually last between minutes and hours, and their frequency is variable. They occur spontaneously or are triggered by physical stimuli such as hair brushing, teeth cleaning, chewing, ear manipulation, and mobilization of the cervical vertebrae.2

The sensory innervation of the ear is complex. The anterosuperior region of the ear and the tragus are innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve (collateral branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve). The lobe and posteroinferior region are innervated by the greater auricular nerve (branch of the superficial cervical plexus, which is formed by anastomosis between the branches of the C2–C3 cervical spinal nerves). Vascular supply is mainly provided by branches of the external carotid artery (middle temporal and posterior auricular arteries), which, in turn, is sensorially innervated by the trigeminal nerve.3 Vasomotor control of the skin of the outer ear is regulated primarily by variations in sympathetic tone and secondarily by variations in parasympathetic tone. The flushing seen in RES is probably due to excessive vasodilation secondary to activation of parasympathetic fibers and inhibition of sympathetic tone.2

RES can be primary or secondary. In 2013, Lambru et al.4 proposed a series of clinical criteria for diagnosing primary RES (Table 1). Primary RES usually occurs in young women with migraine, during either the prodromal phase or the attacks. Dysfunction of the peripheral cervical nerves or the central nerves of the trigeminal-autonomic pathways has been attributed a possible role in the etiology and pathogenesis of primary RES. Secondary RES, by contrast, is more common in older women without a history of migraine. It can occur in association with intracranial or cervical spine lesions, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, thalamic pain syndrome, herpes zoster, pleomorphic adenoma of carotid body, and toxicity due to drugs such as cytarabine.5

Table 1.

Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Primary Red Ear Syndrome.

A. At least 20 attacks fulfilling criteria B–E 
B. Episodes of external ear pain lasting up to 4 hours 
C. The ear pain has at least 2 of the following characteristics: 
Burning quality 
Unilateral location 
Moderate to intense severity 
Triggered by cutaneous or thermal stimulation of the ear 
D. The ear pain is associated with ipsilateral redness 
E. Attacks occur with a frequency of ≥1 a day, although cases with lower frequency may occur 
F. Not attributed to other underlying causes 

Source: Adapted from Lambru et al.4

RES must be distinguished from relapsing polychondritis, contact dermatitis, herpes zoster, and erysipelas.6 Pressure urticaria and flushing should also be considered in the differential diagnosis (Table 2).

Table 2.

External Ear Redness and Swelling: Differential Diagnosis.

  Red ear syndrome  Relapsing polychondritis  Contact dermatitis  Herpes zoster  Erysipelas  Pressure urticaria  Flushing 
Symptoms: P, B, I  P, B  B, I  P, B  P, B  – 
Duration of episodes  min/h  Days  Days  Days  Days  min 
Frequency of episodes  Variable  Variable  Variable  Single episode  Single episode  –  – 
Ear involvement: U or Bi  U>Bi  Bi>Bi>Bi>Bi 
Skin signs other than redness and swelling  –  Chondritis  Scaling and blisters  Blisters and crusts  Suppuration and port of entry  –  – 
Systemic manifestations  –  Fever, nasal or airway chondritis, polyarthritis  Eczema in other body locations  –  –  –  – 
Triggers  Physical stimulus in area  –  Topical products  –  Seborrheic eczema or insect bite  Pressure  Stress, alcohol, temperature changes 

Abbreviations: B, burning; Bi, bilateral; I, itching; P, pain.

Treatment is based on addressing the underlying cause and achieving symptomatic relief. Results, however, are generally unsatisfactory. Conservative measures include physical therapy, local application of cold or manual compression several times a day, head movements, and use of dental plates. Topical treatments include emollients, corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors. Systemic treatments are usually reserved for highly symptomatic cases or episodes associated with migraine attacks. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonergic agonists and antagonists, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptic drugs, and oral ivermectin have also been used. Invasive procedures involving botulinum toxin injections and nerve blocks with local anesthetics have been used in more severe cases.7

In conclusion, RES is a rare disease that is little known to dermatologists. Exclusion of other clinical entities and possible causes through a detailed physical examination and a targeted history, including medical and surgical history, is crucial.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
J.W. Lance.
The mystery of one red ear.
Clin Exp Neurol, 31 (1994), pp. 13-18
[2]
I. Patel, D. Desai, S. Desai.
Red ear syndrome: case series and review of a less recognized headache disorder.
Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 23 (2020), pp. 715-718
[3]
I.L. De Amorim, L.A. Kauppila, I.P. Martins.
Red ear: syndrome or symptom?.
Headache, 58 (2018), pp. 885-891
[4]
G. Lambru, S. Miller, M.S. Matharu.
The red ear syndrome.
J Headache Pain, 14 (2013), pp. 83
[5]
A. Arjona, E. Fernández-Romero.
Síndrome de la oreja roja: un nuevo caso.
Rev Clin Esp, 200 (2000), pp. 704-705
[6]
U. Wollina.
Three orphans one should know: red scalp, red ear and red scrotum syndrome.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 30 (2016), pp. e169-e170
[7]
S. Ryan, B.R. Wakerley, P. Davies.
Red ear syndrome: a review of all published cases (1996–2010).
Cephalalgia, 33 (2013), pp. 190-201
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