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1</a><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#41;&#46; Papillary dermal telangiectasia and occasional dermal melanophages were also evident &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#41;&#46; Von Kossa staining was negative &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PXE-PDE is a rare condition of multifactorial etiopathogenesis that was described by Rongioletti and Rebora<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in 1992&#46; Approximately 50 cases affecting women in their 50s or older have been published &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This condition is characterized by millimetric&#44; nonfollicular papules that tend to converge to form cobblestone-like plaques&#46; Their distribution is symmetrical around the neck and in the area over the clavicle&#44; and to a lesser degree in the axillas and antecubital fossas&#44; and on the abdomen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The changes are asymptomatic and do not require treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike PXE&#44; PXE-PDE has no associated systemic manifestations&#44; although comorbidity typical of the patient&#39;s age &#40;such as arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; or diabetes mellitus&#41; may be present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In our patient&#44; the outstanding comorbidity was chronic bronchiectasis&#44; a diagnosis that has not previously been reported in association with PXE-PDE&#44; although it was present in one reported case of PXE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; the involvement of elastic fibers in the pathogenesis of all 3 of these conditions seems to point to a common mechanism&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy reveals areas of light brownish colored papules&#44; which tend to converge&#59; multiple lineal and branched vessels are also observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PXE-PDE is one of the so-called invisible dermatoses and diagnosis requires specific staining for elastic fibers &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; with Van Gieson or orcein stains&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> or serum testing with monoclonal antibodies against amyloid P component&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Partial or total loss of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis below a normal or slightly atrophic epidermis will be evident&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a> A finding of melanophages dispersed in the papillary dermis&#44; as we saw in our patient&#44; is useful for diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The calcified elastic fibers evident on Von Kossa staining in PXE are not found in PXE-PDE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that the primary defect in these patients is the absence of elastin rather than fibrillin-1 &#40;which is absent in control patients of advanced age as well as in patients with PXE-PDE&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiology and pathogenesis of PXE-PDE is still being debated&#46; Rongioletti and Rebora<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> grouped PXE-PDE among the age-related elastic fiber syndromes&#59; however&#44; 2 cases have since been reported in young women<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and the syndrome has been found exclusively in women&#46; A role for ultraviolet radiation&#44; which has been discussed&#44; is controversial given that skin not exposed to sunlight is sometimes involved&#44; a history of overexposure to sunlight is not typically present&#44; other skin lesions related to actinic damage are not observed in this context&#44; and solar elastosis has only been reported in 1 case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;8</span></a> Another hypothesis holds that PXE-PDE is the result of abnormal elastic fiber formation&#44; given the observation of immature fibers in the upper reticular dermis or evidence of activated fibroblastomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a> Pranteda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> demonstrated that glucocorticoids may be involved in the pathogenesis of PXE-PDE&#44; given their ability to reduce the expression of the elastin gene and its mRNA in human fibroblast cultures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though PXE-PDE is an acquired condition&#44; the case of 2 sisters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and the absence of cases in males suggests a genetic&#44; hereditary&#44; or hormonal factor that has not yet been identified&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other elastolytic diseases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; particularly PXE&#44; must be ruled out&#46; PXE is hereditary&#44; manifests after the second decade of life&#44; is associated with systemic complications&#44; particularly cardiovascular and ophthalmologic signs&#44; and morbidity and mortality are high&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; PXE-PDE is essentially an acquired condition that is multifactorial&#44; involving both genetic and environmental factors&#46; Because it is asymptomatic&#44; proper diagnosis is the priority&#44; particularly for ruling out PXE so that patients can avoid unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; V&#225;zquez-Osorio I&#44; Ros&#243;n E&#44; Su&#225;rez-Pe&#241;aranda JM&#44; V&#225;zquez-Veiga H&#46; Elast&#243;lisis de la dermis papilar similar a pseudoxantoma el&#225;stico&#46; Actas Dermosifiliogr&#46; 2015&#59;106&#58;333&#8211;336&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A&#44; Millimetric nonfollicular papules&#44; light brownish in color&#44; converge to form plaques with a cobblestone pattern&#46; B&#44; Light-brownish areas tending to converge&#59; multiple linear and branching vessels can be seen&#46; C&#44; Nearly total absence of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis&#59; in contrast&#44; elastic fibers &#40;black arrows&#41; can be seen in the reticular dermis &#40;orcein&#44; original magnification &#215;100&#41;&#46; D&#44; Melanophages &#40;red arrows&#41; dispersed in the papillary dermis &#40;hematoxilin-eosin &#215;400&#41;&#46; E&#44; Von Kossa staining revealed no calcifications of elastic fibers &#40;original magnification &#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; AHT&#44; arterial hypertension&#59; CRF&#44; chronic renal failure&#59; CVI&#44; chronic venous insufficiency&#59; DM&#44; diabetes mellitus&#59; DVT&#44; deep vein thrombosis&#59; LFE&#44; linear focal elastosis&#59; RBBB&#44; right bundle-branch block&#59; SE&#44; solar elastosis&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex&#47;Age&#44; y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Medical History&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sporadic&#47;Familial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Site&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical Course&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comorbidity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rongioletti and Rebora<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&#44; mastoidal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rongioletti and Rebora<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Keratoconus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pirard et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">El-Charif et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; forearms&#44; abdomen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mild itching&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 mo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">El-Charif et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Arterial hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patrizi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&#44; axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vargas-Diez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RBBB&#44; AHT&#44; dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vargas-Diez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">AHT&#44; dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mild itching&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Orlandi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Familial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; axilla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Orlandi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Familiar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; axilla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ohnishi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ohnishi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ohnishi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CRF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ohnishi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Uterine fibromas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tajima et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tajima et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5-6 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Akagi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gallstone surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LFE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Byun et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; axillas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Childhood&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mild itching&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Monteagudo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia&#44; CVI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alves et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">L&#243;pez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; axillas&#44; antecubital fossas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Several years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Zadeh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Abdullah et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rongioletti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">17 women&#46; Mean age&#44; 61&#46;8 y&#46; Comorbidities&#58; AHT &#40;3&#41;&#44; dyslipidemia &#40;2&#41;&#44; hypothyroidism &#40;1&#41;&#44; type 2 DM &#40;1&#41;&#44; anemia &#40;1&#41;&#44; atopic dermatitis &#40;1&#41;&#46; All sporadic&#46; Involvement&#58; neck &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; supraclavicular region &#40;41&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; axilla &#40;35&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; All asymptomatic&#46;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Revelles et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; arms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mild itching&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Revelles et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">DVT&#44; thyroid nodule&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; axilla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ito et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pranteda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ocular myasthenia gravis&#44;type 2 DM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&#44; shoulders&#44; antecubital fossas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pranteda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hysterectomy&#44; carpal tunnel syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; axillas&#44; antecubital fossas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mild itching&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pranteda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hip osteoarthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&#44; supraclavicular region&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pranteda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">W&#47;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ankylosing spondylitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sporadic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 y&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reports of Cases of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pseudoxanthoma elasticum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">White fibrous papulosis of the neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Late-onset dermal elastosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Upper-dermal elastolysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mid-dermal elastolysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cutis laxa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nevus anelasticus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anetoderma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Eruptive xanthomas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Milia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Eruptive vellus hair cysts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differential Diagnosis of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis&#46;</p>"
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
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Journal Information
Vol. 106. Issue 4.
Pages 333-336 (May 2015)
Vol. 106. Issue 4.
Pages 333-336 (May 2015)
Case and Research Letter
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Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum–like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis
Elastólisis de la dermis papilar similar a pseudoxantoma elástico
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I. Vázquez-Osorioa,
Corresponding author
rogivaos@gmail.com

Corresponding auhtor.
, E. Rosóna, J.M. Suárez-Peñarandab, H. Vázquez-Veigaa
a Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Table 1. Reports of Cases of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis.
Table 2. Differential Diagnosis of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis.
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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like papillary dermal elastolysis (PXE-PDE) is a clinical-pathologic entity characterized by skin lesions similar to those of PXE itself in addition to the absence or marked loss of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis.1 We report a new case of PXE-PDE, focusing on its pathogenesis and clinical, pathologic, and dermatoscopic features. We also review the literature.

The patient was a 74-year-old woman with a history of chronic bronchiectasis since childhood, aortic insufficiency, and age-related macular degeneration. She presented with asymptomatic lesions on the neck and axillas that had appeared 4 months earlier. Physical examination revealed millimetric, nonfollicular, flesh-colored papules converging to form cobblestone-like plaques arranged symmetrically over the cervical, clavicular, and axillary regions (Fig. 1A). She reported no history of trauma, prolonged sun exposure, or use of topical treatments, and no relevant family history. Dermoscopy showed multiple areas of flesh-colored lesions, which tended to converge, and multiple branching vessels (Fig. 1B). Cardiology and ophthalmology evaluations yielded only findings related to underlying diseases. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed no specific findings, but orcein staining demonstrated nearly complete loss of elastic fibers; loss was confined to the papillary dermis (Fig. 1C). Papillary dermal telangiectasia and occasional dermal melanophages were also evident (Fig. 1D). Von Kossa staining was negative (Fig. 1E).

Figure 1.

A, Millimetric nonfollicular papules, light brownish in color, converge to form plaques with a cobblestone pattern. B, Light-brownish areas tending to converge; multiple linear and branching vessels can be seen. C, Nearly total absence of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis; in contrast, elastic fibers (black arrows) can be seen in the reticular dermis (orcein, original magnification ×100). D, Melanophages (red arrows) dispersed in the papillary dermis (hematoxilin-eosin ×400). E, Von Kossa staining revealed no calcifications of elastic fibers (original magnification ×100).

(0.54MB).

PXE-PDE is a rare condition of multifactorial etiopathogenesis that was described by Rongioletti and Rebora2 in 1992. Approximately 50 cases affecting women in their 50s or older have been published (Table 1).

Table 1.

Reports of Cases of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis.

Cases  Sex/Age, y  Medical History  Sporadic/Familial  Site  Symptoms  Clinical Course  Comorbidity 
Rongioletti and Rebora2  W/65  No  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region, mastoidal  No  5 y  No 
Rongioletti and Rebora2  W/63  Keratoconus  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  No  4 y  No 
Pirard et al.11  W/73  No  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  No  1 y  No 
El-Charif et al.12  W/80  No  Sporadic  Neck, forearms, abdomen  Mild itching  4 mo  No 
El-Charif et al.12  W/63  Arterial hypertension  Sporadic  Neck  No  1 y  No 
Patrizi et al.13  W/69  No  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region, axillas  No  4 y  No 
Vargas-Diez et al.14  W/68  RBBB, AHT, dyslipidemia  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  No  4 y  No 
Vargas-Diez et al.14  W/70  AHT, dyslipidemia  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  Mild itching  Unknown  No 
Orlandi et al.10  W/72  No  Familial  Neck, axilla  No  5 y  No 
Orlandi et al.10  W/74  No  Familiar  Neck, axilla  No  7 y  No 
Ohnishi et al.6  W/57  No  Sporadic  Neck  No  1 y  No 
Ohnishi et al.6  W/82  No  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  No  1 y  No 
Ohnishi et al.6  W/67  CRF  Sporadic  Neck  No  5 y  No 
Ohnishi et al.6  W/66  Uterine fibromas  Sporadic  Neck  No  3 y  No 
Tajima et al.15  W/61  Dyslipidemia  Sporadic  Neck  No  3 y  No 
Tajima et al.15  W/81  No  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  No  5-6 y  No 
Akagi et al.16  W/89  Gallstone surgery  Sporadic  Neck  No  Unknown  LFE 
Byun et al.7  W/26  No  Sporadic  Neck, axillas  No  Childhood  No 
Lee et al.8  W/41  No  Sporadic  Neck  Mild itching  10 y  No 
Lee et al.8  W/62  No  Sporadic  Neck  No  1 y  SE 
Monteagudo et al.17  W/70  Dyslipidemia, CVI  Sporadic  Neck  No  2 y  No 
Alves et al.18  W/64  No  Sporadic  Neck  No  1 y  No 
López et al.19  W/61  No  Sporadic  Neck, axillas, antecubital fossas  No  Several years  No 
Zadeh et al.20  W/67  No  Sporadic  Neck  No  4 y  No 
Abdullah et al.21  W/58  No  Sporadic  Neck  No  2 y  No 
Rongioletti et al.1  17 women. Mean age, 61.8 y. Comorbidities: AHT (3), dyslipidemia (2), hypothyroidism (1), type 2 DM (1), anemia (1), atopic dermatitis (1). All sporadic. Involvement: neck (100%), supraclavicular region (41.2%), axilla (35.3%). All asymptomatic.
Revelles et al.5  W/82  No  Sporadic  Neck, arms  Mild itching  2 y  No 
Revelles et al.5  W/66  DVT, thyroid nodule  Sporadic  Neck, axilla  No  4 y  No 
Ito et al.4  W/72  No  Sporadic  Neck  No  3 y  No 
Pranteda et al.9  W/64  Ocular myasthenia gravis,type 2 DM  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region, shoulders, antecubital fossas  No  2 y  No 
Pranteda et al.9  W/65  Hysterectomy, carpal tunnel syndrome  Sporadic  Neck, axillas, antecubital fossas  Mild itching  5 y  No 
Pranteda et al.9  W/75  Hip osteoarthritis  Sporadic  Neck, supraclavicular region  No  Unknown  No 
Pranteda et al.9  W/62  Ankylosing spondylitis  Sporadic  Neck  No  13 y  No 

Abbreviations: AHT, arterial hypertension; CRF, chronic renal failure; CVI, chronic venous insufficiency; DM, diabetes mellitus; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; LFE, linear focal elastosis; RBBB, right bundle-branch block; SE, solar elastosis.

This condition is characterized by millimetric, nonfollicular papules that tend to converge to form cobblestone-like plaques. Their distribution is symmetrical around the neck and in the area over the clavicle, and to a lesser degree in the axillas and antecubital fossas, and on the abdomen.1 The changes are asymptomatic and do not require treatment.

Unlike PXE, PXE-PDE has no associated systemic manifestations, although comorbidity typical of the patient's age (such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes mellitus) may be present.1 In our patient, the outstanding comorbidity was chronic bronchiectasis, a diagnosis that has not previously been reported in association with PXE-PDE, although it was present in one reported case of PXE.3 However, the involvement of elastic fibers in the pathogenesis of all 3 of these conditions seems to point to a common mechanism.

Dermoscopy reveals areas of light brownish colored papules, which tend to converge; multiple lineal and branched vessels are also observed.4

PXE-PDE is one of the so-called invisible dermatoses and diagnosis requires specific staining for elastic fibers (e.g., with Van Gieson or orcein stains)1 or serum testing with monoclonal antibodies against amyloid P component.5 Partial or total loss of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis below a normal or slightly atrophic epidermis will be evident.1,5 A finding of melanophages dispersed in the papillary dermis, as we saw in our patient, is useful for diagnosis.1 The calcified elastic fibers evident on Von Kossa staining in PXE are not found in PXE-PDE.1,5

Immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that the primary defect in these patients is the absence of elastin rather than fibrillin-1 (which is absent in control patients of advanced age as well as in patients with PXE-PDE).6

The etiology and pathogenesis of PXE-PDE is still being debated. Rongioletti and Rebora2 grouped PXE-PDE among the age-related elastic fiber syndromes; however, 2 cases have since been reported in young women7 and the syndrome has been found exclusively in women. A role for ultraviolet radiation, which has been discussed, is controversial given that skin not exposed to sunlight is sometimes involved, a history of overexposure to sunlight is not typically present, other skin lesions related to actinic damage are not observed in this context, and solar elastosis has only been reported in 1 case.1,5,8 Another hypothesis holds that PXE-PDE is the result of abnormal elastic fiber formation, given the observation of immature fibers in the upper reticular dermis or evidence of activated fibroblastomas.1,5 Pranteda et al.9 demonstrated that glucocorticoids may be involved in the pathogenesis of PXE-PDE, given their ability to reduce the expression of the elastin gene and its mRNA in human fibroblast cultures.9

Even though PXE-PDE is an acquired condition, the case of 2 sisters10 and the absence of cases in males suggests a genetic, hereditary, or hormonal factor that has not yet been identified.

Other elastolytic diseases (Table 2), particularly PXE, must be ruled out. PXE is hereditary, manifests after the second decade of life, is associated with systemic complications, particularly cardiovascular and ophthalmologic signs, and morbidity and mortality are high.

Table 2.

Differential Diagnosis of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-like Papillary Dermal Elastolysis.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 
White fibrous papulosis of the neck 
Late-onset dermal elastosis 
Upper-dermal elastolysis 
Mid-dermal elastolysis 
Cutis laxa 
Nevus anelasticus 
Anetoderma 
Eruptive xanthomas 
Milia 
Eruptive vellus hair cysts 

In summary, PXE-PDE is essentially an acquired condition that is multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Because it is asymptomatic, proper diagnosis is the priority, particularly for ruling out PXE so that patients can avoid unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like papillary dermal elastolysis: A large case series with clinicopathological correlation.
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Please cite this article as: Vázquez-Osorio I, Rosón E, Suárez-Peñaranda JM, Vázquez-Veiga H. Elastólisis de la dermis papilar similar a pseudoxantoma elástico. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106:333–336.

Copyright © 2014. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV
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